Eucheuma
Encyclopedia
Eucheuma is a general term used to describe a group of red seaweeds/seaplants representing the Tribe Eucheumatoideae, used in the production of Carrageenan
, an important product used in cosmetics, food processing and industrial uses, as well as a food source for those living in Indonesia and the Philippines. Some of the most significant species include Betaphycus gelatinae, Eucheuma denticulatum, and several species of the genus Kappaphycus including K. alvarezii. Since the mid-1970’s Kappaphycus and Eucheuma have been the major source for the expansion of the carrageenan industry.
Though commercially significant, species of eucheuma are difficult to identify, without the aid of close scientific examination, as different species may have very similar morphologies. It is assumed that eighteen to twenty species alone fall within the genus Eucheuma, represented by groups, Cottoniformia, Eucheuma, Gelatiformia, and Anaxiferae
As an important commercial crop, eucheuma has since been moved to a number of regions away from their original natural habitats, including Japan, Hawaii, and island nations in the South Pacific.
Their growth is similar to terrestrial plant species, where Eucheuma have a growing tip, or apical meristem, which is also capable of dividing to form new growing branches. They also show a triphasic lifecycle, consisting of a gametophyte (n) (dioecious), carposporophyte (2n) and the sporophyte (2n). Both the gametophyte and the more robust sporophyte stage are significant to the development of the seaweed, where their characteristics allow for increased vegetative regeneration.
. As eucheuma are some of the most common and fastest growing species of seaweeds around, their commercial aspects are visible by large quantities being able to be grown and harvested over a short period of time, possessing the ability to reach ten times their body weight in around 45 to 60 days in warm tropical settings. Once harvested the product can be dried, packaged, and then transported to areas ready for carrageenan extraction or used as a food supply.
The major producers of eucheuma algae includes the Philippines (~92% total global production; 2005 statistics FAO) and China (~7% total global production), including Tanzania and Kiribati. This however may be under-represented as countries including Indonesia and Malaysia, which are also significant producers of these species, do not accurately report their output to the FAO. As eucheuma is commercially important for economic growth, average annual production of total dried seaweeds, including other groups of seaplants, reached nearly 125, 000 tonnes in the Philippines alone, by 2000-2004, with a value of approximately $US139 million.
Once seedstock has been obtained from the wild, they undergo cleaning in order to rid them of dirt and other contaminants, where they are then transferred to nursery sites in Styrofoam boxes with air holes in the top, without exposure to the wind or the sun.
Site selection is vastly important in developing potential seaweed farms, and certain criteria must be met first in order to optimise production. These criteria include suitable current and wave actions to allow for absorption of nutrients, sufficient but not excessive light to allow for optimum photosynthesis, a sufficient water depth not hindered by low tide exposure, an optimum water temperature between 27-30 degrees Celsius, salinity levels of 30-35 0/00, and areas with little presence of grazers, microorganisms, suspended silt and epiphytes.
Seedstocks are then prepared by tying eucheuma cuttings with soft plastic tying materials to monolines in both the bottom monoline and floating methods, where the nylon lines run parallel to each other at 1 m intervals, to allow for water currents to flow through. The seaweed is than harvested after 10-12 weeks after planting, in order to allow the crop to mature and increase their carrageenan content.
Carrageenan
Carrageenans or carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red seaweeds. There are several varieties of carrageen used in cooking and baking. Kappa-carrageenan is used mostly in breading and batter due to its gelling nature...
, an important product used in cosmetics, food processing and industrial uses, as well as a food source for those living in Indonesia and the Philippines. Some of the most significant species include Betaphycus gelatinae, Eucheuma denticulatum, and several species of the genus Kappaphycus including K. alvarezii. Since the mid-1970’s Kappaphycus and Eucheuma have been the major source for the expansion of the carrageenan industry.
Though commercially significant, species of eucheuma are difficult to identify, without the aid of close scientific examination, as different species may have very similar morphologies. It is assumed that eighteen to twenty species alone fall within the genus Eucheuma, represented by groups, Cottoniformia, Eucheuma, Gelatiformia, and Anaxiferae
Distribution
Eucheuma are naturally found within the range of 20 degrees either side of the Equator, in the Indo-Pacific region from eastern Africa to Guam, and are most concentrated in the Southeast Asian Region A few species are also located around Lord Howe Island and southwestern Australia.As an important commercial crop, eucheuma has since been moved to a number of regions away from their original natural habitats, including Japan, Hawaii, and island nations in the South Pacific.
Habitat and biology
Eucheuma are typically found below the low tide mark to the upper subtidal zone of a reef, growing on sand to rocky seafloor areas along a coral reef, where water movement is slow to moderate.Their growth is similar to terrestrial plant species, where Eucheuma have a growing tip, or apical meristem, which is also capable of dividing to form new growing branches. They also show a triphasic lifecycle, consisting of a gametophyte (n) (dioecious), carposporophyte (2n) and the sporophyte (2n). Both the gametophyte and the more robust sporophyte stage are significant to the development of the seaweed, where their characteristics allow for increased vegetative regeneration.
Commerical aspects
Commercial growth of eucheuma is an important source of income for people living in developing nations, where the production of the low-valued seaweed can be a sustainable source of income with lower environmental costs compared to other sectors of aquacultureAquaculture
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is the...
. As eucheuma are some of the most common and fastest growing species of seaweeds around, their commercial aspects are visible by large quantities being able to be grown and harvested over a short period of time, possessing the ability to reach ten times their body weight in around 45 to 60 days in warm tropical settings. Once harvested the product can be dried, packaged, and then transported to areas ready for carrageenan extraction or used as a food supply.
The major producers of eucheuma algae includes the Philippines (~92% total global production; 2005 statistics FAO) and China (~7% total global production), including Tanzania and Kiribati. This however may be under-represented as countries including Indonesia and Malaysia, which are also significant producers of these species, do not accurately report their output to the FAO. As eucheuma is commercially important for economic growth, average annual production of total dried seaweeds, including other groups of seaplants, reached nearly 125, 000 tonnes in the Philippines alone, by 2000-2004, with a value of approximately $US139 million.
Production techniques
Information based on morphological characteristics, DNA fingerprinting and growth performance, during different cropping seasons, is important in helping eucheuma cropping management, where well performing species may be used for seedstocks. Most seedstocks, at present times, are endemic to the Philippines.Once seedstock has been obtained from the wild, they undergo cleaning in order to rid them of dirt and other contaminants, where they are then transferred to nursery sites in Styrofoam boxes with air holes in the top, without exposure to the wind or the sun.
Site selection is vastly important in developing potential seaweed farms, and certain criteria must be met first in order to optimise production. These criteria include suitable current and wave actions to allow for absorption of nutrients, sufficient but not excessive light to allow for optimum photosynthesis, a sufficient water depth not hindered by low tide exposure, an optimum water temperature between 27-30 degrees Celsius, salinity levels of 30-35 0/00, and areas with little presence of grazers, microorganisms, suspended silt and epiphytes.
Seedstocks are then prepared by tying eucheuma cuttings with soft plastic tying materials to monolines in both the bottom monoline and floating methods, where the nylon lines run parallel to each other at 1 m intervals, to allow for water currents to flow through. The seaweed is than harvested after 10-12 weeks after planting, in order to allow the crop to mature and increase their carrageenan content.