GM Quad-4 engine
Encyclopedia
The engine family known as the Quad 4 was debuted to the public in the spring of 1987. The Quad 4 was a 2260.5 cc DOHC inline 4-cylinder produced by General Motors
' Oldsmobile
division. Early television ads touting the new engine's abilities showed video of a limited edition Oldsmobile Calais (called the "GMO Quad-4") racing around city streets.
The Quad 4 name is derived from the engine's four-valve, four-cylinder layout. The engine was a modern design for its time, using a cast-iron block
and an aluminum head
. Even though belts were more popular for this purpose on OHC engines at the time, chains were used to time the camshafts to the crankshaft, which were useful because of the interference
design of the engine. The water pump is also driven by the timing chain. The Quad 4 was the first wholly domestic regular production DOHC four-cylinder engine designed and built by GM; the only prior DOHC four-cylinder engine offered by GM was the Cosworth Vega, which featured a DOHC head designed by Cosworth
in England
.
First released to the public as regular production option for the 1988 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais
and Pontiac Grand Am, the engine's availability expanded to Buick
in late 1988 and Chevrolet
in 1990, after which it became a mainstay in GM's lineup until its cancellation after the 2002 model year.
Simultaneous to the engine's release in 1988, Oldsmobile attempted to further the Quad 4 name through highly publicized events featuring such cars as the Oldsmobile Aerotech
. Another such event was the 1988 Indianapolis 500
, when Oldsmobile was chosen to pace the Indy 500 with a convertible version of their Cutlass Supreme, and a pre-production turbocharged Quad 4 was the engine of choice for their pace car. Although it was publicized in 1988 that the Quad 4 was forthcoming in a 180 bhp "HO", as well as a 250 bhp turbocharged
version (the same engine that was in the pace car that year), GM never released the turbocharged version as an option. Also, the engine in Oldsmobile Aerotech was a purpose-built, turbocharged example; it was solely meant to showcase the capability of the engine's design.
After the first couple years of rave reviews of the Quad 4, the automotive press began to criticize it for its NVH
. At the time, the Quad 4 was generally compared to, or against turbocharged four cylinders, V6's, and occasionally V8's. The first changes of the Quad 4 to address NVH were two rounds of exhaust port size reductions
, followed by the addition of balance shafts in 1995. Further changes were made for the 1996 model year when the engine's bore & stroke were changed, and the engine was subsequently redubbed Twin Cam.
In addition to the 2260.5 cc DOHC versions, there were also both a short-lived SOHC variant, Quad OHC, available from 1992 to 1994, and the 2392.3 cc Twin Cam from 1996 to 2002. The Twin Cam was replaced by the Ecotec for the 2003 model year.
All engines in the Quad 4 family were produced at the Lansing Engine Plant
(plant 5) in Delta Township near Lansing, Michigan
. The Twin Cam was the last engine that was engineered and produced solely by Oldsmobile; the Aurora V8 and Intrigue V6 shared architecture with the Cadillac
Northstar
.
In recent years, the design has gained a minor following in Hot Rod
ding circles as a period style engine because it looks similar to a 1930s Offenhauser
DOHC design.
. The base Quad 4 saw several slight changes during its production run including different crankshaft
s, cams
, and manifolds, all meant to increase torque and quiet NVH. There was also a transitional version of the LD2 in 1995, which displaced the same 2.3 liters as the early Quad 4 but featured the dual balance shaft
s of the later 2.4 L LD9 Twin Cam.
Applications:
reductions; both being exhaust port size reductions. Changes that differentiated the LG0 from the LD2 engine were more aggressive camshaft
s and an extra half point of compression
; 9.5:1 to 10.0:1. These engines were recommended to run exclusively on premium fuel of 91 octane rating
or higher due to the compression ratio
.
The High Output engine was introduced with both a special production run of 200 Cutlass Calais International Series coupes, as well as 200 Grand Am SE coupes — all featuring Bright Red paint, and grey interiors. The LG0 engine was only available with the heavy-duty (for its time) Getrag
designed HM-282/NVG-T550
five-speed transmissions
.
From 1989 to 2009, the Quad 4 held the title of being General Motors
most powerful naturally aspirated regular production four-cylinder engine. Only recently was the LG0's 180 bhp rating eclipsed when the 2010 model year 2.4 L Ecotec LAF launched in the Buick Lacrosse
and Chevrolet Equinox
. The LAF has a rated output of 182 hp but does so with 11.4:1 compression ratio
, gasoline direct injection
and variable valve timing
.
There was a limited production version of the LG0 engine offered in select Oldsmobile
s which used the designation W41 (listed below).
LG0 applications:
.
A part of the W41 drivetrain was a specific version of the HM-282/NVG-T550
with a gear set otherwise unavailable. All W41 five-speed transmissions had a FDR (final drive ratio) of 3.94:1 whereas the 1988–1992.5 LD2 and LG0 transmissions all used a 3.61:1 FDR; the 3.94:1 FDR was used on all 1992.5-1994 LG0 transmissions, but retained the standard HM-282/NVG-T550
gear set.
W41 applications:
was 140 lb·ft. Power dropped to 115 hp in 1993 with an attempt by GM to reduce the NVH of the engine.
Although power and economy
were better than the Tech IV, the Quad OHC was retired after 1994 when the DOHC version became standard.
Applications:
-equipped version of the 2.3 L version was produced. A clever arrangement ensured a constant load on the shafts: the crank
drove one shaft, which drives the second, which then drives the oil pump
. The shafts spun at twice the engine RPM
, forcing the redline
to be reduced from 6800 to 6500 RPM. Output was 150 bhp and 150 lb·ft. This was the only Quad 4 produced in 1995.
This was known as a transitional year for the engine family.
Applications:
which debuted in 1996. Bore was decreased from 92 mm (3.6 in) to 90 mm (3.5 in) and stroke increased from 85 mm (3.3 in) to 94 mm (3.7 in) for better torque. Power came in at 150 bhp. This engine received a minor update halfway through the 1999 model year that eliminated the EGR, increased the compression ratio
from 9.5:1 to 9.7:1, and switched from low impedance
fuel injectors to high impedance. This engine also saw other minor updates towards the end of its use in General Motors vehicles such as a smaller knock sensor, flat-top pistons instead of dished, new oiling passages, a newer-designed water pump, a redesigned starter motor and higher capacity catalytic converter in 2001, and an improved belt tensioner in 2002.
Applications:
General Motors
General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...
' Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile was a brand of American automobile produced for most of its existence by General Motors. It was founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897. In its 107-year history, it produced 35.2 million cars, including at least 14 million built at its Lansing, Michigan factory...
division. Early television ads touting the new engine's abilities showed video of a limited edition Oldsmobile Calais (called the "GMO Quad-4") racing around city streets.
The Quad 4 name is derived from the engine's four-valve, four-cylinder layout. The engine was a modern design for its time, using a cast-iron block
Cylinder block
A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures...
and an aluminum head
Cylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...
. Even though belts were more popular for this purpose on OHC engines at the time, chains were used to time the camshafts to the crankshaft, which were useful because of the interference
Interference Engines
An interference engine is a type of 4-stroke internal combustion piston engine. Depending on the design of an engine, piston and valve paths may "interfere" with one another as a result of incorrect timing in their movements. An interference engine is a type of 4-stroke internal combustion piston...
design of the engine. The water pump is also driven by the timing chain. The Quad 4 was the first wholly domestic regular production DOHC four-cylinder engine designed and built by GM; the only prior DOHC four-cylinder engine offered by GM was the Cosworth Vega, which featured a DOHC head designed by Cosworth
Cosworth
Cosworth is a high performance engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in engines and electronics for automobile racing , mainstream automotive and defence industries...
in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
.
First released to the public as regular production option for the 1988 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais
Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais
The Oldsmobile Calais, renamed the Cutlass Calais for 1988, and briefly available in 1987 as the limited edition GMO Quad-4, was a compact car produced by General Motors from 1985 through 1991. In part, it was intended to replace the Omega in Oldsmobile's lineup...
and Pontiac Grand Am, the engine's availability expanded to Buick
Buick
Buick is a premium brand of General Motors . Buick models are sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, China, Taiwan, and Israel, with China being its largest market. Buick holds the distinction as the oldest active American make...
in late 1988 and Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Chevrolet , also known as Chevy , is a brand of vehicle produced by General Motors Company . Founded by Louis Chevrolet and ousted GM founder William C. Durant on November 3, 1911, General Motors acquired Chevrolet in 1918...
in 1990, after which it became a mainstay in GM's lineup until its cancellation after the 2002 model year.
Simultaneous to the engine's release in 1988, Oldsmobile attempted to further the Quad 4 name through highly publicized events featuring such cars as the Oldsmobile Aerotech
Oldsmobile Aerotech
The Oldsmobile Aerotechs were a series of experimental high-speed vehicles created between 1987 and 1992 incorporating the latest in performance technology with the intention of breaking multiple automobile speed records. The first such car was driven by four-time Indy 500 winner A.J...
. Another such event was the 1988 Indianapolis 500
Indianapolis 500
The Indianapolis 500-Mile Race, also known as the Indianapolis 500, the 500 Miles at Indianapolis, the Indy 500 or The 500, is an American automobile race, held annually, typically on the last weekend in May at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana...
, when Oldsmobile was chosen to pace the Indy 500 with a convertible version of their Cutlass Supreme, and a pre-production turbocharged Quad 4 was the engine of choice for their pace car. Although it was publicized in 1988 that the Quad 4 was forthcoming in a 180 bhp "HO", as well as a 250 bhp turbocharged
Turbocharger
A turbocharger, or turbo , from the Greek "τύρβη" is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engine's exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine , thereby resulting in greater performance...
version (the same engine that was in the pace car that year), GM never released the turbocharged version as an option. Also, the engine in Oldsmobile Aerotech was a purpose-built, turbocharged example; it was solely meant to showcase the capability of the engine's design.
After the first couple years of rave reviews of the Quad 4, the automotive press began to criticize it for its NVH
Noise, Vibration, and Harshness
Noise, vibration, and harshness , also known as noise and vibration , is the study and modification of the noise and vibration characteristics of vehicles, particularly cars and trucks...
. At the time, the Quad 4 was generally compared to, or against turbocharged four cylinders, V6's, and occasionally V8's. The first changes of the Quad 4 to address NVH were two rounds of exhaust port size reductions
Cylinder head porting
Cylinder head porting refers to the process of modifying the intake and exhaust ports of an internal combustion engine to improve the quality and quantity of the air flow. Cylinder heads, as manufactured, are usually suboptimal due to design and manufacturing constraints...
, followed by the addition of balance shafts in 1995. Further changes were made for the 1996 model year when the engine's bore & stroke were changed, and the engine was subsequently redubbed Twin Cam.
In addition to the 2260.5 cc DOHC versions, there were also both a short-lived SOHC variant, Quad OHC, available from 1992 to 1994, and the 2392.3 cc Twin Cam from 1996 to 2002. The Twin Cam was replaced by the Ecotec for the 2003 model year.
All engines in the Quad 4 family were produced at the Lansing Engine Plant
Lansing Engine Plant
Lansing Engine Plant was a General Motors automobile engine plant located in Delta Township, Michigan. Constructed in 1981, it was originally constructed to create diesel counterparts of GM's gasoline engines, though, by the next year, GM had abanonded the project. By 1987, the plant was...
(plant 5) in Delta Township near Lansing, Michigan
Lansing, Michigan
Lansing is the capital of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is located mostly in Ingham County, although small portions of the city extend into Eaton County. The 2010 Census places the city's population at 114,297, making it the fifth largest city in Michigan...
. The Twin Cam was the last engine that was engineered and produced solely by Oldsmobile; the Aurora V8 and Intrigue V6 shared architecture with the Cadillac
Cadillac
Cadillac is an American luxury vehicle marque owned by General Motors . Cadillac vehicles are sold in over 50 countries and territories, but mostly in North America. Cadillac is currently the second oldest American automobile manufacturer behind fellow GM marque Buick and is among the oldest...
Northstar
Northstar engine series
The Northstar engine series of automobile engines is General Motors' most technically complex 90° V engine architecture. The family is most associated with Cadillac's Northstar V8, but the family has also seen use at Oldsmobile...
.
In recent years, the design has gained a minor following in Hot Rod
Hot rod
Hot rods are typically American cars with large engines modified for linear speed. The origin of the term "hot rod" is unclear. One explanation is that the term is a contraction of "hot roadster," meaning a roadster that was modified for speed. Another possible origin includes modifications to or...
ding circles as a period style engine because it looks similar to a 1930s Offenhauser
Offenhauser
Offenhauser was an American racing engine manufacturer that operated from 1933 to 1983.The Offenhauser engine, familiarly known as the "Offy", was developed by Fred Offenhauser and his employer Harry Arminius Miller, after maintaining and repairing a 1913 Peugeot Grand Prix car of the type which...
DOHC design.
LD2
The LD2 was the standard version of the Quad 4 and the first incarnation having been introduced in 1987 for the 1988 model year. In base form, the Quad 4 put out 150 bhp from 1988 to 1989 and 160 bhp from 1990 to 1992. GM was able to produce the 160 bhp with no turbo, nor an EGR system to pass emission standards; it required a 9.5:1 compression ratioCompression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
. The base Quad 4 saw several slight changes during its production run including different crankshaft
Crankshaft
The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation...
s, cams
Camshaft
A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.-History:An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC. The camshaft was later described in Iraq by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata,...
, and manifolds, all meant to increase torque and quiet NVH. There was also a transitional version of the LD2 in 1995, which displaced the same 2.3 liters as the early Quad 4 but featured the dual balance shaft
Balance shaft
In piston engine engineering, a balance shaft is an eccentric weighted shaft which offsets vibrations in engine designs that are not inherently balanced...
s of the later 2.4 L LD9 Twin Cam.
Applications:
- 1988–1991 Oldsmobile Cutlass CalaisOldsmobile Cutlass CalaisThe Oldsmobile Calais, renamed the Cutlass Calais for 1988, and briefly available in 1987 as the limited edition GMO Quad-4, was a compact car produced by General Motors from 1985 through 1991. In part, it was intended to replace the Omega in Oldsmobile's lineup...
- 1992–1994 Oldsmobile AchievaOldsmobile AchievaThe Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced for the 1992 model year and was a front-wheel drive, compact car based on the GM N-body platform which it also shared with its siblings the Pontiac Grand Am and Buick Skylark...
- 1988–1994 Pontiac Grand AmPontiac Grand AmThe original Grand Am was introduced in the fall of 1972 as a 1973 model. It was based on the GM A platform along with other cars such as the Pontiac LeMans, Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Chevelle, Buick Century, and the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme...
- 1988–1991 Buick SkylarkBuick SkylarkThe Buick Skylark was a passenger car produced by the Buick division of General Motors. The model was made in six production runs. In each run, the car design varied dramatically due to changing technology and tastes, as well as new standards implemented over the years.-1953–1954:Introduced to mark...
- 1990–1991 Oldsmobile Cutlass SupremeOldsmobile Cutlass SupremeThe Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme was a mid-size car produced by General Motors for the American market. It was always at the top of the Cutlass range. It began as a trim package, developed its own roofline, and eventually was mechanically divorced from the later, smaller Cutlasses.The Cutlass Supreme...
- 1990–1991 Pontiac Grand PrixPontiac Grand PrixPicking up where the Pontiac Ventura model left off, the Grand Prix first appeared in the Pontiac line for 1962. It was essentially a standard Pontiac Catalina coupe with minimal outside chrome trim and a sportier interior...
LG0
The High Output 2.3 L LG0 was rated at 180 hp from 1989 to 1992, 175 hp in 1993 and 170 hp in 1994; both the 1993 and 1994 power reductions were a direct result of the first two rounds of the Quad4's NVHNoise, Vibration, and Harshness
Noise, vibration, and harshness , also known as noise and vibration , is the study and modification of the noise and vibration characteristics of vehicles, particularly cars and trucks...
reductions; both being exhaust port size reductions. Changes that differentiated the LG0 from the LD2 engine were more aggressive camshaft
Camshaft
A camshaft is a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a cam forms an integral part.-History:An early cam was built into Hellenistic water-driven automata from the 3rd century BC. The camshaft was later described in Iraq by Al-Jazari in 1206. He employed it as part of his automata,...
s and an extra half point of compression
Compression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
; 9.5:1 to 10.0:1. These engines were recommended to run exclusively on premium fuel of 91 octane rating
Octane rating
Octane rating or octane number is a standard measure of the anti-knock properties of a motor or aviation fuel. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating...
or higher due to the compression ratio
Compression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
.
The High Output engine was introduced with both a special production run of 200 Cutlass Calais International Series coupes, as well as 200 Grand Am SE coupes — all featuring Bright Red paint, and grey interiors. The LG0 engine was only available with the heavy-duty (for its time) Getrag
Getrag
Getrag is a leading manufacturer of automobile manual transmissions. The company was founded on 1 May 1935, in Ludwigsburg, Germany, by Hermann Hagenmeyer; as the Getriebe und Zahnradfabrik Hermann Hagenmeyer GmbH & Cie KG...
designed HM-282/NVG-T550
GETRAG 282 Transmission
The Getrag 282 transmission was a 5-speed manual transaxle designed by Getrag for Chevrolet. It is sometimes referred to as the Muncie 282 or the Muncie Getrag 282, as the transmission was manufactured by the Muncie, Indiana manual transmission plant...
five-speed transmissions
Manual transmission
A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox or standard transmission is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications...
.
From 1989 to 2009, the Quad 4 held the title of being General Motors
General Motors
General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...
most powerful naturally aspirated regular production four-cylinder engine. Only recently was the LG0's 180 bhp rating eclipsed when the 2010 model year 2.4 L Ecotec LAF launched in the Buick Lacrosse
Buick LaCrosse
The Buick LaCrosse is a mid-size entry-level luxury sedan produced by General Motors. It replaced the Buick Century and Regal in North America beginning in the 2005 model year.-North America:...
and Chevrolet Equinox
Chevrolet Equinox
The second generation Equinox was announced by GM on December 21, 2008, and debuted at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The 2010 Equinox went on sale in June 2009. It is built on a stiffened version of the same "Theta" platform used in the previous model. The new Equinox...
. The LAF has a rated output of 182 hp but does so with 11.4:1 compression ratio
Compression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
, gasoline direct injection
Gasoline direct injection
In internal combustion engines, gasoline direct injection , also known as petrol direct injection or direct petrol injection, is a variant of fuel injection employed in modern two-stroke and four-stroke gasoline engines...
and variable valve timing
Variable valve timing
In internal combustion engines, variable valve timing , also known as Variable valve actuation , is a generalized term used to describe any mechanism or method that can alter the shape or timing of a valve lift event within an internal combustion engine...
.
There was a limited production version of the LG0 engine offered in select Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile was a brand of American automobile produced for most of its existence by General Motors. It was founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897. In its 107-year history, it produced 35.2 million cars, including at least 14 million built at its Lansing, Michigan factory...
s which used the designation W41 (listed below).
LG0 applications:
- 1990–1993 Chevrolet BerettaChevrolet BerettaThe Chevrolet Beretta is a front wheel drive coupé produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors for the 1987–1996 model years. The Beretta was designed in the same design studio as the Camaro and the Corvette, Chevrolet Exterior Studio 3, and was built at the Wilmington, Delaware and...
GTZ - 1994 Chevrolet Beretta Z26
- 1989–1991 Pontiac Grand Am SE
- 1990–1991 Pontiac Grand Am LE with "Sport Performance Package" (RPO: W32)
- 1992–1994 Pontiac Grand Am GT
- 1989–1991 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais International Series
- 1992–1994 Oldsmobile AchievaOldsmobile AchievaThe Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced for the 1992 model year and was a front-wheel drive, compact car based on the GM N-body platform which it also shared with its siblings the Pontiac Grand Am and Buick Skylark...
SC - 1990 Oldsmobile Cutlass SupremeOldsmobile Cutlass SupremeThe Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme was a mid-size car produced by General Motors for the American market. It was always at the top of the Cutlass range. It began as a trim package, developed its own roofline, and eventually was mechanically divorced from the later, smaller Cutlasses.The Cutlass Supreme...
International Series
W41
The W41 was the highest output Quad 4. The 1991–1992 W41 were rated at 190 hp, while the 1993 W41 was rated at 185 hp as a result of the first round of exhaust port size reduction to improve emissions and other changes to the Quad 4 architecture to reduce NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness). The additional 10 hp came from longer duration cams and a different PROMEngine control unit
An engine control unit is a type of electronic control unit that determines the amount of fuel, ignition timing and other parameters an internal combustion engine needs to keep running...
.
A part of the W41 drivetrain was a specific version of the HM-282/NVG-T550
GETRAG 282 Transmission
The Getrag 282 transmission was a 5-speed manual transaxle designed by Getrag for Chevrolet. It is sometimes referred to as the Muncie 282 or the Muncie Getrag 282, as the transmission was manufactured by the Muncie, Indiana manual transmission plant...
with a gear set otherwise unavailable. All W41 five-speed transmissions had a FDR (final drive ratio) of 3.94:1 whereas the 1988–1992.5 LD2 and LG0 transmissions all used a 3.61:1 FDR; the 3.94:1 FDR was used on all 1992.5-1994 LG0 transmissions, but retained the standard HM-282/NVG-T550
GETRAG 282 Transmission
The Getrag 282 transmission was a 5-speed manual transaxle designed by Getrag for Chevrolet. It is sometimes referred to as the Muncie 282 or the Muncie Getrag 282, as the transmission was manufactured by the Muncie, Indiana manual transmission plant...
gear set.
W41 applications:
- 1991 Cutlass Calais Quad 442
- 1992–1993 Oldsmobile AchievaOldsmobile AchievaThe Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced for the 1992 model year and was a front-wheel drive, compact car based on the GM N-body platform which it also shared with its siblings the Pontiac Grand Am and Buick Skylark...
SCX
Quad OHC
A SOHC variant of the Quad 4 was intended to replace the Pontiac 2.5 L Tech IV OHV "Iron Duke" engine. Debuting in 1992, this Quad OHC was an eight-valve engine and produced 120 hp, 40 hp less than the Quad 4 of the same era. TorqueTorque
Torque, moment or moment of force , is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist....
was 140 lb·ft. Power dropped to 115 hp in 1993 with an attempt by GM to reduce the NVH of the engine.
Although power and economy
Fuel economy in automobiles
Fuel usage in automobiles refers to the fuel efficiency relationship between distance traveled by an automobile and the amount of fuel consumed....
were better than the Tech IV, the Quad OHC was retired after 1994 when the DOHC version became standard.
Applications:
- 1992–1994 Oldsmobile AchievaOldsmobile AchievaThe Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced for the 1992 model year and was a front-wheel drive, compact car based on the GM N-body platform which it also shared with its siblings the Pontiac Grand Am and Buick Skylark...
- 1992–1994 Pontiac Grand Am
- 1992–1994 Buick SkylarkBuick SkylarkThe Buick Skylark was a passenger car produced by the Buick division of General Motors. The model was made in six production runs. In each run, the car design varied dramatically due to changing technology and tastes, as well as new standards implemented over the years.-1953–1954:Introduced to mark...
1995 LD2
For 1995 only, a balance shaftBalance shaft
In piston engine engineering, a balance shaft is an eccentric weighted shaft which offsets vibrations in engine designs that are not inherently balanced...
-equipped version of the 2.3 L version was produced. A clever arrangement ensured a constant load on the shafts: the crank
Crankshaft
The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation...
drove one shaft, which drives the second, which then drives the oil pump
Oil pump (internal combustion engine)
The oil pump in an internal combustion engine circulates engine oil under pressure to the rotating bearings, the sliding pistons and the camshaft of the engine...
. The shafts spun at twice the engine RPM
Revolutions per minute
Revolutions per minute is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis...
, forcing the redline
Redline
Redline refers to the maximum engine speed at which an internal combustion engine or traction motor and its components are designed to operate without causing damage to the components themselves or other parts of the engine...
to be reduced from 6800 to 6500 RPM. Output was 150 bhp and 150 lb·ft. This was the only Quad 4 produced in 1995.
This was known as a transitional year for the engine family.
Applications:
- 1995 Pontiac SunfirePontiac SunfireThe Pontiac Sunfire was introduced for the 1995 model year as the compact car to replace the Sunbird. Not only was the name changed, but dramatic styling changes were included as well. The new styling was shared with the redesigned Chevrolet Cavalier...
GT - 1995 Chevrolet CavalierChevrolet CavalierThe Chevrolet Cavalier was a compact automobile produced from 1982 to 2005 by General Motors. Built on the company's J platform, the Cavalier was one of the best-selling cars in the United States throughout its life.- Predecessors :...
Z24 - 1995 Pontiac Grand AmPontiac Grand AmThe original Grand Am was introduced in the fall of 1972 as a 1973 model. It was based on the GM A platform along with other cars such as the Pontiac LeMans, Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Chevelle, Buick Century, and the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme...
- 1995 Oldsmobile AchievaOldsmobile AchievaThe Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced for the 1992 model year and was a front-wheel drive, compact car based on the GM N-body platform which it also shared with its siblings the Pontiac Grand Am and Buick Skylark...
- 1995 Buick SkylarkBuick SkylarkThe Buick Skylark was a passenger car produced by the Buick division of General Motors. The model was made in six production runs. In each run, the car design varied dramatically due to changing technology and tastes, as well as new standards implemented over the years.-1953–1954:Introduced to mark...
LD9
The LD9 Twin Cam was a 146 cu in (2.4 l) Quad 4 variant with balance shafts, and a redesigned cylinder headCylinder head
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket...
which debuted in 1996. Bore was decreased from 92 mm (3.6 in) to 90 mm (3.5 in) and stroke increased from 85 mm (3.3 in) to 94 mm (3.7 in) for better torque. Power came in at 150 bhp. This engine received a minor update halfway through the 1999 model year that eliminated the EGR, increased the compression ratio
Compression ratio
The 'compression ratio' of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity...
from 9.5:1 to 9.7:1, and switched from low impedance
Electrical impedance
Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, is the measure of the opposition that an electrical circuit presents to the passage of a current when a voltage is applied. In quantitative terms, it is the complex ratio of the voltage to the current in an alternating current circuit...
fuel injectors to high impedance. This engine also saw other minor updates towards the end of its use in General Motors vehicles such as a smaller knock sensor, flat-top pistons instead of dished, new oiling passages, a newer-designed water pump, a redesigned starter motor and higher capacity catalytic converter in 2001, and an improved belt tensioner in 2002.
Specifications (Post 1999)
| Engine type | Inline 4-cylinder DOHC 16v |
| Displacement | 2.4 L (146 cu in) |
| Bore | 90 mm |
| Stroke | 94 mm |
| Compression ratio | 9.7:1 |
| Fuel Delivery | Sequential Fuel Injection (SFI) |
| Peak power | 150 hp at 5600 rpm |
| Peak torque | 155 ft·lb at 2400-4400 rpm (Wide Torque Band) |
| Estimated Fuel Mileage | 23 City / 33 Highway |
Applications:
- 1996–2002 Chevrolet CavalierChevrolet CavalierThe Chevrolet Cavalier was a compact automobile produced from 1982 to 2005 by General Motors. Built on the company's J platform, the Cavalier was one of the best-selling cars in the United States throughout its life.- Predecessors :...
Z24 - 1996–2001 Pontiac SunfirePontiac SunfireThe Pontiac Sunfire was introduced for the 1995 model year as the compact car to replace the Sunbird. Not only was the name changed, but dramatic styling changes were included as well. The new styling was shared with the redesigned Chevrolet Cavalier...
GT - 1996–2001 Pontiac Grand AmPontiac Grand AmThe original Grand Am was introduced in the fall of 1972 as a 1973 model. It was based on the GM A platform along with other cars such as the Pontiac LeMans, Pontiac GTO, Chevrolet Chevelle, Buick Century, and the Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme...
- 1996–1998 Oldsmobile AchievaOldsmobile AchievaThe Oldsmobile Achieva was introduced for the 1992 model year and was a front-wheel drive, compact car based on the GM N-body platform which it also shared with its siblings the Pontiac Grand Am and Buick Skylark...
- 1999–2001 Oldsmobile AleroOldsmobile AleroThe Oldsmobile Alero was a compact car produced by the Oldsmobile division of General Motors from 1999 to 2004.The Alero was introduced in spring 1998 as a 1999 model to replace the Achieva and Cutlass. The Alero went into production on April 6, 1998. All Aleros were built in Lansing, Michigan...
- 1997–1999 Chevrolet MalibuChevrolet MalibuMalibus and all other Chevelles were completely restyled for 1968 with semi-fastback rooflines on two-door hardtops and wheelbases split to on two-door models and 118 for four-door sedans and station wagons. Engine offerings included a new V8 rated at that replaced the V8 that had served as the...
- 1997–1999 Buick SkylarkBuick SkylarkThe Buick Skylark was a passenger car produced by the Buick division of General Motors. The model was made in six production runs. In each run, the car design varied dramatically due to changing technology and tastes, as well as new standards implemented over the years.-1953–1954:Introduced to mark...