Hodod
Encyclopedia
Hodod is a commune
of 3,209 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County
, Romania
. It is composed of four villages:
, in the north to the Maramures
county and in the east and south by the Sălaj
county.
The municipality is located in the hills of Codru, 10 km west of Cehu Silvaniei
and 70 km south of Satu Mare, the capital of the Satu Mare county.
Hodod belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary
and was part of the Principality of Transylvania.
In 1399, a castle is mentioned when the village belonged to the family Kusalyi Jakcs.
Hodod gained city status in 1482.
Hodod was given by King Rudolf II of Habsburg
to the family Wesselényi, to whom it belongs to the 20th century.
The castle was destroyed in the early eighteenth century. After the rebellion of Francis II Rákóczi
, the town was taken from the family Wesselényi.
The Wesselényi family built a large castle in Baroque
style. After the outbreak of the plague, the immigration of German settlers was promoted.
From 1744 to 1751 Baron Franz Wesseleny called 30 families from Baden-Durlach and Switzerland to his property in Kriegsdorf (Hadad). In subsequent years, more immigrants came from German-speaking regions to Kriegsdorf..
In 1880 Kriegsdorf counted 479 German inhabitants.
After the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867 the Austrian Empire, and the Principality of Transylvania, disappear. In 1876 the Kingdom of Hungary is divided into provinces. Hodod is now part of the district Szilagyi (Szilagyi vármegye').
At the end of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire
disappears and the city is part of Greater Romania
in the Treaty of Trianon
. Hodod is now part of the district Sălaj
.
, annexed by Hungary until 1944.
In May 1944, the Jews
were collected in the ghetto
of Satu Mare. On May 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31 and June 1 of that year, they were deported to Auschwitz.
The fate of the Roma is little is known. This is partly due to the fact that the Roma, in comparison with the Jews, were poorly organized.
With the retreat of the German army in 1944, many Germans left Hodod. In 1945, 43 Germans were deported to the Soviet Union.
In the administrative reform of the country in 1968, the city became part of the Satu Mare county to which it belongs so far.
During the communist regime, especially in the 1980s, many Germans emigrated.
. In Hodod, Nadişu and Lelei is predominantly Hungarian
spoken. Giurtelecu speaks mainly in Romanian.
The Roma talk Romani
(language of the Roma, gypsies). A small minority speaks German
.
Ethnic minority groups (Hungarians, Swabians) often feel in the first place to their ethnicity and, second, Romanian. In villages with predominantly Hungarian population it is polite to Hungarians using Hungarian place names (Hadad Hadadgyőrtelek, Hadadnádasd, Lele). Speaking to Romanians the use of Romanian place names is polite (Hodod, Lelei, Giurtelecu Hododului, Nadişu Hododului). This applies also to titles such as "mayor" (Hungarian: polgármester; Romanian: Primar).
In terms of foreign languages, a part of the population speaks English, French, and German. Historically, French was the leading language for the study. Nowadays is't so that the elderly in Romania speak French and youngsters English.
Not all parties are nationally operating parties.
Romanian children visit from their 6th until their 14th year elementary education.
The Romanian educational system
is as follows:
In Hodod there is a German cemetery. In this cemetery is a memorial plaque with the names of 44 victims of the First World War (1914-1918).
Communes of Romania
A commune is the lowest level of administrative subdivision in Romania. There are 2686 communes in Romania. The commune is the rural subdivision of a county .There is no clear restriction on the population of a commune, even though when a commune...
of 3,209 inhabitants situated in Satu Mare County
Satu Mare County
Satu Mare County is a county of Romania. The capital city is Satu Mare. Besides Romanians , Satu Mare features a significant ethnic minority of Hungarians .-Demographics:...
, Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
. It is composed of four villages:
| Romanian Romanian language Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova... |
Hungarian Hungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic language, part of the Ugric group. With some 14 million speakers, it is one of the most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages in Europe.... |
German German language German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union.... |
|---|---|---|
| Giurtelecu Hododului | Hadadgyőrtelek | Wüst Jörgen, Georgius |
| Hodod | Hadad | Kriegsdorf |
| Lelei | Lele | Lellen |
| Nadişu Hododului | Hadadnádasd | Ungarisch Rohrdorf, Rohrfeld |
Geography
The municipality of Hodod lies in the extreme southeast of the county Satu Mare and borders in the west to the municipality BogdandBogdand
Bogdand is a commune in Satu Mare County in Transylvania, Romania. The total population is 3,227 , by nationality: 1843 Hungarians, 1303 Romanians, 79 Roma, 1 German, 1 other.The commune is composed of four villages:...
, in the north to the Maramures
Maramures
Maramureș may refer to the following:*Maramureș, a geographical, historical, and ethno-cultural region in present-day Romania and Ukraine, that occupies the Maramureș Depression and Maramureș Mountains, a mountain range in North East Carpathians...
county and in the east and south by the Sălaj
Salaj County
Sălaj is a county of Romania, in the historical regions of Crișana and Transylvania, with the capital city at Zalău.-Geography:Sălaj county has a total area of ....
county.
The municipality is located in the hills of Codru, 10 km west of Cehu Silvaniei
Cehu Silvaniei
Cehu Silvaniei is a town in Sălaj County, Transylvania, Romania. Four villages are administered by the town: Horoatu Cehului , Motiş , Nadiş and Ulciug .-History of the town:...
and 70 km south of Satu Mare, the capital of the Satu Mare county.
Until 1940
Hodod is mentioned since 1210, Nadişu Hododului since 1205, Lelei since 1330, Giurtelecu Hododului since 1378.Hodod belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...
and was part of the Principality of Transylvania.
In 1399, a castle is mentioned when the village belonged to the family Kusalyi Jakcs.
Hodod gained city status in 1482.
Hodod was given by King Rudolf II of Habsburg
Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Rudolf II was Holy Roman Emperor , King of Hungary and Croatia , King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria...
to the family Wesselényi, to whom it belongs to the 20th century.
The castle was destroyed in the early eighteenth century. After the rebellion of Francis II Rákóczi
Rákóczi
The Rákóczi were a Hungarian noble family in the Kingdom of Hungary between the 13th century and 18th century. Their name is also spelled Rakoczi and Rakoczy in some foreign sources....
, the town was taken from the family Wesselényi.
The Wesselényi family built a large castle in Baroque
Baroque
The Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
style. After the outbreak of the plague, the immigration of German settlers was promoted.
From 1744 to 1751 Baron Franz Wesseleny called 30 families from Baden-Durlach and Switzerland to his property in Kriegsdorf (Hadad). In subsequent years, more immigrants came from German-speaking regions to Kriegsdorf..
In 1880 Kriegsdorf counted 479 German inhabitants.
After the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867 the Austrian Empire, and the Principality of Transylvania, disappear. In 1876 the Kingdom of Hungary is divided into provinces. Hodod is now part of the district Szilagyi (Szilagyi vármegye').
At the end of World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
disappears and the city is part of Greater Romania
Greater Romania
The Greater Romania generally refers to the territory of Romania in the years between the First World War and the Second World War, the largest geographical extent of Romania up to that time and its largest peacetime extent ever ; more precisely, it refers to the territory of the Kingdom of...
in the Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Trianon
The Treaty of Trianon was the peace agreement signed in 1920, at the end of World War I, between the Allies of World War I and Hungary . The treaty greatly redefined and reduced Hungary's borders. From its borders before World War I, it lost 72% of its territory, which was reduced from to...
. Hodod is now part of the district Sălaj
Salaj County
Sălaj is a county of Romania, in the historical regions of Crișana and Transylvania, with the capital city at Zalău.-Geography:Sălaj county has a total area of ....
.
1940-1945
Hodod in 1940 following the Second Vienna AwardSecond Vienna Award
The Second Vienna Award was the second of two Vienna Awards arbitrated by the Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Rendered on August 30, 1940, it re-assigned the territory of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary.-Prelude and historical background :After the World War I, the multi-ethnic...
, annexed by Hungary until 1944.
In May 1944, the Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
were collected in the ghetto
Ghetto
A ghetto is a section of a city predominantly occupied by a group who live there, especially because of social, economic, or legal issues.The term was originally used in Venice to describe the area where Jews were compelled to live. The term now refers to an overcrowded urban area often associated...
of Satu Mare. On May 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, 31 and June 1 of that year, they were deported to Auschwitz.
The fate of the Roma is little is known. This is partly due to the fact that the Roma, in comparison with the Jews, were poorly organized.
With the retreat of the German army in 1944, many Germans left Hodod. In 1945, 43 Germans were deported to the Soviet Union.
After 1945
After the Second World War Hodod, with the Treaty of Paris, became Romanian again.In the administrative reform of the country in 1968, the city became part of the Satu Mare county to which it belongs so far.
During the communist regime, especially in the 1980s, many Germans emigrated.
Ethnic groups (2002 census)
- Hungarians: 2166 (67,70%)
- Romanians: 907 (28.35%)
- Romani people: 79 (2.46%)
- GermansGermansThe Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
: 46 (1.43%)
Inhabitants per village (census 2002):
- Giurtelecu Hododului: 816
- Hodod: 912
- Lelei: 662
- Nadişu Hododului: 809
Religion
In 2002, the religious composition of the municipality is as follows:- ReformedReformed churchesThe Reformed churches are a group of Protestant denominations characterized by Calvinist doctrines. They are descended from the Swiss Reformation inaugurated by Huldrych Zwingli but developed more coherently by Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger and especially John Calvin...
: 60.26% - OrthodoxRomanian Orthodox ChurchThe Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church. It is in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox churches, and is ranked seventh in order of precedence. The Primate of the church has the title of Patriarch...
: 27.57% - Baptist: 7.87%
- PentecostalPentecostalismPentecostalism is a diverse and complex movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism in the Holy Spirit, has an eschatological focus, and is an experiential religion. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek...
: 1.71% - Catholic: 0.84%
- Seventh-day AdventistSeventh-day Adventist ChurchThe Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ...
: 0.56%
Language
The official language is RomanianRomanian language
Romanian Romanian Romanian (or Daco-Romanian; obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; self-designation: română, limba română ("the Romanian language") or românește (lit. "in Romanian") is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova...
. In Hodod, Nadişu and Lelei is predominantly Hungarian
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language, part of the Ugric group. With some 14 million speakers, it is one of the most widely spoken non-Indo-European languages in Europe....
spoken. Giurtelecu speaks mainly in Romanian.
The Roma talk Romani
Romani language
Romani or Romany, Gypsy or Gipsy is any of several languages of the Romani people. They are Indic, sometimes classified in the "Central" or "Northwestern" zone, and sometimes treated as a branch of their own....
(language of the Roma, gypsies). A small minority speaks German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
.
Ethnic minority groups (Hungarians, Swabians) often feel in the first place to their ethnicity and, second, Romanian. In villages with predominantly Hungarian population it is polite to Hungarians using Hungarian place names (Hadad Hadadgyőrtelek, Hadadnádasd, Lele). Speaking to Romanians the use of Romanian place names is polite (Hodod, Lelei, Giurtelecu Hododului, Nadişu Hododului). This applies also to titles such as "mayor" (Hungarian: polgármester; Romanian: Primar).
In terms of foreign languages, a part of the population speaks English, French, and German. Historically, French was the leading language for the study. Nowadays is't so that the elderly in Romania speak French and youngsters English.
Politics
The Hodod City Council has 11 Councillors. At the time of the Romanian municipal elections of June 2008, Francisc Balog (UDMR) was elected as Mayor.| Party | Number of Councillors |
|---|---|
| Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania The Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, is the main political organisation representing the ethnic Hungarians of Romania.... (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România, UDMR) |
7 |
| National Liberal Party National Liberal Party (Romania) The National Liberal Party , abbreviated to PNL, is a centre-right liberal party in Romania. It is the third-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 53 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 in the Senate: behind the centre-right Democratic Liberal Party and the centre-left Social... (Partidul Naţional Liberal, PNL) |
1 |
| New Generation Party – Christian Democratic Partidul Noua Generaţe -Creştin Democrat |
1 |
| Social Democratic Party Social Democratic Party (Romania) The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. It was formed in 1992, after the post-communist National Salvation Front broke apart. It adopted its present name after a merger with a minor social-democratic party in 2001. Since its formation, it has always... (Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) |
1 |
| Hungarian Civic Union (Partidul Civic Magiar - Magyar Polgári Párt) |
1 |
Not all parties are nationally operating parties.
Education
In Hodod is an elementary school. In Nadişu, Giurtelecu and Lelei are dependances.Romanian children visit from their 6th until their 14th year elementary education.
The Romanian educational system
Romanian educational system
According to the Law on Education adopted in 1995, the Romanian Educational System is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Research . Each level has its own form of organization and is subject to different legislation. Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years old...
is as follows:
- Scoala Primara şi gimnaziala - elementary school
- Liceu - secondary education
- Invăţământ Superior - high school
Agriculture
The economy of the municipality is based on agriculture (arable, livestock and beekeeping).Historic sites and monuments
Castles
- Hodod, Wesselényi Castle, one of the landmarks of the BaroqueBaroqueThe Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
style in the district of Satu-Mare. Eighteenth century. - Hodod, Degenfeld castle. Eclectic ArchitectureEclecticismEclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.It can sometimes seem inelegant or...
. Nineteenth century.
Church Buildings
- Hodod, Evangelical Lutheran Church. Eighteenth century.
- Hodod, Reformed Church. Gothic architectureGothic architectureGothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
. Fifteenth century, classified historic monument. - Nadişu Hododului, Reformes church. Fifteenth century, classified historic monument.
- Giurtelecu Hododului, Orthodox church.
- Lelei, wooden orthodox church of the Holy Archangels. 1870, classified historic monument.
- Lelei, wooden protestant church. Built 1783 - 1788.
Cemeteries
East of Hodod, hidden between the fields and groves, there is a Jewish cemetery. Also in Nadişu Hododului en Lelei are Jewish cemeteries.In Hodod there is a German cemetery. In this cemetery is a memorial plaque with the names of 44 victims of the First World War (1914-1918).
Natives
- Béla KunBéla KunBéla Kun , born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist politician and a Bolshevik Revolutionary who led the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919.- Early life :...
(1886-1938), Communist revolutionary - Virgil MăgureanuVirgil MăgureanuVirgil Măgureanu, is a Romanian sociologist that was the head of the main intelligence service of Romania, Serviciul Român de Informaţii, or SRI between 1990-1997...
(1941-), intelligence agency chief