69    Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is appointed by Galba to deputy Roman Emperor.

285    Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar and co-ruler.

285    Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler.

286    Roman Emperor Diocletian raises Maximian to the rank of ''Caesar''.

293    Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as ''Caesares'', thus beginning the Tetrarchy.

317    Crispus and Constantine II, sons of Roman Emperor Constantine I, and Licinius Iunior, son of Emperor Licinius, are made ''Caesares''

335    Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.

351    Constantius II elevates his cousin Gallus to Caesar, and puts him in charge of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.

355    Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with the government of the Prefecture of the Gauls.