Irk Bitig
Encyclopedia
Irk Bitig or Irq Bitig (Old Turkic: ), known as the Book of Omens or Book of Divination in English, is a 9th century manuscript book on divination
that was discovered in the "Library Cave" of the Mogao Caves
in Dunhuang
, China
, by Aurel Stein in 1907, and is now in the collection of the British Library
in London
, England
. The book is written in Old Turkic
using the Old Turkic script (also known as "Orkhon" or "Turkic runes"); it is the only known complete manuscript text written in the Old Turkic script. It is also an important source for early Turkic mythology.
The manuscript is in the form of a booklet comprising 58 folios folded in half, each page being about 13.1 × 8.1 cm in size. The pages of the booklet turn to the right (opposite to that of Western books), and the Old Turkic text is laid out in horizontal right-to-left
lines. The text of Irk Bitig consists of 104 pages in 52 folios (folios 5b–57a), with 40–70 characters per page. The text is written in black ink with red punctuation marks marking word division, except for the colophon on the last two pages, which is written in red ink. The first four and a half folios (including one line overwriting the start of the Old Turkic text) and the last three folios (of which one and a half folios overwrite the Old Turkic colophon) are Buddhist devotional verses written in Chinese
. As the Chinese text overwrites the beginning and end of the Old Turkic text, it is believed that the text of Irk Bitig was written first, and that the blank pages at the start and end of the booklet were later filled with the Chinese Buddhist verses.
The title by which the book is known, Irk Bitig, meaning "Book of Omens", is given at the bottom of the last page of the main text (folio 55b), but the author is not mentioned anywhere.
The manuscript text is not precisely dated, but its colophon states that it was written on the 15th day of the second month of the year of the tiger
at the Taygüntan Manichaean
monastery by an anonymous monk for his "elder brother", General İtaçuk (Saŋun İtaçuk). As the Library Cave was sealed in the early 11th century, it is thought that this year of the tiger must be sometime during the 9th or 10th centuries. Louis Bazin
suggests that the year of the tiger could here be 930 or 942, but Gerard Clauson
and Talat Tekin both date the manuscript to the 9th century (i.e. one of the years 810, 822, 834, 846, 858, 870, 882 or 894).
A number of transcription errors and textual omissions have been identified in the manuscript text, which suggest that it is not an original composition but a copy of an earlier text that was probably written in the Old Uyghur script
. On the basis of its linguistic features, Marcel Erdal has dated the composition of the original work to the 8th and 9th centuries, among the earliest group of Old Turkic texts.
monastery, but Clauson has noted that the language of this text is virtually identical to that of the corpus of secular inscriptions in the Old Turkic script from the Orkhon Valley
, and so "Manichaean" is not a valid linguistic term.
The British Library manuscript exhibits a number of orthographic peculiarities that may reflect the dialect of its scribe. In particular, it uses the front vowel
forms of the letter s and n in certain situations where a back vowel
form of the letters would be expected. The manuscript also uses two signs, (used to write the word ot meaning "grass") and (used to represent a syllabic up or the letter p after the letter u), that are not attested in other manuscript texts or inscriptions.
The Old Turkic text does not have any sentence punctuation
, but uses two black lines in a red circle as a word separation mark in order to indicate word boundaries.
(ırk in Old Turkic) that are the subject of the divination, and are thought to represent the pips on a four-sided dice
made from a rectangular piece of wood that would be thrown three times (or three such dice thrown once) as part of the divination ceremony. The groups of circles are followed by a short explanation of their meaning, such as "I am a white-spotted falcon. I enjoy sitting on a sandal-wood tree" (no.4), "A man comes hurriedly. He comes bringing good tiding" (no.7), and "An old ox was eaten by ants, gnawing around its belly. It lays down without being able to move" (no.37). After the explanation is a prognostication in the form "Know thus, it is ..." "good" (33 times), "very good" (7 times), "bad" (17 times) or "very bad" (2 times). In a few cases the prognostication after "know thus" is missing.
There are 64 combinations of three groups of one to four pips, but the book gives a total of sixty-five omens, with some errors, including two missing omens (1-1-3 and 4-2-1) and some duplicate omens (1-4-3 occurs three times, and 3-1-3 occurs twice).
The omens comprise short stories about the world in which the nomadic Turkic people lived. Animals feature prominently in most of the omens, sometimes domesticated animals such as horse and camels, and sometimes wild animals such as tigers and deer. When wild animals fight each other or are injured the omen is bad (nos.6, 8, 37, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 61). Likewise, when domestic animals are mistreated, sick or stolen the omen is bad (nos. 16, 25, 39, 50, and 65). On the other hand, animals giving birth are good omens (nos. 5 and 41). A couple of the omens show a threefold pattern of parallelism between two animals and a human: a white mare, a she-camel and a princess give birth (no. 5); young birds, fawns, and children get lost in the fog (no.15).
The sky god, Tengri
, is featured in some of the omens (no.12, 15, 17, 38, 41, 47, 54, 60), and he normally shown to be benign, for instance rescuing lost or exhausted animals (nos. 15 and 17). Also featured is the god of the road, who bestows his favour on travellers (no.2), and mends old things and brings order to the country (no.48).
The khan
also featured in several omens, establishing a royal camp (no.28), coming back from a victorious battle (no.34), and going hunting (no.63), which are all good omens. Omen 63 mentions the custom of the khan killing an animal with his own hands after it has been surrounded by his retinue.
After the final divination, the book concludes, "Now, my dear sons, know thus: this book of divination is good. Thus everyone is master of his own fate."
The divination text is written in a mix of prose and poetry, and although it does not have a fixed poetic metre
, it does exhibit poetic features such as stylistic parallelism
, alliteration
and rhyme
.
Divination
Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic standardized process or ritual...
that was discovered in the "Library Cave" of the Mogao Caves
Mogao Caves
The Mogao Caves or Mogao Grottoes , also known as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas , form a system of 492 temples southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis strategically located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China...
in Dunhuang
Dunhuang
Dunhuang is a city in northwestern Gansu province, Western China. It was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road. It was also known at times as Shāzhōu , or 'City of Sands', a name still used today...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, by Aurel Stein in 1907, and is now in the collection of the British Library
British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from every country in the world, in virtually all known languages and in many formats,...
in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
. The book is written in Old Turkic
Old Turkic language
Old Turkic is the earliest attested form of Turkic, found in Göktürk and Uyghur inscriptions dating from about the 7th century to the 13th century....
using the Old Turkic script (also known as "Orkhon" or "Turkic runes"); it is the only known complete manuscript text written in the Old Turkic script. It is also an important source for early Turkic mythology.
British Library manuscript
The only extant version of the Irk Bitig is a manuscript from the Dunhuang Library Cave that is now held at the British Museum (shelfmark ).The manuscript is in the form of a booklet comprising 58 folios folded in half, each page being about 13.1 × 8.1 cm in size. The pages of the booklet turn to the right (opposite to that of Western books), and the Old Turkic text is laid out in horizontal right-to-left
Right-to-left
A language is described as right-to-left if writing starts from the right of the page, and continues to the left. Right to left scripts are:* Arabic alphabet - used for Arabic, Persian, Urdu and many other languages....
lines. The text of Irk Bitig consists of 104 pages in 52 folios (folios 5b–57a), with 40–70 characters per page. The text is written in black ink with red punctuation marks marking word division, except for the colophon on the last two pages, which is written in red ink. The first four and a half folios (including one line overwriting the start of the Old Turkic text) and the last three folios (of which one and a half folios overwrite the Old Turkic colophon) are Buddhist devotional verses written in Chinese
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
. As the Chinese text overwrites the beginning and end of the Old Turkic text, it is believed that the text of Irk Bitig was written first, and that the blank pages at the start and end of the booklet were later filled with the Chinese Buddhist verses.
The title by which the book is known, Irk Bitig, meaning "Book of Omens", is given at the bottom of the last page of the main text (folio 55b), but the author is not mentioned anywhere.
The manuscript text is not precisely dated, but its colophon states that it was written on the 15th day of the second month of the year of the tiger
Tiger (zodiac)
The Tiger , is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The Year of the Tiger is associated with the earthly branch symbol 寅.- Years and the Five Elements :...
at the Taygüntan Manichaean
Manichaeism
Manichaeism in Modern Persian Āyin e Māni; ) was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia.Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived...
monastery by an anonymous monk for his "elder brother", General İtaçuk (Saŋun İtaçuk). As the Library Cave was sealed in the early 11th century, it is thought that this year of the tiger must be sometime during the 9th or 10th centuries. Louis Bazin
Louis Bazin
Louis Bazin is a French orientalist.-Biography:Born in Caen, he entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1939. When he graduated in 1943, he became a senior research fellow at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, while continuing his studies at the National School for Modern Oriental...
suggests that the year of the tiger could here be 930 or 942, but Gerard Clauson
Gerard Clauson
Sir Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson was an English civil servant, businessman, and Orientalist best known for his studies of the Turkish language....
and Talat Tekin both date the manuscript to the 9th century (i.e. one of the years 810, 822, 834, 846, 858, 870, 882 or 894).
A number of transcription errors and textual omissions have been identified in the manuscript text, which suggest that it is not an original composition but a copy of an earlier text that was probably written in the Old Uyghur script
Old Uyghur alphabet
The Old Uyghur alphabet was used for writing the Old Uyghur language, a variety of Old Turkic spoken in the Tarim basin, which is an ancestor of the modern Uyghur language. It was descendant of the Sogdian alphabet, used for texts with Buddhist, Manichaean and Christian content for 700–800 years in...
. On the basis of its linguistic features, Marcel Erdal has dated the composition of the original work to the 8th and 9th centuries, among the earliest group of Old Turkic texts.
Linguistic features
According to Annemarie von Gabain (1901–1993) the Irk Bitig is written in a "Manichaean" dialect of Old Turkic, reflecting the fact that it was written at a ManichaeanManichaeism
Manichaeism in Modern Persian Āyin e Māni; ) was one of the major Iranian Gnostic religions, originating in Sassanid Persia.Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived...
monastery, but Clauson has noted that the language of this text is virtually identical to that of the corpus of secular inscriptions in the Old Turkic script from the Orkhon Valley
Orkhon Valley
Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape sprawls along the banks of the Orkhon River in Central Mongolia, some 360 km west from the capital Ulaanbaatar. It was inscribed by UNESCO in the World Heritage List as representing evolution of nomadic pastoral traditions spanning more than two millennia...
, and so "Manichaean" is not a valid linguistic term.
The British Library manuscript exhibits a number of orthographic peculiarities that may reflect the dialect of its scribe. In particular, it uses the front vowel
Front vowel
A front vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far in front as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Front vowels are sometimes also...
forms of the letter s and n in certain situations where a back vowel
Back vowel
A back vowel is a type of vowel sound used in spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Back vowels are sometimes also called dark...
form of the letters would be expected. The manuscript also uses two signs, (used to write the word ot meaning "grass") and (used to represent a syllabic up or the letter p after the letter u), that are not attested in other manuscript texts or inscriptions.
The Old Turkic text does not have any sentence punctuation
Punctuation
Punctuation marks are symbols that indicate the structure and organization of written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud.In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate the meaning of sentences...
, but uses two black lines in a red circle as a word separation mark in order to indicate word boundaries.
Contents
The main text of the book comprises 65 sections, each representing a particular divination, which is headed by three groups of between one and four circles filled with red ink. These three groups of circles are the omenOmen
An omen is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change...
(ırk in Old Turkic) that are the subject of the divination, and are thought to represent the pips on a four-sided dice
Dice
A die is a small throwable object with multiple resting positions, used for generating random numbers...
made from a rectangular piece of wood that would be thrown three times (or three such dice thrown once) as part of the divination ceremony. The groups of circles are followed by a short explanation of their meaning, such as "I am a white-spotted falcon. I enjoy sitting on a sandal-wood tree" (no.4), "A man comes hurriedly. He comes bringing good tiding" (no.7), and "An old ox was eaten by ants, gnawing around its belly. It lays down without being able to move" (no.37). After the explanation is a prognostication in the form "Know thus, it is ..." "good" (33 times), "very good" (7 times), "bad" (17 times) or "very bad" (2 times). In a few cases the prognostication after "know thus" is missing.
There are 64 combinations of three groups of one to four pips, but the book gives a total of sixty-five omens, with some errors, including two missing omens (1-1-3 and 4-2-1) and some duplicate omens (1-4-3 occurs three times, and 3-1-3 occurs twice).
The omens comprise short stories about the world in which the nomadic Turkic people lived. Animals feature prominently in most of the omens, sometimes domesticated animals such as horse and camels, and sometimes wild animals such as tigers and deer. When wild animals fight each other or are injured the omen is bad (nos.6, 8, 37, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 61). Likewise, when domestic animals are mistreated, sick or stolen the omen is bad (nos. 16, 25, 39, 50, and 65). On the other hand, animals giving birth are good omens (nos. 5 and 41). A couple of the omens show a threefold pattern of parallelism between two animals and a human: a white mare, a she-camel and a princess give birth (no. 5); young birds, fawns, and children get lost in the fog (no.15).
The sky god, Tengri
Tengri
Tengri or Tengger Tengri or Tengger Tengri or Tengger (Old Turkic: ; Mongolian: Тэнгэр, Tenger; Chinese: 腾格里, Mandarin: Ténggélǐ, Hungarian: Tengri, Turkish: Tanrı, Bulgarian: Tangra (Тангра) is a sky god, formerly the chief deity of the early Turkic peoples, including the Xiongnu, Huns, Bulgars,...
, is featured in some of the omens (no.12, 15, 17, 38, 41, 47, 54, 60), and he normally shown to be benign, for instance rescuing lost or exhausted animals (nos. 15 and 17). Also featured is the god of the road, who bestows his favour on travellers (no.2), and mends old things and brings order to the country (no.48).
The khan
Khan (title)
Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289...
also featured in several omens, establishing a royal camp (no.28), coming back from a victorious battle (no.34), and going hunting (no.63), which are all good omens. Omen 63 mentions the custom of the khan killing an animal with his own hands after it has been surrounded by his retinue.
After the final divination, the book concludes, "Now, my dear sons, know thus: this book of divination is good. Thus everyone is master of his own fate."
The divination text is written in a mix of prose and poetry, and although it does not have a fixed poetic metre
Meter (poetry)
In poetry, metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order. The study of metres and forms of versification is known as prosody...
, it does exhibit poetic features such as stylistic parallelism
Parallelism (rhetoric)
Parallelism means giving two or more parts of the sentences a similar form so as to give the whole a definite pattern.Parallelisms of various sorts are the chief rhetorical device of Biblical poetry in Hebrew. In fact, Robert Lowth coined the term "parallelismus membrorum Parallelism means giving...
, alliteration
Alliteration
In language, alliteration refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of Three or more words or phrases. Alliteration has historically developed largely through poetry, in which it more narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to...
and rhyme
Rhyme
A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs. The word "rhyme" may also refer to a short poem, such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes.-Etymology:...
.
| Number | | Omen | | Summary of the interpretation | | Prognostication | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2-2-2 | The Son of Heaven sits on a golden throne. | good | |||
| 2 | 4-4-4 | The god of the road riding on a dappled horse bestows his favour on two travellers. | good | |||
| 3 | 3-3-3 | An eagle with golden wings catches and eats whatever it wants. | good | |||
| 4 | 1-1-1 | A white-spotted falcon perches in a sandalwood tree. | none | |||
| 5 | 2-4-2 | A chieftain Bey Bey is a title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. Accoding to some sources, the word "Bey" is of Turkish language In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Bay, Baig or Beigh. They are all the same word... sees a white mare, a white camel and the third princess giving birth. |
very good | |||
| 6 | 1-2-2 | A bear and a boar fight together, and are both injured. | bad | |||
| 7 | 2-1-2 | A man arrives with good news. | good | |||
| 8 | 1-2-3 | A golden-headed snake. | bad | |||
| 9 | 3-2-1 | A big house burns down. | bad | |||
| 10 | 2-4-3 | A leopard yawns in the reeds. | none | |||
| 11 | 4-4-3 | Messengers on a yellow horse and a dark brown horse bring good news. | very good | |||
| 12 | 3-4-3 | A hunter falls over. | bad | |||
| 13 | 3-4-2 | An abandoned old woman stays alive by licking a greasy spoon. | none | |||
| 14 | 2-3-4 | A raven is tied to a tree. | none | |||
| 15 | 1-4-1 | Chicks, fawns and children lost in the fog are found safe after three years. | good | |||
| 16 | 2-1-4 | A fat horse is stolen. | bad | |||
| 17 | 2-3-3 | A horse that is lost in the desert finds grass to eat and water to drink. | good | |||
| 18 | 2-4-1 | A tent is in good condition. | very good | |||
| 19 | 4-1-3 | A white horse. | good | |||
| 20 | 2-2-3 | A white male camel. | good | |||
| 21 | 3-3-1 | An old hoopoe sings at the new year. | none | |||
| 22 | 1-1-2 | A women drops her mirror in a lake. | distressing and very bad | |||
| 23 | 4-4-2 | A boy finds some eagle droppings. | good | |||
| 24 | 3-1-3 | A blind foal tries to suckle at a stallion. | bad | |||
| 25 | 3-1-3 | A yoke of oxen harnessed to a plough cannot move. | bad | |||
| 26 | 4-2-1 | The sun rises and shines on the world. | good | |||
| 27 | 4-2-2 | A sheep encounters a wolf but remains safe. | good | |||
| 28 | 2-1-1 | A khan Khan (title) Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289... rules a stable country, and has many good men at his court. |
good | |||
| 29 | 4-3-2 | A butcher gains ninety sheep. | good | |||
| 30 | 4-2-3 | A poor man's son returns home after earning some money. | good | |||
| 31 | 1-4-4 | A tiger returns to its den after finding some prey. | good | |||
| 32 | 1-1-3 | A single meadowsweet Spiraea Spiraea , is a genus of about 80-100 species of shrubs in the family Rosaceae, subfamily Spiraeoideae. They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity in eastern Asia.... shrub multiplies to become many thousand plants. |
good | |||
| 33 | 4-2-4 | Some felt falls into the water. | bad | |||
| 34 | 2-4-4 | A khan returns victorious from battle. | good | |||
| 35 | 4-3-4 | A man returning from war encounters a swan who leads him home. | good | |||
| 36 | 4-1-1 | A man has no titles and a bad reputation. | very bad | |||
| 37 | 1-3-4 | An old ox is bitten by ants. | bad | |||
| 38 | 3-1-4 | Heaven decrees that a slave girl becomes a queen. | good | |||
| 39 | 2-2-4 | A roan horse is fettered and cannot move. | bad | |||
| 40 | 4-4-1 | A stout-hearted young man shoots an arrow that splits a rock. | good | |||
| 41 | 3-2-4 | A white-spotted cow gives birth to a white-spotted male calf. | good | |||
| 42 | 4-1-4 | A woman who has left her cups and bowls behind returns and finds them where she left them. | good | |||
| 43 | 3-3-4 | A falcon hunting water birds encounters an eagle. | bad | |||
| 44 | 1-4-2 | A hawk pounces on a rabbit, but it injures its claws and the rabbit escapes. | bad | |||
| 45 | 1-3-2 | A fawn is without grass and water. | bad | |||
| 46 | 1-3-3 | A camel is stuck in a marsh, and is eaten by a fox. | bad | |||
| 47 | 1-1-4 | A man encounters a god who wishes him plentiful livestock and long life. | good | |||
| 48 | 3-4-4 | The old god of the road who mends things brings order to the country. | none | |||
| 49 | 3-4-1 | A tiger encounters a wild goat, but the goat escapes down a cliff. | good | |||
| 50 | 1-4-3 | A roan horse and a bay horse are made to run until they are exhausted. | bad | |||
| 51 | 4-3-3 | An eagle summers on a green rock, and winters on a red rock. | none | |||
| 52 | 3-1-2 | When a man is depressed and the sky is cloudy the sun comes out. | good | |||
| 53 | 2-3-2 | It rains and the grass grows. | good | |||
| 54 | 1-3-1 | A slave speaks to his master; a raven speaks to heaven. | good | |||
| 55 | 4-1-2 | A man goes to war, and makes a name for himself. | very good | |||
| 56 | 2-3-1 | A stallion summers beneath the nut trees, and winters beneath the trees where the birds roost. | good | |||
| 57 | 2-2-1 | A girl's lover has died, and the water in her pail has frozen. | painful to start with, and good later | |||
| 58 | 3-2-2 | A son who argued with his parents runs away and later comes back home. | good | |||
| 59 | 3-2-3 | Something to do with not making a "year stink" (?) or a "month go bad" (?). | good | |||
| 60 | 4-3-1 | A stag with nine-pronged antlers bellows. | good | |||
| 61 | 3-4-1 | A crane lands but is caught in a snare. | bad | |||
| 62 | 2-1-3 | A yargun (?) deer climbs the mountains during the summer. | good | |||
| 63 | 1-2-1 | The khan went hunting and caught a roe buck. | good | |||
| 64 | 3-4-1 | A grey falcon with a white neck sits on a rock, and summers in a poplar tree. | very good | |||
| 65 | 3-3-2 | A fat horse has a hard mouth that will not heal. | bad | |||