Berezhany
Encyclopedia
Berezhany is a city
located in the Ternopil Oblast
(province
) of western Ukraine
. It is the administrative center
of the Berezhanskyi Raion
(district
), and rests about 100 km from Lviv
and 50 km from the oblast capital, Ternopil
. The city has a population of about 20,000, and is about 400 m above sea level. The yearly temperature in Berezhany ranges from -35 °C in winter to 40 °C (104 °F) in summer.
and became a property of a noble family from Sieniawa
. As Mikołaj Sieniawski, a notable Polish military commander and politician envisioned there a seat of his family, on March 19, 1530, King Sigismund I of Poland
granted the village with a city charter modelled after the Magdeburg Law. The document, among other privileges, granted the new town of Brzeżany, as it was called prior to 1945, with: two markets yearly, one for the day of Our Lord's Ascension day and the other for the day of Saint Peter in Chains, that are to be held every year. As to weekly fairs these are to be held every Friday, although with respect to the rights of other nearby towns. Thus the town is to allow each and every tradesman, cart driver or businessman, regardless of his or hers state, gender, faith or rite, to arrive to the town of Brzeżany for trade.
The town's location on the route between Lviv
and Terebovlya proved beneficial to the city's growth and development. Among the first settlers to inhabitate the town were people of Lwów liberated by Sieniawski from Tatar captivity. It soon started to attract settlers from all over Poland, including a large number of Jews
, Ruthenians
and Armenians
. In 1534 Mikołaj Sieniawski also started to construct a large fortress at a steep hill on a small island at the Złota Lipa river (see Berezhany Castle
). The stronghold was finished in 1554 and became the main seat of the Sieniawski family and one of the best fortified places in the region. Simultaneously, a large fortified convent and a church of the Bernardines was constructed at the hill nearby. Both fortified places provided a safe refuge for the tradesmen, which added to the city's prominence in trade and commerce. In early 17th century one of Mikołaj Sieniawski's grandsons, also named Mikołaj, fortified the city itself. The fortress withstood all attacks by Tatars
and Cossacks until the Khmelnytsky Uprising
of 1648 when it was captured by the Cossacks. In 1655 during The Deluge
, it was again captured by the forces of Sweden
and the city was again plundered. However, it was rebuilt afterwards and withstood further Cossack attacks in 1667 and 1672.
In 1675 the town was again sacked and pillaged by the forces of the Ottoman Empire
. However,
Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski financed the reconstruction of the town. Among the buildings rebuilt were the Bernardine church and an Uniate church in the suburb of Polska Adamówka (paradoxically being primarily inhabited by Ruthenians and not Poles as the name suggests). Because of that relative safety the town grew and by the end of the 17th century there were nearly 8,000 inhabitants there. After the death of Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski, the last of his kin, the town was inherited by August Aleksander Czartoryski
through Sieniawski's daughter Maria Zofia
. Czartoryski, a notable magnate
, in early 18th century created a large artificial lake in the town's proximity. Along the bank of that lake the suburbs of Siółko and Kastelówka were built. After the first Partition of Poland of 1772 the town was annexed by Austria
, who attached it to the region of Galicia. After 1867 the town became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
and continued to flourish as it was outside of the region of fortifications, in which construction of new houses was severely limited. A grammar school was founded there in 1805, and had many notable alumni. Among them were Włodzimierz Bednarski, Franz Kokovsky, Bohdan Lepkyi, Rudolf Moch, Kornel Ujejski
, Ruslan Shashkevych, and the future Marshal of Poland
Edward Rydz-Śmigły. The town was connected by rail to Tarnopol (modern Ternopil
, Ukraine) in 1894 and as of 1900 it had a population of 10,610.
Although the city remained quite populous, with time it lost much of its importance as a trade centre and became populated primarily by Jews as a typical shtetl
. Also the castle fell in neglect as the successors of Sieniawski family, the Czartoryski
and Lubomirski
families were owners of many more castles and had no interest in this one in particular. During the World War I
the town was briefly occupied by Russia
, but was soon recaptured by Austria-Hungary. The castle was partially pillaged by Austro-Hungarian soldiers who were stationed there during the war while some of the works of art were evacuated from the palaces of Puławy, Łańcut and Wilanów
. At the end of the war the town was disputed by the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, but in 1919 was awarded to the renascent Poland by the Conference of Ambassadors
of the League of Nations
, following a short Polish-Ukrainian War
. During the Polish-Bolshevik War it was briefly occupied by the Red Army
, but was soon recaptured by the Polish Army after the Battle of Warsaw
. However, some of the most precious sculptures and paintings from the castle and local churches, evacuated to Kraków
, were never returned and instead survived the war in the castle of Pieskowa Skała near Ojców
.
After the Polish Defensive War
of 1939 and the outbreak of World War II
the town was briefly occupied by Nazi Germany
, after which it was transferred to the Soviet Union
. During the Soviet occupation many of the local inhabitants were sent to the Gulag
camps; there was also a notable NKVD
prison located in the town. In 1941, after the end of the Nazi-Soviet Alliance and the outbreak of the Russo-German War
, the town was again occupied by Germany and attached to the so-called Distrikt Galizien of the General Government
.
Before WW II BRZEZANY Jewish population was about 4,000 people, while after 1939 the population tripled its number by additional 8,000 Jews, refugees from eastern German territories.
At 12 June 1943 the Nazis murdered all the Jews from BRZEZANY ghetto and work camp at the local cemetery, only few escaped.
Between 1942 and the end of the war there was heavy partisan activity in the area, mostly carried over by the local branches of the Armia Krajowa
.
In 1944 the town was liberated in the course of the Operation Tempest
, but was soon occupied by the Red Army
. In 1945 it was annexed by the Soviet Union
and attached to the Ukrainian SSR
. Since 1991 it has been a part of Ukraine
.
and a grammar school
in the city. A brick
yard, a furniture
factory, and a glassworks
are all of economic importance to Berezhany.
City
A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.For example, in the U.S...
located in the Ternopil Oblast
Ternopil Oblast
Ternopil Oblast is an oblast' of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret River, a tributary of the Dnister.-Geography:...
(province
Oblast
Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries, including some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"...
) of western Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
. It is the administrative center
Capital City
Capital City was a television show produced by Euston Films which focused on the lives of investment bankers in London living and working on the corporate trading floor for the fictional international bank Shane-Longman....
of the Berezhanskyi Raion
Berezhanskyi Raion
Berezhany Raion is a raion in the westernmost corner of Ternopil Oblast in western Ukraine, area traditionally known as Halychyna . The administrative center is the city of Berezhany. Some 50 km away from Ternopil and ca 80 km away from Lviv. The river Zolota Lypa, Dniester tributary...
(district
Raion
A raion is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet countries. The term, which is from French rayon 'honeycomb, department,' describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district"...
), and rests about 100 km from Lviv
Lviv
Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following...
and 50 km from the oblast capital, Ternopil
Ternopil
Ternopil , is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical region of Galicia...
. The city has a population of about 20,000, and is about 400 m above sea level. The yearly temperature in Berezhany ranges from -35 °C in winter to 40 °C (104 °F) in summer.
History
The first written mention of Berezhany dates from 1374, when the village was granted by Prince Władysław Opolski to Vas'ko Teptukhovych. Shortly afterwards, in the 14th century it became a part of PolandPoland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
and became a property of a noble family from Sieniawa
Sieniawa
Sieniawa is a town in southeastern Poland. It had a population of 2,127 inhabitants . Since 1999, Sieniawa has been part of Subcarpathian Province.-References:Notes...
. As Mikołaj Sieniawski, a notable Polish military commander and politician envisioned there a seat of his family, on March 19, 1530, King Sigismund I of Poland
Sigismund I the Old
Sigismund I of Poland , of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548...
granted the village with a city charter modelled after the Magdeburg Law. The document, among other privileges, granted the new town of Brzeżany, as it was called prior to 1945, with: two markets yearly, one for the day of Our Lord's Ascension day and the other for the day of Saint Peter in Chains, that are to be held every year. As to weekly fairs these are to be held every Friday, although with respect to the rights of other nearby towns. Thus the town is to allow each and every tradesman, cart driver or businessman, regardless of his or hers state, gender, faith or rite, to arrive to the town of Brzeżany for trade.
The town's location on the route between Lviv
Lviv
Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following...
and Terebovlya proved beneficial to the city's growth and development. Among the first settlers to inhabitate the town were people of Lwów liberated by Sieniawski from Tatar captivity. It soon started to attract settlers from all over Poland, including a large number of Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
, Ruthenians
Ruthenians
The name Ruthenian |Rus']]) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used. Initially, it was the ethnonym used for the East Slavic peoples who lived in Rus'. Later it was used predominantly for Ukrainians...
and Armenians
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.The largest concentration is in Armenia having a nearly-homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian....
. In 1534 Mikołaj Sieniawski also started to construct a large fortress at a steep hill on a small island at the Złota Lipa river (see Berezhany Castle
Berezhany Castle
The Berezhany Castle round which the modern town of Berezhany has sprung up, was built on an island in the Zolota Lypa River in the 1530s and 1540s by Mikołaj Sieniawski as the main residence of the Sieniawski magnate family....
). The stronghold was finished in 1554 and became the main seat of the Sieniawski family and one of the best fortified places in the region. Simultaneously, a large fortified convent and a church of the Bernardines was constructed at the hill nearby. Both fortified places provided a safe refuge for the tradesmen, which added to the city's prominence in trade and commerce. In early 17th century one of Mikołaj Sieniawski's grandsons, also named Mikołaj, fortified the city itself. The fortress withstood all attacks by Tatars
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
and Cossacks until the Khmelnytsky Uprising
Khmelnytsky Uprising
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, was a Cossack rebellion in the Ukraine between the years 1648–1657 which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland...
of 1648 when it was captured by the Cossacks. In 1655 during The Deluge
The Deluge (Polish history)
The term Deluge denotes a series of mid-17th century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish–Lithuanian theaters of the Russo-Polish and...
, it was again captured by the forces of Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
and the city was again plundered. However, it was rebuilt afterwards and withstood further Cossack attacks in 1667 and 1672.
In 1675 the town was again sacked and pillaged by the forces of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
. However,
Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski financed the reconstruction of the town. Among the buildings rebuilt were the Bernardine church and an Uniate church in the suburb of Polska Adamówka (paradoxically being primarily inhabited by Ruthenians and not Poles as the name suggests). Because of that relative safety the town grew and by the end of the 17th century there were nearly 8,000 inhabitants there. After the death of Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski, the last of his kin, the town was inherited by August Aleksander Czartoryski
August Aleksander Czartoryski
Prince August Aleksander Czartoryski was a Polish-Lithuanian noble , magnate, and founder of the family fortune.August became Major-General of the Polish Army in 1729, voivode of the Ruthenian Voivodship in 1731, General Starost of Podolia in 1750–1758, and a Knight of Malta...
through Sieniawski's daughter Maria Zofia
Maria Zofia Sieniawska
Countess Maria Zofia Czartoryska née Sieniawska was a Polish szlachcianka .She married Stanisław Donhoff in 1724. After her father's death in 1726 Maria Zofia inherited his Ruthenian estates including 35 towns, 235 villages and Berezhany fortress, she was also the only inheritor of her husband's...
. Czartoryski, a notable magnate
Magnate
Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus 'great', designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities...
, in early 18th century created a large artificial lake in the town's proximity. Along the bank of that lake the suburbs of Siółko and Kastelówka were built. After the first Partition of Poland of 1772 the town was annexed by Austria
Habsburg Monarchy
The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918. The Imperial capital was Vienna, except from 1583 to 1611, when it was moved to Prague...
, who attached it to the region of Galicia. After 1867 the town became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
and continued to flourish as it was outside of the region of fortifications, in which construction of new houses was severely limited. A grammar school was founded there in 1805, and had many notable alumni. Among them were Włodzimierz Bednarski, Franz Kokovsky, Bohdan Lepkyi, Rudolf Moch, Kornel Ujejski
Kornel Ujejski
Kornel Ujejski , also known as Cornelius Ujejski, was a Polish poet, patriot and political writer.He was named "last of the greatest Polish poets of Romanticism"....
, Ruslan Shashkevych, and the future Marshal of Poland
Marshal of Poland
Marshal of Poland is the highest rank in the Polish Army. It has been granted to only six officers. At present, this rank is equivalent to a Field Marshal or General of the Army in other NATO armies.-History:...
Edward Rydz-Śmigły. The town was connected by rail to Tarnopol (modern Ternopil
Ternopil
Ternopil , is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical region of Galicia...
, Ukraine) in 1894 and as of 1900 it had a population of 10,610.
Although the city remained quite populous, with time it lost much of its importance as a trade centre and became populated primarily by Jews as a typical shtetl
Shtetl
A shtetl was typically a small town with a large Jewish population in Central and Eastern Europe until The Holocaust. Shtetls were mainly found in the areas which constituted the 19th century Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire, the Congress Kingdom of Poland, Galicia and Romania...
. Also the castle fell in neglect as the successors of Sieniawski family, the Czartoryski
Czartoryski
Czartoryski is the surname of a Polish-Ukrainian-Lithuanian magnate family also known as the Familia. They used the Czartoryski Coat of arms and were the leading noble family of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 18th century.-History:The Czartoryski is a family of a Grand Ducal...
and Lubomirski
Lubomirski
Lubomirski family is a Polish szlachta family. The family used the "Szreniawa without a cross" arms and their motto was: Nil conscire sibi ....
families were owners of many more castles and had no interest in this one in particular. During the World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
the town was briefly occupied by Russia
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, but was soon recaptured by Austria-Hungary. The castle was partially pillaged by Austro-Hungarian soldiers who were stationed there during the war while some of the works of art were evacuated from the palaces of Puławy, Łańcut and Wilanów
Wilanów
Wilanów is a district of the city of Warsaw, Poland. It is home to historic Wilanów Palace, the "Polish Versailles," and second home to various Polish kings.-History:...
. At the end of the war the town was disputed by the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, but in 1919 was awarded to the renascent Poland by the Conference of Ambassadors
Conference of Ambassadors
The Conference of Ambassadors of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers was an inter-allied organization of the Entente in the period following the end of World War I. Formed in Paris in January 1920 it became a successor of the Supreme War Council and was later on de facto incorporated into...
of the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
, following a short Polish-Ukrainian War
Polish-Ukrainian War
The Polish–Ukrainian War of 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the forces of the Second Polish Republic and West Ukrainian People's Republic for the control over Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.-Background:...
. During the Polish-Bolshevik War it was briefly occupied by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
, but was soon recaptured by the Polish Army after the Battle of Warsaw
Battle of Warsaw (1920)
The Battle of Warsaw sometimes referred to as the Miracle at the Vistula, was the decisive battle of the Polish–Soviet War. That war began soon after the end of World War I in 1918 and lasted until the Treaty of Riga resulted in the end of the hostilities between Poland and Russia in 1921.The...
. However, some of the most precious sculptures and paintings from the castle and local churches, evacuated to Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
, were never returned and instead survived the war in the castle of Pieskowa Skała near Ojców
Ojców
Ojców is a village in Gmina Skała, in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is one of the sights of the Eagle Nests Trail , as there are the ruins of a gothic castle near the village. The village is where the authorities of the Ojców National Park have their headquarters...
.
After the Polish Defensive War
Invasion of Poland (1939)
The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign or 1939 Defensive War in Poland and the Poland Campaign in Germany, was an invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the start of World War II in Europe...
of 1939 and the outbreak of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
the town was briefly occupied by Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
, after which it was transferred to the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. During the Soviet occupation many of the local inhabitants were sent to the Gulag
Gulag
The Gulag was the government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems. While the camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of...
camps; there was also a notable NKVD
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....
prison located in the town. In 1941, after the end of the Nazi-Soviet Alliance and the outbreak of the Russo-German War
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare...
, the town was again occupied by Germany and attached to the so-called Distrikt Galizien of the General Government
General Government
The General Government was an area of Second Republic of Poland under Nazi German rule during World War II; designated as a separate region of the Third Reich between 1939–1945...
.
Before WW II BRZEZANY Jewish population was about 4,000 people, while after 1939 the population tripled its number by additional 8,000 Jews, refugees from eastern German territories.
At 12 June 1943 the Nazis murdered all the Jews from BRZEZANY ghetto and work camp at the local cemetery, only few escaped.
Between 1942 and the end of the war there was heavy partisan activity in the area, mostly carried over by the local branches of the Armia Krajowa
Armia Krajowa
The Armia Krajowa , or Home Army, was the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II German-occupied Poland. It was formed in February 1942 from the Związek Walki Zbrojnej . Over the next two years, it absorbed most other Polish underground forces...
.
In 1944 the town was liberated in the course of the Operation Tempest
Operation Tempest
Operation Tempest was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II by the Polish Home Army , the dominant force in the Polish resistance....
, but was soon occupied by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
. In 1945 it was annexed by the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
and attached to the Ukrainian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR was a sovereign Soviet Socialist state and one of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union lasting from its inception in 1922 to the breakup in 1991...
. Since 1991 it has been a part of Ukraine
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...
.
Education and Economy
There are four secondary schoolsSecondary education
Secondary education is the stage of education following primary education. Secondary education includes the final stage of compulsory education and in many countries it is entirely compulsory. The next stage of education is usually college or university...
and a grammar school
Grammar school
A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching classical languages but more recently an academically-oriented secondary school.The original purpose of mediaeval...
in the city. A brick
Brick
A brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction, usually laid using various kinds of mortar. It has been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.-History:...
yard, a furniture
Furniture
Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating and sleeping in beds, to hold objects at a convenient height for work using horizontal surfaces above the ground, or to store things...
factory, and a glassworks
Glassblowing
Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble, or parison, with the aid of a blowpipe, or blow tube...
are all of economic importance to Berezhany.
Landmarks
Of architectural significance are the ruins of the five-cornered fortress (completed in 1554), a park originally laid out in the 17th century, and the wooden Church of Saint Nicholas (completed in 1691).Nearby towns
- KozovaKozovaKozova is a small town in the Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine, in the area historically known as Galicia, east of Berezhany, some west of Ternopil and ca. southeast of Lviv. The town is situated beside a lake on the Koropets River...
- ca. 20 km - RohatynRohatynRohatyn is a city located on the Hnyla Lypa River in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, in western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Rohatyn Raion .The current estimated population is around 8,800 .-History:...
- ca. 30 km - Pidhaytsi - ca. 25 km
- PeremyshlianyPeremyshlianyPeremyshliany is a town in Lviv Oblast of Ukraine. It is administrative center of the Peremyshliany Raion. Population is 7,565 .It had a Jewish population of 2,934 in 1900.-Famous natives:* Naftule Brandwein, klezmer musician* bl...
- ca. 40 km - BurshtynBurshtynBurshtyn is a city located in the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, in western Ukraine, to the north of Halych. It lies in the Halych Raion and is accessible by rail....
- ca. 40 km - HalychHalychHalych is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. The town gave its name to the historic province and kingdom of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, of which it was the capital until the early 14th century, when the seat of the local princes was moved to Lviv...
- ca. 50 km - TernopilTernopilTernopil , is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical region of Galicia...
- ca. 60 km - LvivLvivLviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following...
- ca. 90 km - Ivano-FrankivskIvano-FrankivskIvano-Frankivsk is a historic city located in the western Ukraine. It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , and is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast, municipality....
- ca. 60 km - Zavaliv - ca. 35 km
- ZborivZborivZboriv is a small town in Ternopil Oblast, west Ukraine. It is located in the historical region of Galicia. The population is 7,400 . It is administrative center of the Zboriv Raion....
- ca. 35 km
People
- Franz BöhmeFranz BöhmeFranz Friedrich Böhme was an Austrian who later went on to become a military officer...
(fought here) - Antoni BrzeżańczykAntoni BrzeżańczykAntoni Brzeżańczyk was a Polish footballer and football manager.He played for Podgórze Kraków, Dąb Poznań, Lechia Gdańsk, Odra Opole, AKS Chorzów, Lech Poznań and Stal Mielec where he began his coaching career....
, Polish football manager - Zbigniew BrzezinskiZbigniew BrzezinskiZbigniew Kazimierz Brzezinski is a Polish American political scientist, geostrategist, and statesman who served as United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981....
, American politicital scientist of Polish descent whose family derived from here - Andriy Chaykovskyi, Ukrainian writer, lived in Berezhany
- David Meir Frish, rabbi, posekPosekPosek is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Halakha in cases of law where previous authorities are inconclusive or in those situations where no halakhic precedent exists....
and rabbinical authority lived here - Vasyl IvanchukVasyl IvanchukVasyl Mykhaylovych Ivanchuk, also transliterated as Vasyliy or Vasyl , is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster....
, world-class chess player, born here - Edward Kofler, mathematician
- Mykola KonradMykola KonradBlessed Mykola Konrad was a Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest and martyr.Konrad was born on 16 May 1876 in the village of Strusiv in Ternopil Region. He studied philosophy and theology in Rome, where he defended his dissertation and received his doctorate. He was ordained a priest in 1899...
, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic saint, beatified by John Paul II in 2001, taught here - Bohdan LepkyBohdan LepkyBohdan Lepky, pen name: Marko Murava was a prominent Ukrainian writer, poet, scholar, public figure, artist and patriot.It seems symbolic today that the future writer was born on November 9, 1872, in the picturesque village of Zhukiv, in the same house where the famous Polish insurgent Bogdan...
, Ukrainian writer, born in Berezhany district (village of ZhukivZhukivZhukiv , is a major village in Brzeżany Raion of Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It's located about 18 km north of Brzeżany, beside the hill named Huk.It is the native village of the famous Ukrainian writer Bohdan Lepky....
) - Samuel Hirsch MarguliesSamuel Hirsch MarguliesSamuel Hirsch Margulies Dr., Orthodox rabbi and scholar. He was born in Berezhany, western Ukraine , and studied at the Breslau Jewish Theological Seminary and at the...
, rabbi of FlorenceFlorenceFlorence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
and the principal (from 1899) of Italy’s only rabbinical seminary, born here. - Joseph Saul NathansonJoseph Saul NathansonJoseph Saul Nathanson was a Polish rabbi and posek, and a leading rabbinical authority of his day.-Biography:...
, Polish rabbi, posekPosekPosek is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Halakha in cases of law where previous authorities are inconclusive or in those situations where no halakhic precedent exists....
and rabbinical authority born here - Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces, born here (in the village of Lapshyn on the outskirts of Berezhany)
- Sholom Mordechai SchwadronSholom Mordechai SchwadronRabbi Sholom Mordechai Schwadron was known by his acronym Maharsham. He was a foremost halachic authority and his main works "Shailos Uteshuvos Maharsham" and "Daas Torah" are widely studied sources of practical Jewish law.He also authored Techeiles Mordechai, a three-volume commentary of the...
, Jewish gaonGaon (Hebrew)Gaon originally referred in Ancient Hebrew to arrogance and haughty pride . Later became known as pride in general: whether good or bad . Today it may refer to:...
lived and died here - Markiyan ShashkevychMarkiyan ShashkevychMarkiyan Shashkevych was a priest of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, a poet, a translator, and the leader of the literary revival in Right Bank Ukraine.In 1832, they organized a group of students aimed at the rise of the Ukrainian...
(1811–1843) Ukrainian poet, studied here - Isaac Streisand, paternal grandfather of Barbra StreisandBarbra StreisandBarbra Joan Streisand is an American singer, actress, film producer and director. She has won two Academy Awards, eight Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, a Special Tony Award, an American Film Institute award, a Peabody Award, and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Oscar, Emmy, Grammy,...
, born here
External links
- Berezhany at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Jewish records (births, marriages, deaths) for Brzeżany (Brzeżany) -On Microfilm-
- About Berezhany (private website)
- Photos of Berezhany (87 digital images)
- Together and Apart in Berezhany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians 1919-1945. book by Israeli historian Shimon Redlich
- Berezhany Glass Factory
- Jewish Surnames from Berezhany
- Berezhanskyi Sklozavod - Berezhany Glass
- Berezhany District Library
- MegaCom Internet Service Provider in Berezhany
- Interactive Map of Berezhany
- Historical photos of old Berezhany
- Berezhany Today (black-white photos)
- Zhayvir - literary magazine from Berezhany
- Brzeżany 1530-1945