Juji Nakada
Encyclopedia
was a Japanese holiness
evangelist
, known as "the Dwight Moody of Japan" (Stark 28-29), who was the first bishop of the Japan Holiness Church http://chi.gospelcom.net/DAILYF/2002/10/daily-10-29-2002.shtml and one of the co-founders of the Oriental Missionary Society (now One Mission Society).http://www.omsinternational.org/about/timeline.
prefecture, the son of Heisaku, "a samurai
of the lowest rank in the Tsugaru
domain."(Goodman 48) His father died when Nakada was four leaving his family impoverished. He was raised in the Methodist church. After studying in the Methodist Too college (Daimyo School), in 1888 he enrolled in Tokyo Eiwa Gakko, the forerunner of today's Aoyama Gakuin University
, another Methodist institution. Pre-occupation with judo
prevented his graduation. Nakada married on 23 February 1889. In 1891 he left to became a Methodist missionary to Yakumo
, a small village on the island of Hokkaido
. He subsequently served in Otaru, Etorofu
island, and Odate in Akita
prefecture.
On 20 March 1911 Nakada's wife and child both die. Five months later Nakada married Ayame. On 14 September 1939, his second wife, Ayame, died of uterine cancer
. Ten days later, on 24 September 1939, Nakada died of intestinal tuberculosis at the age of 68.
.
While studying at MBI, Nakada befriended a Western Union
executive, Charles Elmer Cowman
(1868-1924) and his wife, Lettie Burd Cowman
(1870-1960); and Ernest A. Kilbourne
(1865-1928) and his wife, Julia, (some sources say Hazel) through the Grace Methodist Episcopal Church. While studying at MBI he met holiness theologian Rev A.M. Hills, who gave him a copy of his book "Holiness and Power". Mrs Cowman records:
(McCasland 77); an association with J.R. Boynton, a Chicago physician who practised faith healing
(Goodman 49); and Martin Wells Knapp, who later founded God's Bible School in Cincinnati, Ohio
in 1901.(McCasland 77)
;leaders of the English holiness movement
in England. In 1899 Nakada was appointed a traveling evangelist
in the Methodist church, although he preached beyond that denomination. He was supported financially by the Cowmans and Kilbournes, who have formed the Telegraphers Missions Band in Chicago. http://www.omsholiness.org/pdf/facts.pdf Also in 1899 he started the Japan Holiness Journal.(Bays 486)
model" (Bundy 711). The hall held Bible classes in the daytime and was the venue for evangelistic services in the evening. (Goodman 49) By 1903 the Central Gospel Mission had outgrown its hall and relocated to a new building in Kashiwagi, Yodobashi-cho.
and China
. A conflict between Cowman and Nakada over the leadership of the OMS resulted in a split in 1911, with the Cowmans heading the OMS and Nakada as the head of the new Japan Holiness Church (Nihon seikyodan). While there would be reconciliation later, there was lasting damage in the relationship.
of 1904-1905 Nakada served as a chaplain under General Kuroki Tamemoto
.(Stark 481) Nakada secured permission from the Japanese government to minister to Japanese troops fighting in Manchuria
. As he passed through Korea, Nakada preached "wherever the opportunity arose. Two Koreans in particular, Chung Bin and Kim Sang-jun, were profoundly moved by Nakada's preaching on "the glorious experience of sanctification....The two Koreans, burdened about their struggle for the life of holiness, were left with no source of spiritual guidance. Providentially, they met a Korean doctor who knew Nakada and had visited the OMS Bible Training Institute in Tokyo. He urged that they visit the school. Deciding it must be the place for them to hear more about the experience they were seeking, Chung and Kim unexpectedly showed up in Tokyo one day in 1904." Out of these contacts, Cowman and Kilbourne were able to start the OMS work in Korea in 1907. http://www.omsinternational.org/southkorea/historyhttp://www.omsinternational.co.uk/history/
"ostensibly to rest and be spiritually recharged."(McCasland 93) While there he became friends with Scottish holiness preacher Oswald Chambers
. Nakada preached throughout the British Isles
, including preaching holiness to the recent converts of the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival(McCasland 94) with American Quaker evangelist Charles Stalker, and also throughout Scotland and England with Chambers. After almost a year in Britain, Nakada departed on 6 November 1906 with Chambers for the USA on the SS Baltic. After a ten-day crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, Nakada and Chambers spent five weeks preaching on the East Coast, before moving to Cincinnati, Ohio
to preach in the Christmas Holiness Convention at God's Bible School.[McCasland 104) Nakada travelled throughout the USA preaching often. He returned to Cincinnati in June 1907 to preach during another ten-day holiness convention. On 10 July 1907 Nakada and Chambers departed from Seattle, Washington
on the SS Shinano Maru, and arrived in Yokohama
on 27 July 1907.(Stark 3ff).
began the Second Advent Movement. Rallies were held throughout Japan with up to two thousand attending. http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf While Uchimura and Nakada were momentarily united by their shared devotion to preaching the Second Coming, there were significant theological differences between them. Uchimura, influenced by neo-orthodox thought, rejected the idea of a literal millennium and calculating the dates of Christ's Second Coming. Nakada's beliefs that the Jews and Japanese descended from a common ancestor
and that the salvation of the Jews would result in the salvation of the Japanese resulted in Uchimura leaving in 1920.http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf(Lee 130, 159)
. http://www.slzjcc.org/history.htm Nakada returned in 1929 to dedicate the church building on 13 October.(Koga 160) In 1920, Nakada also held meetings at Asbury College in Wilmore, Kentucky
.
McGavran indicates:
From an initial membership of 1,600 and 46 churches in 1917, the Japan Holiness Church had 19,523 members in 1932. (Mullins, Christianity, 105) After 1930 the denomination's refusal to sanction Shinto
state worship led to increasing persecution.
alienated some of his followers."(Goodman 57) As Yamamori suggests:
As Bishop of the Holiness Church, Nakada expected all seminary teachers and pastors to accept his new vision, but many leaders rejected his authority, which led to a schism
. Nakada fired five of the teachers at his training institute for refusing to teach his beliefs, and they responded by accusing him of fascism
. In October 1936 the church split into two separate denominations (both rendered in English as the Holiness Church) Kiyome Kiyoki led by Nakada, and Nihon seikyokai led by the defectors.(Goodman 57)
. Nakada died ten days later, on 24 September 1939, of intestinal tuberculosis
.
.http://www.jstor.org/pss/133176 Nakada indicates that his views were influenced by W.B. Godbey's Commentary on the Book of Revelation.
's 1878 book Jesus is Coming, one of the first popular books to advocate the literal premillennial return of Jesus Christ to restore Israel.http://www.tents-of-mercy.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,6/Itemid,65/ Nakada's belief that the Japanese were the descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel, and that Israel
would be restored through the Japanese people, divided the Japan Holiness Church.(Bays 486)
Nakada was also influenced in his thinking by the writings of Nicholas McLeod
:
In his 1933 book, Japan in the Bible, Nakada indicated: "I should like to prove that Israelitish blood runs mixed in the Japanese veins and in this we are not without historical evidences." (44) According to Louis Kraar,
According to Goodman, Nakada became a supporter of Japanese militarism
because he believed the Japanese military were (unknowingly) serving God's purposes. (Goodman 53) Nakada "saw the Jews as mystical saviors whose redemption would ensure the political and military, as well as spiritual, salvation of the Japanese." (Goodman 39) Nakada wrote in Japan in the Bible:
next to the Haahi Ratana at Raetihi."http://lucaantara.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~semhome/2006/pdf/abstract_book.pdfhttp://www.theratanachurch.org.nz/temple.htmlhttp://www.wordworx.co.nz/newbeg.html
Ten years after this strong statement against shrine worship, Nakada’s followers would become the “sacrifice”. According to Mark Mullins:
Mullins indicates that 71 Holiness pastors were arrested and 14 were eventually sentenced. It was Nakada's belief in a literal thousand year reign of Christ that created the difficulties for the arrested Holiness members:
Holiness movement
The holiness movement refers to a set of beliefs and practices emerging from the Methodist Christian church in the mid 19th century. The movement is distinguished by its emphasis on John Wesley's doctrine of "Christian perfection" - the belief that it is possible to live free of voluntary sin - and...
evangelist
Evangelism
Evangelism refers to the practice of relaying information about a particular set of beliefs to others who do not hold those beliefs. The term is often used in reference to Christianity....
, known as "the Dwight Moody of Japan" (Stark 28-29), who was the first bishop of the Japan Holiness Church http://chi.gospelcom.net/DAILYF/2002/10/daily-10-29-2002.shtml and one of the co-founders of the Oriental Missionary Society (now One Mission Society).http://www.omsinternational.org/about/timeline.
Personal History
Nakada Jūji was born on 27 October 1870 in the northern town of Hirosaki in what is now AomoriAomori Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku Region. The capital is the city of Aomori.- History :Until the Meiji Restoration, the area of Aomori prefecture was known as Mutsu Province....
prefecture, the son of Heisaku, "a samurai
Samurai
is the term for the military nobility of pre-industrial Japan. According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning to wait upon or accompany a person in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau...
of the lowest rank in the Tsugaru
Hirosaki Domain
The ' was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in northern Mutsu Province . It was ruled by the Tsugaru clan...
domain."(Goodman 48) His father died when Nakada was four leaving his family impoverished. He was raised in the Methodist church. After studying in the Methodist Too college (Daimyo School), in 1888 he enrolled in Tokyo Eiwa Gakko, the forerunner of today's Aoyama Gakuin University
Aoyama Gakuin University
, abbreviated AGU, is a Japanese Christian university in Shibuya near Omotesandō, Tokyo, Japan. Aoyama Gakuin University is part of a comprehensive educational institute called Aoyama Gakuin, which includes a kindergarten, an elementary school, junior and senior high schools, and a women's junior...
, another Methodist institution. Pre-occupation with judo
Judo
is a modern martial art and combat sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano. Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the object is to either throw or takedown one's opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue one's opponent with a grappling maneuver, or force an...
prevented his graduation. Nakada married on 23 February 1889. In 1891 he left to became a Methodist missionary to Yakumo
Yakumo, Hokkaido
is a town located in Futami District, Oshima, Hokkaidō, Japan.As of 2008, the town has an estimated population of 19,543 and a density of 23.08 persons per km². The total area is 955.98 km²....
, a small village on the island of Hokkaido
Hokkaido
, formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan's second largest island; it is also the largest and northernmost of Japan's 47 prefectural-level subdivisions. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu, although the two islands are connected by the underwater railway Seikan Tunnel...
. He subsequently served in Otaru, Etorofu
Etorofu
Etorofu was an escort ship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II....
island, and Odate in Akita
Akita Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku Region of northern Honshu, the main island of Japan. The capital is the city of Akita.- History :The area of Akita has been created from the ancient provinces of Dewa and Mutsu....
prefecture.
On 20 March 1911 Nakada's wife and child both die. Five months later Nakada married Ayame. On 14 September 1939, his second wife, Ayame, died of uterine cancer
Uterine cancer
The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus, namely:*Uterine sarcomas: sarcomas of the myometrium, or muscular layer of the uterus, are most commonly leiomyosarcomas.*Endometrial cancer:...
. Ten days later, on 24 September 1939, Nakada died of intestinal tuberculosis at the age of 68.
Moody Bible Institute (1896-1898)
After the death of his first son, and the illness of his wife, Katsuko, Nakada experienced a deep crisis of faith. (Goodman 49) Nakada, while already an effective evangelist, experienced dryness in his soul: "'If I don't find the power of the Holy Ghost,' he told his wife before he left Japan, 'I'll come back, leave the ministry, and become a dentist.'"(McCasland 77)Soon after, in 1896 Nakada traveled to Chicago, Illinois and enrolled at the Moody Bible InstituteMoody Bible Institute
Moody Bible Institute is a Christian institution of higher education and related ministries that was founded by evangelist and businessman Dwight Lyman Moody in 1886. Since its founding, MBI's main campus has been located in the Near North Side of Chicago. MBI's primary ministries are education,...
.
While studying at MBI, Nakada befriended a Western Union
Western Union
The Western Union Company is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. Its North American headquarters is in Englewood, Colorado. Up until 2006, Western Union was the best-known U.S...
executive, Charles Elmer Cowman
Charles Cowman
Charles Elmer Cowman was a missionary evangelist in Japan. He was also one of the cofounders of the Oriental Missionary Society .- Early life :...
(1868-1924) and his wife, Lettie Burd Cowman
Lettie Cowman
Lettie Burd Cowman was the author of the devotional book Streams in the Desert. She was also one of the cofounders of The Oriental Missionary Society .- Early life :...
(1870-1960); and Ernest A. Kilbourne
Ernest A. Kilbourne
Ernest A. Kilbourne was a missionary evangelist to Japan. He is best known for being a cofounder of the Oriental Missionary Society .-Early life:...
(1865-1928) and his wife, Julia, (some sources say Hazel) through the Grace Methodist Episcopal Church. While studying at MBI he met holiness theologian Rev A.M. Hills, who gave him a copy of his book "Holiness and Power". Mrs Cowman records:
As he earnestly sought to be filled with the HOLY SPIRIT, it was not long until his hungry heart was satisfied. Having come so definitely into the blessings, he soon felt strongly impressed that GOD would send him back to his people to preach full salvation to them.http://www.baptistbiblebelievers.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=XLGIArlJlFs%3d&tabid=216&mid=705Nakada was also influenced by the writings of John Wesley
John Wesley
John Wesley was a Church of England cleric and Christian theologian. Wesley is largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching in a similar manner to George Whitefield...
(McCasland 77); an association with J.R. Boynton, a Chicago physician who practised faith healing
Faith healing
Faith healing is healing through spiritual means. The healing of a person is brought about by religious faith through prayer and/or rituals that, according to adherents, stimulate a divine presence and power toward correcting disease and disability. Belief in divine intervention in illness or...
(Goodman 49); and Martin Wells Knapp, who later founded God's Bible School in Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...
in 1901.(McCasland 77)
Return to Japan (1898-1900)
In September 1898 Nakada returned to Japan after meeting Barclay Fowell BuxtonBarclay Fowell Buxton
thumb|Japan, 1937.Rev. Barclay Fowell Buxton was an English evangelical Christian missionary in Japan.Buxton was the son of Thomas Fowell Buxton and Rachel Jane Gurney and grandson of Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet...
;leaders of the English holiness movement
Holiness movement
The holiness movement refers to a set of beliefs and practices emerging from the Methodist Christian church in the mid 19th century. The movement is distinguished by its emphasis on John Wesley's doctrine of "Christian perfection" - the belief that it is possible to live free of voluntary sin - and...
in England. In 1899 Nakada was appointed a traveling evangelist
Evangelism
Evangelism refers to the practice of relaying information about a particular set of beliefs to others who do not hold those beliefs. The term is often used in reference to Christianity....
in the Methodist church, although he preached beyond that denomination. He was supported financially by the Cowmans and Kilbournes, who have formed the Telegraphers Missions Band in Chicago. http://www.omsholiness.org/pdf/facts.pdf Also in 1899 he started the Japan Holiness Journal.(Bays 486)
Central Gospel Mission (1900-1904)
In 1900 Nakada left the Methodist church and founded the Central Gospel Mission (Chuo Fukuin Dendokan) in Jinbo-cho in central Tokyo. The Cowmans arrived in Japan on 1 February 1901 as the first missionaries of the Pilgrim Holiness church. (Bundy 711) Soon after the arrival of the Cowmans, Nakada helped establish the Tokyo Bible Institute (later Tokyo Bible Seminary) http://www.ministrywatch.com/mw2.1/F_SumRpt.asp?EIN=951891575 and became its first president http://chi.gospelcom.net/DAILYF/2002/10/daily-10-29-2002.shtml The goal of the mission group, which by 1902 included Ernest and Julia Kilbourne and their three children, was to "establish self-supporting, self-governing, and self-propagating churches on the William TaylorWilliam Taylor (bishop)
William Taylor was an American Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1884. Taylor University, a Christian college in Indiana, carries his name.-Ancestry and birth:...
model" (Bundy 711). The hall held Bible classes in the daytime and was the venue for evangelistic services in the evening. (Goodman 49) By 1903 the Central Gospel Mission had outgrown its hall and relocated to a new building in Kashiwagi, Yodobashi-cho.
Oriental Missionary Society (1904-1917)
In 1904 the name was changed to the Oriental Missionary Society (Toyo senkyokai) with an enlarged focus on all of East Asia, including KoreaKorea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
and China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
. A conflict between Cowman and Nakada over the leadership of the OMS resulted in a split in 1911, with the Cowmans heading the OMS and Nakada as the head of the new Japan Holiness Church (Nihon seikyodan). While there would be reconciliation later, there was lasting damage in the relationship.
Korea (1904)
During the Russo-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
of 1904-1905 Nakada served as a chaplain under General Kuroki Tamemoto
Kuroki Tamemoto
Count was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army. He was the head of the Japanese First Army during the Russo-Japanese War; and his forces enjoyed a series of successes during the Manchurian fighting at the Battle of Yalu River, the Battle of Liaoyang, the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of...
.(Stark 481) Nakada secured permission from the Japanese government to minister to Japanese troops fighting in Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
. As he passed through Korea, Nakada preached "wherever the opportunity arose. Two Koreans in particular, Chung Bin and Kim Sang-jun, were profoundly moved by Nakada's preaching on "the glorious experience of sanctification....The two Koreans, burdened about their struggle for the life of holiness, were left with no source of spiritual guidance. Providentially, they met a Korean doctor who knew Nakada and had visited the OMS Bible Training Institute in Tokyo. He urged that they visit the school. Deciding it must be the place for them to hear more about the experience they were seeking, Chung and Kim unexpectedly showed up in Tokyo one day in 1904." Out of these contacts, Cowman and Kilbourne were able to start the OMS work in Korea in 1907. http://www.omsinternational.org/southkorea/historyhttp://www.omsinternational.co.uk/history/
Manchuria (1904-1905)
Nakada left Korea to serve as chaplain in Manchuria until the end of the Russo-Japanese War.Evangelism in Britain and the USA (1906-1907)
In early 1906 Nakada went to BritainUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom during the period when what is now the Republic of Ireland formed a part of it....
"ostensibly to rest and be spiritually recharged."(McCasland 93) While there he became friends with Scottish holiness preacher Oswald Chambers
Oswald Chambers
Oswald J. Chambers was a prominent early twentieth century Scottish Protestant Christian minister and teacher, best known as the author of the widely-read devotional My Utmost for His Highest.Born to devout Baptist parents, Chambers did not plan to go into the ministry...
. Nakada preached throughout the British Isles
British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and...
, including preaching holiness to the recent converts of the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival(McCasland 94) with American Quaker evangelist Charles Stalker, and also throughout Scotland and England with Chambers. After almost a year in Britain, Nakada departed on 6 November 1906 with Chambers for the USA on the SS Baltic. After a ten-day crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, Nakada and Chambers spent five weeks preaching on the East Coast, before moving to Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...
to preach in the Christmas Holiness Convention at God's Bible School.[McCasland 104) Nakada travelled throughout the USA preaching often. He returned to Cincinnati in June 1907 to preach during another ten-day holiness convention. On 10 July 1907 Nakada and Chambers departed from Seattle, Washington
Seattle, Washington
Seattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
on the SS Shinano Maru, and arrived in Yokohama
Yokohama
is the capital city of Kanagawa Prefecture and the second largest city in Japan by population after Tokyo and most populous municipality of Japan. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu...
on 27 July 1907.(Stark 3ff).
Oriental Missionary Holiness Church (1917-1928)
In 1917 the Oriental Missionary Holiness Church (Toyo senyokai horinesu kyokai) was organised with Nakada as the first bishop.(Bays 486)(Goodman 50) Nakada wrote that the purpose of the new organisation was: "as the name indicates, a missionary society. Our purpose is simple: to propagate the complete Gospel, that is, the Foursquare Gospel (salvation, holiness, the Second Coming of Christ, and healing) all over Japan"(Goodman 50)Second Advent Movement
On 6 January 1918, Nakada and Uchimura KanzōUchimura Kanzo
was a Japanese author, Christian evangelist, and the founder of the Nonchurch Movement of Christianity in the Meiji and Taishō period Japan.-Early life:...
began the Second Advent Movement. Rallies were held throughout Japan with up to two thousand attending. http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf While Uchimura and Nakada were momentarily united by their shared devotion to preaching the Second Coming, there were significant theological differences between them. Uchimura, influenced by neo-orthodox thought, rejected the idea of a literal millennium and calculating the dates of Christ's Second Coming. Nakada's beliefs that the Jews and Japanese descended from a common ancestor
Japanese-Jewish Common Ancestor Theory
The Japanese-Jewish Common Ancestor Theory is a hypothesis which originated in the latter half of the 19th century which claims the Japanese people and the Jews have common ancestors such as Jacob and Abraham and the Japanese are the main part of the ten lost tribes of Israel...
and that the salvation of the Jews would result in the salvation of the Japanese resulted in Uchimura leaving in 1920.http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf(Lee 130, 159)
Revival in Tokyo (1919-1920)
Toward the end of November 1919, as a result of evangelistic preaching and prayer, a revival broke out at the Yodobashi Holiness church in Tokyo. It spread to other churches in the city. While not resulting in the conversion of non-Christians, according to Nakada it had the following results:(1) the qualitative development of the membership;
(2) an increase in giving;
(3) the spiritual unity with men of other denominations (mostly pastors) who shared in the revival meetings;
(4) an increase in the spirit of evangelism. (McGavran 197)
Japan Holiness Church in America
By 1920 Nakada was "one of the most influential evangelists in Japan"http://kuzuharalibrary.com/history/sadaichi_kuzuhara.html. In October 1920 Nakada toured the United States, preaching at several Japanese churches in Los Angeles. Initially some of the converts of the evangelistic campaign were nurtured by Nakada's son, Rev. Ugo Nakada.http://www.slzjcc.org/history.htm By April 1921 this group became the first Japan Holiness Church in San Lorenzo, CaliforniaSan Lorenzo, California
San Lorenzo , also known as San Lorenzo Village is a census-designated place in Alameda County, California, United States. The population was 23,452 at the 2010 census.-Geography:...
. http://www.slzjcc.org/history.htm Nakada returned in 1929 to dedicate the church building on 13 October.(Koga 160) In 1920, Nakada also held meetings at Asbury College in Wilmore, Kentucky
Wilmore, Kentucky
Wilmore is a city in Jessamine County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 6,134 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Lexington–Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area...
.
Japan Holiness Church (1928-1936)
In 1928 the Japan Holiness Church gained full independence from the OMS. (Bays 486) Nakada was able to say: "Our Holiness Church is, of course, not an agency of the European church, but a genuine Japanese church." (Dicker 159) The church had been truly indigenous since 1922. (Edwards 81)Japan Holiness Church of Brazil (1929)
In 1929 Nakada visited the Japan Holiness Church of Brazil, which had been established by Takeo Monobe, a missionary from the Japan Holiness Church, in July 1925 primarily among Japanese immigrants (Mizuki 56; Edwards 81) Arriving in May 1929, Nakada spent five weeks in Brazil preaching and strengthening the church, which was a district of his denomination until its independence in 1934, when it became the Evangelical Holiness Church of Brazil (Igreja Evangélica Holiness do Brasil).(Mizuki 59)(Edwards 80-81)Revival (1930-1933)
On 19 May 1930 there was another revival at the Tokyo Seminary (Tokyo Seisho Gakuin) of the Japan Holiness Church , as a result of the fervent prayer of the students.Juji Nakada and Masakichi Ichimiya were leading them. In the evening of May 19, when about 70 coed students were praying for revival, a fire of the Holy Spirit poured down on them. The students and professors danced around the large Cowman Hall praising loudly; Yutaka Yoneda danced too much so he tore his Achilles’ tendon, and finally the floorboard of the hall fell out. A hymn that was sung at that time was the Seika No. 576, “The Holy Spirit comes.”http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf
McGavran indicates:
When suddenly the prayer meeting turned into one of intensity and excitement, some students recognized this to be the revival and rushed to the homes of their professors with the news. They too joined the meeting and prayed shoulder to shoulder in loud voices. There were some who even began dancing. They continued to pray. When Nakada returned to Tokyo from his trip to Korea and Manchuria, he encouraged the Holiness churches in Tokyo to hold prayer meetings from May 30 to June 7. And on June 8, a Pentecostal meeting was held at the seminary. For the next two and a half years, various revival meetings were held in many different cities in Japan. The leaders of the Holiness Church traveled extensively, preached often, and prayed intensely. (197)
[T]he fire of the Holy Spirit spread to KansaiKansaiThe or the lies in the southern-central region of Japan's main island Honshū. The region includes the prefectures of Mie, Nara, Wakayama, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo, and Shiga. Depending on who makes the distinction, Fukui, Tokushima and even Tottori Prefecture are also included...
, the Nihon Dendotai Seisho Gakusha of KobeKobe, pronounced , is the fifth-largest city in Japan and is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture on the southern side of the main island of Honshū, approximately west of Osaka...
, the OsakaOsakais a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe...
Methodist Church, and to the Church of the NazareneChurch of the NazareneThe Church of the Nazarene is an evangelical Christian denomination that emerged from the 19th century Holiness movement in North America with its members colloquially referred to as Nazarenes. It is the largest Wesleyan-holiness denomination in the world. At the end of 2010, the Church of the...
. For the revival rally of the Tokyo Seisho Gakuin of October 23, 3,000 people attended, and “the Preparatory Revival Alliance for the Second Coming” was organized. As the results of it, 4,311 were baptized and the membership reached 12,046 at the Japan Holiness Church, and it joined the rank of the Japanese large church. However, for the reason unknown the fire of the revival reached its peak at the meeting of the summer of 1933 (8th year of ShowaShowa periodThe , or Shōwa era, is the period of Japanese history corresponding to the reign of the Shōwa Emperor, Hirohito, from December 25, 1926 through January 7, 1989.The Shōwa period was longer than the reign of any previous Japanese emperor...
) and it gradually cooled off. http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf
From an initial membership of 1,600 and 46 churches in 1917, the Japan Holiness Church had 19,523 members in 1932. (Mullins, Christianity, 105) After 1930 the denomination's refusal to sanction Shinto
Shinto
or Shintoism, also kami-no-michi, is the indigenous spirituality of Japan and the Japanese people. It is a set of practices, to be carried out diligently, to establish a connection between present day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written...
state worship led to increasing persecution.
Schism (1933-1936)
According to Goodman, "Nakada's shift of emphasis away from the salvation of individual souls to collective, national salvationCollective salvation
Collective salvation is the religious belief that members of a group collectively influence the salvation of the group to which they belong. Collective salvation can teach that the group is collectively one person by its nature...
alienated some of his followers."(Goodman 57) As Yamamori suggests:
The doctrinal emphases had always been placed on justificationJustification (theology)Rising out of the Protestant Reformation, Justification is the chief article of faith describing God's act of declaring or making a sinner righteous through Christ's atoning sacrifice....
, sanctificationSanctificationSanctity is an ancient concept widespread among religions, a property of a thing or person sacred or set apart within the religion, from totem poles through temple vessels to days of the week, to a human believer who achieves this state. Sanctification is the act or process of acquiring sanctity,...
, divine healing, and the Second Coming of Christ. To this list, Nakada now wished to add a fifth point, that Christ's Second Coming would be possible only through the restoration of Israel. Therefore, he admonished the members to pray for this to take place. To many it seemed as though Nakada believed that by praying for the salvation of the Jews the Japanese race might be saved. This was in direct conflict with the traditional view that salvation was an individual matter."
As Bishop of the Holiness Church, Nakada expected all seminary teachers and pastors to accept his new vision, but many leaders rejected his authority, which led to a schism
Schism (religion)
A schism , from Greek σχίσμα, skhísma , is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization or movement religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a break of communion between two sections of Christianity that were previously a single body, or to a division within...
. Nakada fired five of the teachers at his training institute for refusing to teach his beliefs, and they responded by accusing him of fascism
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
. In October 1936 the church split into two separate denominations (both rendered in English as the Holiness Church) Kiyome Kiyoki led by Nakada, and Nihon seikyokai led by the defectors.(Goodman 57)
Death (1939)
Nakada's wife died on 14 September 1939 of uterine cancerUterine cancer
The term uterine cancer may refer to any of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus, namely:*Uterine sarcomas: sarcomas of the myometrium, or muscular layer of the uterus, are most commonly leiomyosarcomas.*Endometrial cancer:...
. Nakada died ten days later, on 24 September 1939, of intestinal tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
.
Beliefs
Goodman describes Nakada's views as chiliastic fundamentalismFundamentalism
Fundamentalism is strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology. The term "fundamentalism" was originally coined by its supporters to describe a specific package of theological beliefs that developed into a movement within the...
.http://www.jstor.org/pss/133176 Nakada indicates that his views were influenced by W.B. Godbey's Commentary on the Book of Revelation.
The Japanese and the Jews
Nakada was deeply influenced by American evangelist and Christian Zionist William Eugene BlackstoneWilliam Eugene Blackstone
William Eugene Blackstone was an American evangelist and Christian Zionist. he was the author of the proto- Zionist Blackstone Memorial of 1891. Blackstone was influenced by Dwight Lyman Moody, James H...
's 1878 book Jesus is Coming, one of the first popular books to advocate the literal premillennial return of Jesus Christ to restore Israel.http://www.tents-of-mercy.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,6/Itemid,65/ Nakada's belief that the Japanese were the descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel, and that Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
would be restored through the Japanese people, divided the Japan Holiness Church.(Bays 486)
Juji Nakada first preached about Israel's restoration at a 1931 camp meetingCamp meetingThe camp meeting is a form of Protestant Christian religious service originating in Britain and once common in some parts of the United States, wherein people would travel from a large area to a particular site to camp out, listen to itinerant preachers, and pray...
on Japan's northern coast at MatsushimaMatsushimais a group of islands in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. There are some 260 tiny islands covered in pines – hence the name – and is ranked as one of the Three Views of Japan....
. For three days he preached on God's promises to Israel and implored Japanese believers to pray for the restoration of Israel and the salvation of the Jewish people....He wrote, 'We should not read books that defame the Jewish people (The Elders of the Protocols of Zion was a popular book in Nakada's day) nor should we despise and ostracize them.' He explained that the then current stream of immigrants back to Israel was 'to keep God's promise to AbrahamAbrahamAbraham , whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam...
and to prove the certainty of the prophesy [sic].'http://www.tents-of-mercy.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,6/Itemid,65/
Nakada was also influenced in his thinking by the writings of Nicholas McLeod
Nicholas McLeod
Nicholas McLeod , was a native of the Isle of Skye, Scotland.He started his career in the herring industry before emigrating to Japan in 1867 or 1868. In Japan he worked as an accountant and later as a curio dealer, first in Nagasaki, then in Kobe and Yokohama...
:
The Japanese have been considered by some early travelers and explorers to be descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes. This theory was formulated by N. McLeod, a Scottish missionary who arrived in Japan in 1867. McLeod detailed his observations, interpretations and speculations in Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan, a book published in NagasakiNagasakiis the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century on the site of a small fishing village, formerly part of Nishisonogi District...
in 1875. He described what he thought to be proofs of the origin of the Japanese people from the Ten Lost Tribes. He endeavored in an elaborate way to reconstruct and explain the ancient Japanese history according to his interpretation of the Bible and its sacred history. McLeod's ideas were adopted by a number of European Christian missionaries, but they also became popular with some Japanese, especially among those who converted to Christianity. Bishop Juji Nakada (1869-1939), of the Holiness Church Movement, Dr. Zen'ichiro Oyabe, and Dr. Chikao Fujisawa, a lecturer at Nihon UniversityNihon UniversityNihon University is the largest university in Japan. Akiyoshi Yamada, the minister of justice, founded Nihon Law School in October 1889....
, were among the most outspoken supporters of the theory linking the origin of the Japanese people to the Ten Lost Tribes. They described their findings and beliefs in books published in Japan during the first half of the 20th century.http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Archive/TenLostTribes.asphttp://www.tikkunministries.org/newsletters/ms-oct06.asp
In his 1933 book, Japan in the Bible, Nakada indicated: "I should like to prove that Israelitish blood runs mixed in the Japanese veins and in this we are not without historical evidences." (44) According to Louis Kraar,
This nationalistic attitude reflects a theory, spread by Japanese Christian theologians in the 1930s, that the Japanese and the Jews sprang from a common ancestry. That notion appealed in part because it made the Japanese a chosen people--and provided a handy justification for imperialismImperialismImperialism, as defined by Dictionary of Human Geography, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationships, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." The imperialism of the last 500 years,...
. Nakada Juji, the son of a samurai who studied at the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, came home to preach that even Japan's military forces were playing a divine role.
According to Goodman, Nakada became a supporter of Japanese militarism
Militarism
Militarism is defined as: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests....
because he believed the Japanese military were (unknowingly) serving God's purposes. (Goodman 53) Nakada "saw the Jews as mystical saviors whose redemption would ensure the political and military, as well as spiritual, salvation of the Japanese." (Goodman 39) Nakada wrote in Japan in the Bible:
The Japanese are an inter-mixture of the three original races i.e. the Shemitic [sic], HamiticHamiticHamitic is an historical term for the peoples supposedly descended from Noah's son Ham, paralleling Semitic and Japhetic.It was formerly used for grouping the non-Semitic Afroasiatic languages , but since, unlike the Semitic branch, these have not been shown to form a phylogenetic unity, the term...
, and JapheticJapheticJaphetic is a term that refers to the supposed descendants of Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible. It corresponds to Semitic and Hamitic...
- for the Jews are the descendents [sic] of ShemShemShem was one of the sons of Noah in the Hebrew Bible as well as in Islamic literature. He is most popularly regarded as the eldest son, though some traditions regard him as the second son. Genesis 10:21 refers to relative ages of Shem and his brother Japheth, but with sufficient ambiguity in each...
, the HittitesHittitesThe Hittites were a Bronze Age people of Anatolia.They established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia c. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height c...
, of HamHamHam is a cut of meat from the thigh of the hind leg of certain animals, especiallypigs. Nearly all hams sold today are fully cooked or cured.-Etymology:...
, and the AinuAinu peopleThe , also called Aynu, Aino , and in historical texts Ezo , are indigenous people or groups in Japan and Russia. Historically they spoke the Ainu language and related varieties and lived in Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin...
s of JaphethJaphethJapheth is one of the sons of Noah in the Abrahamic tradition...
. (The Ainus should be classified among the white people as the AryanAryanAryan is an English language loanword derived from Sanskrit ārya and denoting variously*In scholarly usage:**Indo-Iranian languages *in dated usage:**the Indo-European languages more generally and their speakers...
or CaucasianCaucasian raceThe term Caucasian race has been used to denote the general physical type of some or all of the populations of Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia , Central Asia and South Asia...
people). Thus, we see here the wonderful amalgamation of all three races in one wonderful Japanese race which cannot be found anywhere else...no other race has ever been the product of a supernatural welding of these three races. Here I again say that the Japanese must be a chosen people charged with a special mission toward the entire world. (44-45)
Ratana Church
Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana (1873-1939) traveled to Japan in 1924 was greeted with great ceremony Nakada. "Gifts were exchanged, marriages made. Ratana taught that both Maori and Japanese were among the lost tribes of Israel. The idea grew that Ratana had married the Maori race to the Japanese race, had enlisted their support for Maori grievances and prophesied the coming of a world war between the non-white and white races: this is why the Rising Sun still flew over Te Puke maraeMarae
A marae malae , malae , is a communal or sacred place which serves religious and social purposes in Polynesian societies...
next to the Haahi Ratana at Raetihi."http://lucaantara.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.htmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/~semhome/2006/pdf/abstract_book.pdfhttp://www.theratanachurch.org.nz/temple.htmlhttp://www.wordworx.co.nz/newbeg.html
Shrine Shinto
Nakada’s statement on the shrine issue appeared in the church publication, Friends of Holiness, on 30 January 1930:Some people in authority in the Bureau of Religions have set forth the idea that Shrine Shinto is not a religion, and thus have disposed of the issues very simply. In the name of ancestor veneration it has been schemed that everyone be required to bow at a Shinto shrine. But religion is not a thing that can be dealt with so simply at the hands of politicians who know nothing about spiritual things…. Even if one skillfully says that the religious content is negligible, to the average person’s life there could be nothing more intimately related than this existential religion. We have no choice but to here and now go on record that no matter what happens we will never bow at a Shinto shrine! The reason we make this clear is that we may be silenced by those who say that we are disloyal and lack filial piety. We are prepared to take Article Twenty-eight of the Constitution, that guarantees religious freedom, as a shield and argue our case ad infinitum. If there is an infringement of freedom of religion in any part of the country I hope that you will notify us immediately. We are prepared to face persecution! If it is the Lord’s will, at any time we are completely ready to become a sacrifice. This is the attitude with which we work. (translation by Merwin 1983, p. 266) (Mullins 273)
Ten years after this strong statement against shrine worship, Nakada’s followers would become the “sacrifice”. According to Mark Mullins:
Holiness members had refused to participate in jinja sanpai (shrine worship), and many kept their children from participating in shrine visits sponsored by the public schools. The Tokkõ also knew from a number of church publications that many Holiness leaders held essentially the same eschatological views as the sectarian groups that had already been investigated. While they refused to participate in Shrine visits, the Holiness leaders made every effort to express support for the emperor and (to my knowledge) never made any public statements against the war. As early as the third general assembly of the Holiness Church in 1932 (that is, almost a decade before it entered the Kyõdan), the church declared that it would protect and honor the central place of the emperor in obedience to the Scriptures (Romans 13). Almost a decade later (1941), at the first general meeting of block six (one section of the Holiness congregations that were incorporated into the Kyõdan), the service began with singing the national anthem, obeisance in the direction of the Imperial Palace, and silent prayer for those who had given their lives on the battlefield for the Emperor. On another occasion, the pastor leading a meeting of block six stopped the proceedings during a bombing raid by US planes and asked all those in attendance to pray for Japan’s victory and the safety of the emperor. These pastors were hardly political subversives, but their basic eschatological convictions nevertheless clashed with the claims of the state. In the end, a total of 131 Holiness clergy were arrested for violations of the Peace Preservation Law and abandoned by the Kyõdan in their time of trial. (Mullins 273-274)
Mullins indicates that 71 Holiness pastors were arrested and 14 were eventually sentenced. It was Nakada's belief in a literal thousand year reign of Christ that created the difficulties for the arrested Holiness members:
Fujikawa Takurõ the lawyer for thirteen Holiness ministers, argued that the investigators of this case ... mistakenly assumed that all Holiness ministers followed the interpretation of Bishop Nakada, who in 1933 developed the position that the salvation of the Jews and earthly return and millennial reign of Christ were indispensable ingredients of a biblical eschatology. According to Fujikawa, it was the belief in a literal one thousand-year reign of Christ that was creating the conμict with the government. In the appeal, Fujikawa explained that the reference to the millennial reign of Christ appears in apocalyptic literatureApocalyptic literatureApocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians....
(Revelation 20:4) and should not be interpreted literally, as Nakada and some other groups had done. (Mullins 274)
Books by Nakada
- Nakada, Juji-jutsu and Okamoto Fumiko-hen, eds. Nihonjin to Yudayajin (Japanese and Jews). Tóyo Senkyokai Horinesu Kyokai Shuppanbu, 1935.
- Nakada, Juji. An Unknown Nation. Trans. by B. Kida. Tokyo: Oriental Missionary Society, Japan Holiness Church, Publishing Dept., 1933.
- Nakada, Juji. Japan in the Bible. Oriental Missionary Society, Japan Holiness Church, Publishing Dept., 1933.
- Nakada, Jūji, trans. 全き愛 Mattaki ai.[Perfect Love] by J.A. Wood. Tōyō Senkyōkai Hōrinesu Kyōkai Shuppanbu, Shōwa 6 [1931].
Sources and Further Reading
- Bays, Daniel H. "Juji Nakada" in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, 486. Edited by Gerald H. Anderson. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1999.
- Bundy, David. "OMS International", 711. In Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Edited by A. Scott Moreau. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2000.
- Cho, Chongnahm. "Theological Roots and Emphasis of the OMS-Holiness Church." Online: http://www.godislove.net/wwwb/data/wesleytheology17/Theolgical_Roots_of_OMS(ft).doc Focuses on Korean Holiness church.
- Choi, Meesaeng Lee. "Scriptural Holiness and Eschatology as a Vision of the New Creation: From the Story of Sang-Jun Kim and Juji Nakada". Journal of Sungkyul (Holiness) Theology 1 [2004]: 322–44.http://www.oxford-institute.org/meetings/2002/workinggroups2002.html
- Cowman, Lettie B. Charles E. Cowman: Missionary, Warrior. Oriental Missionary Society, 1928. The life of Charles Cowman, one of the founders of the Oriental Missionary Society (present-day OMS International). As a telegraph operator in Chicago, Charles led 75 of his co-workers to Christ within six months of his own conversion. After forming the Telegraph's Mission Band, Charles and wife, Lettie, arrived in Japan on February 1, 1901, to work with Juji Nakada in evangelisation, church planting, and training. Online edition: http://www.baptistbiblebelievers.com/Books/CharlesECowmanMissionaryWarriorbyhiswife/tabid/216/Default.aspx
- Cunningham, Floyd T. "Mission Policy and National Leadership in the Church of the Nazarene: Japan, 1905-1965." Wesleyan Theological Journal 28. Online: http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/theojrnl/26-30/28-5.htm References Nakada's relationship with the Church of the Nazarene and other holiness groups in Japan.
- Dicker, Herman. Wanderers and Settlers in the Far East: A Century of Jewish Life in China and Japan. Twayne Publishers, 1962. Pages 58-60 focus on Nakada's support for the Jews: "Nakada had fought hard for the equality of races and been a staunch battler against anti-Semitism."(59)
- Duewel, Wesley L. Heroes of the Holy Life. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002. References Nakada and his connection with Oswald Chambers.
- Edwards, Fred E. The Role of the Faith Mission: A Brazilian Case Study. South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1971. See pages 80-81 for role of Nakada in establishment of Holiness Church in Brazil.
- Engel, Tamar. "The Jews of Kobe". (Summer 1995) http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~tamar/Kobe/Kobe.html Members of Nakada's Holiness Church assisted the Jewish refugees of Kobe. They prayed for them also.
- Erny, Edward and Esther Erny. No Guarantee but God: The Story of the Founders of OMS International. Greenwood, IN: Oriental Missionary Society, 1969.
- Goodman, David G. and Masanori Miyazawa. Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype. New York: The Free Press, 1995.
- Hebert, David G. (2008). Music Transculturation and Identity in a Maori Brass Band Tradition. In R. Camus & B. Habla, Eds. Alta Musica, 26. Tutzing: Schneider, pp.173-200. Discusses "some musical implications of the historical relations between Maori prophet Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana (1873-1939) and Japanese Rev. Juji Nakada (1870-1939), as reflected in contemporary brass bands and liturgical practices."
- Katō, Tsuneaki (加藤常昭). 中田重治 = [Nakada Jūji]. 日本キリスト教団出版局, Tōkyō : Nihon Kirisutokyōdan Shuppankyoku, 2003.
- Kilbourne, Edwin W. Bridge Across the Century. Volume I: Japan, Korea, China. Greenwood, IN: OMS, 2001. A narrative history, 100 years of OMS in Asia 1901-2001.
- Kim, Sung Ho. History of the Korea Evangelical Holiness Church. Edited by the History Compilation Committee of the Korea Evangelical Holiness Church. Translated by Chun-Hoi Heo and Hye-Kyung Heo (Seoul: Living Waters, 1998). Review in Wesleyan Theological Journal 35:2 (Fall 2000):251 by David Bundy. Discusses role of Nakada in formation of the Korean Holiness church.http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/theojrnl/31-35/WTJ%2035-2-c.pdf
- Koga, Sumio. A Centennial Legacy: History of the Japanese Christian Missions in North America 1877-1977; Volume I. Nobart, 1977. Page 120 for an account of Nakada's visit to Los Angeles in May 1920, and 160 for the Japan Holiness Church in San Lorenzo, California and Nakada's role in starting it.
- Koschmann, J. Victor. Review of "Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype by David G. Goodman and Masanori Miyazawa". Journal of Japanese Studies 23:2 (Summer 1997):463-467.
- Kraar, Louis. Japan's Bizarre Jewish Thing: A Fresh Look at Japanese Exceptionalism." Fortune (20 March 1995). http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/03/20/224105/index.htm Mentions Nakada's beliefs.
- Lee, Kun Sam. The Christian Confrontation with Shinto Nationalism: A Historical and Critical Study of the Conflict of Christianity and Shinto in Japan in the period. (Philosophical and Historical Studies). Presbyterian & Reformed, 1962. References Nakada's Second Advent Movement (130) and prosecution of Holiness Church ministers for their position on Shinto (159ff).
- McCasland, David. Oswald Chambers: Abandoned to God: The Life Story of the Author of My Utmost for His Highest.
- McGavran, Donald, ed. Church Growth Bulletin: Second Consolidated Volume, September 1969 to July 1975. Bulletin of the Institute of Church Growth, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California. South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, . See page 197 for a good summary of the revivals in the Holiness Church of Japan and Nakada's assessment of the results.
- Marciel, Doris and the Hayward Area Historical Society. San Lorenzo: Images of America. Arcadia Publishing, 206. See page 31 for photo of Nakada at the dedication of the church building of the Japan Holiness Church in San Lorenzo, California in 1929.
- Merwin, John Jennings. "The Oriental Missionary Society Holiness Church in Japan, 1901-1983". Unpublished D.Miss. thesis. Fuller Theological Seminary, 1983.
- Merwin, John Jennings. The Oriental Missionary Society Holiness Church in Japan, 1901-1983. Ann Arbor, MI : University Microfilms International, 1990.
- Minagawa, John H. "Preface to Japanese Missionology (7): Christianity that came to Japan [Fifth Wave] Continuation of Arrival of Euro-American Christianity (1) 1859 ~ 1945." Intercessors for Japan Newsletter (20 September 2003). http://www.christ-ch.or.jp/5_torinashi/back_number/2003/2003.10.eng.pdf
- Mizuki, John. The Growth of Japanese Churches in Brazil. South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1978. See pages 56-71 for account of the formation of the Evangelical Holiness Church of Brazil and Nakada's role.
- Mullins, Mark R. Christianity Made in Japan: A Study of Indigenous Movements. Nanzan Library of Asian Religion and Culture. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
- Mullins, Mark R. "Ideology and Utopianism in Wartime Japan: An Essay on the Subversiveness of Christian Eschatology." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 21:2/3 (1994):261-280. Discusses Holiness Church of Japan's relationship to Japanese state during World War II. Online: http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/422.pdf
- Oliver, Revilo P. "The Yellow Peril." 1983. http://karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/the_critics/oliver/The_yellow_peril.html Revilo P. OliverRevilo P. OliverRevilo Pendleton Oliver was an American professor of Classical philology, Spanish, and Italian at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who wrote and polemicized extensively for white nationalist causes....
was an ulta-conservative. Disparaging critique of McLeod's theory that Japan was descended from the lost tribes of Israel. He adds: "I gather that the hariolations of Professors Fujisawa and Anasaki inspired the foundation of a Holiness Church, of which the Bishop, Juju Nakada, proclaims that "it is God's will that these two nations [the Ten Tribes who hit the road for Japan in 722 B.C. and the Two Tribes who have been vampires on the goyim in the rest of the world] be united after 3,000 years." - Randall, Ian M. "The Pentecostal League of Prayer: A Transdenominational British Wesleyan-Holiness Movement." Wesleyan Theological Journal 33:1. Online: http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/theojrnl/31-35/33-1-10.htm References relationship between Nakada and Oswald Chambers.
- Sherrill, Michael J. "Nakada Juji (1870-1939)." In The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History, ed. Robert Benedetto. Princeton, NJ: Westminster John Knox Press.
- Stalker, Charles H. Twice Around the World with the Holy Ghost: Or, The Impressions and Convictions of the Mission Field. Columbus, OH: Charles H. Stalker, 1906. Many B&W photographs of missionary activity in India, China, Japan, and elsewhere. A Quaker evangelist travelling through England, France, Palestine, India, China and Japan. Involved with Nakada.
- Stark, Gilbert Little. Letters of Gilbert Little Stark, July 23, 1907-March 12, 1908. Cambridge: Riverside Press, Gilbert Little Stark, 1908; Cornell University Library. Online edition: http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;view=toc;subview=short;idno=sea024 Records Little's journey across the Pacific with Nakada in July 1907 and subsequent encounters with him in Japan. See pages 28-29 for description of Nakada as "the Moody of Japan" and a "pocket dynamo" and ability to change clothing to suit preaching occasion. See pages 481-485 for Stark's impressions of Nakada and details of Nakada's life and ministry.
- Thomas, Paul Westphal. The Days of Our Pilgrimage: The History of the Pilgrim Holiness Church. Marion, IN: Wesley Press, 1976. See Chapter on the Cowmans in Japan for beginnings of the OMS in Japan and role of Nakada. Cowmans and Kilbournes were Pilgrim Holiness members. See page 27 for photo of Charles H Stalker, 37 for photo of the Cowmans, 39 for photo of the Kilbournes.
- Wood, Robert D. In These Mortal Hands: The Story of the Oriental Missionary Society: The First Fifty Years. 1983. Traces OMS mission during its first 50 years.
- Yamamori, Tetsunao. Church Growth in Japan: A Study in the Development of the Eight Denominations. South Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, 1974.
- Yoneda, Isamu (米田勇). 中田重治伝: 伝記中田重治"= [Nakada Jūji den: denki Nakada Jūji]. [Biography of Jyuji Nakada] Tokyo: Nakada Jyuji Den Kenko Kai, 1959. 大空社, Tōkyō : Ōzorasha, 1996.
- Yoneda, Yutaka and Takayama Keiki. Showa no Shukyo Dan'atsu. Tokyo: Word of Life Press, 1964. Details the persecution of the Japan Holiness Church in World War II.
Audio Resources
- James, Grant. "Juji Nakada". Did You Hear? Radio Broadcast. http://www.didyouhear.biz/Daylight/Nakada.mp3 (accessed 18 August 2008).