Muhammad Rafiq Mugal is a Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

i archaeologist, engaged in investigating of ethnoarchaeological

Ethnoarchaeology

Ethnoarchaeology is the ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, usually through the study of the material remains of a society . Ethnoarchaeology aids archaeologists in reconstructing ancient lifeways by studying the material and non-material traditions of modern societies...

 research

Research

Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...

 in Chitral

Chitral

Chitral or Chetrar , translated as field in the native language Khowar, is the capital of the Chitral District, situated on the western bank of the Kunar River , in Pakistan. The town is at the foot of Tirich Mir, the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, high...

, northern Pakistan. He has been responsible for the direction, technical support

Technical support

Technical support or tech support refers to a range of services by which enterprises provide assistance to users of technology products such as mobile phones, televisions, computers, software products or other electronic or mechanical goods...

 and supervision

Supervisor

A supervisor, foreperson, team leader, overseer, cell coach, facilitator, or area coordinator is a manager in a position of trust in business...

 for restoration

Art conservation and restoration

Conservation-restoration, also referred to as conservation, is a profession devoted to the preservation of cultural heritage for the future. Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care...

 and conservation

Architectural conservation

Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of mankind's built heritage are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. The individual engaged in this pursuit is known as an architectural conservator...

 of more than thirty monuments and excavated remains of the Islamic, Buddhist and Proto-historic

Protohistory

Protohistory refers to a period between prehistory and history, during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures have already noted its existence in their own writings...

 periods, in Punjab

Punjab (Pakistan)

Punjab is the most populous province of Pakistan, with approximately 45% of the country's total population. Forming most of the Punjab region, the province is bordered by Kashmir to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the Pakistani province of Sindh to the...

, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Areas of Pakistan. He is currently a Professor of Archaeology and Heritage Management and the Director of Undergraduate Studies at Boston University

Boston University

Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers...

.

Contributions in restoration and conservation

Mughal supervised the preparation a number of conservation and restoration projects of archaeological and architectural

Architecture

Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art...

 heritage

Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations...

 of Pakistan. He also planned, organized and directed archaeological fieldworks and research projects of extensive surveys involving documentation of sites, monuments, and excavations across the world on locations of diverse cultural contents ranging in date from the Prehistoric

Prehistory

Prehistory is the span of time before recorded history. Prehistory can refer to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it refers to all the time preceding human existence and the invention of writing...

 to Islamic periods. He also conducted extensive surveys in coordination of various international archaeologists for explorations in Sindh

Sindh

Sindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...

, Balochistan

Balochistan (Pakistan)

Balochistan is one of the four provinces or federating units of Pakistan. With an area of 134,051 mi2 or , it is the largest province of Pakistan, constituting approximately 44% of the total land mass of Pakistan. According to the 1998 population census, Balochistan had a population of...

, Punjab, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Areas of Pakistan that led to the discovery of various settlements of the Indus Civilization and of other cultural contents.

Museum development

Mughal has contributed to the development of several museums in Pakistan. This includes contributing to the establishment of Islamabad

Islamabad

Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory , the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.7 million in 2011...

 Museum in 1994. He also helped to reorganise Swat Museum, Saidu Sharif

Saidu Sharif

-Saidu Sharif:Saidu Sharif is the capital city of Swat District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°45'0N 72°21'0E with an altitude of 939 metres Saidu sharif is traditional seat of government, remains the administrative headquarters of Malakand division .Saidu...

 in collaboration with Japan

Japan

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

ese museologists. He was also leading figure in proposing the establishment of the Museum of Archaeology

Archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology , is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes...

 and Anthropology

Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humanity. It has origins in the humanities, the natural sciences, and the social sciences. The term "anthropology" is from the Greek anthrōpos , "man", understood to mean mankind or humanity, and -logia , "discourse" or "study", and was first used in 1501 by German...

 at Gilgit

Gilgit

Gilgit is a city in northern PakistanGilgit may refer to other terms related with the area of the city:* Gilgit River* Gilgit Valley* Gilgit District* Gilgit Agency * Gilgit Airport...

 in 1993, the Museum at Rohtas Fort

Rohtas Fort

Rohtas Fort is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian Subcontinent.-Name of fort:...

 (1994), the Ethnological

Ethnology

Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.-Scientific discipline:Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct...

 and Archaeological Museum at Multan

Multan

Multan , is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about from Islamabad, from Lahore and from Karachi...

 (1995) and for the expansion of Taxila

Taxila

Taxila is a Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province of Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site.Taxila is situated about northwest of Islamabad Capital Territory and Rawalpindi in Panjab; just off the Grand Trunk Road...

 Museum (1994).

Heritage conservation and management

Mughal has been involved in conservation for the following sites and monuments:

• Buddhist
  Buddhism
  Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
  
   monasteries
  Monastery
  Monastery denotes the building, or complex of buildings, that houses a room reserved for prayer as well as the domestic quarters and workplace of monastics, whether monks or nuns, and whether living in community or alone .Monasteries may vary greatly in size – a small dwelling accommodating only...
  
  , stupa
  Stupa
  A stupa is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship....
  
  s and city remains in the Swat and Taxila Valleys;
• Structural remains of the Indus Civilization at Harappa
  Harappa
  Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. The current village of Harappa is from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a train station left from...
  
  ;
• Islam
  Islam
  Islam . The most common are and .   : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
  
  ic buildings of 16th and 17th centuries AD namely, Lahore Fort
  Lahore Fort
  The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila is citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore...
  
   and Shalamar Garden
  Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)
  The Shalimar Gardens , sometimes written Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Lahore, modern day Pakistan. Construction began in 1641 CE and was completed the following year...
  
   (both on UNESCO
  UNESCO
  The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
  
  's World Heritage List);
• Baradari
  Baradari
  Baradari or Birâdrî means Brotherhood originating from the Persian word "Baradar" or "Birâdar" meaning "Brother". In Pakistan and India it is used to denote a number of social strata among South Asian Muslims...
  
   (garden pavilion) of Wazir Khan Mosque
  Wazir Khan Mosque
  The Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, is famous for its extensive faience tile work. It has been described as ' a mole on the cheek of Lahore'. It was built in seven years, starting around 1634-1635 AD, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan...
  
  ;
• Tombs of Mughal Emperor Jahangir
  Jahangir
  Jahangir was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1605 until his death. The name Jahangir is from Persian جهانگیر,meaning "Conqueror of the World"...
  
  , Ali Mardan Khan, Prince Pervez, Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind or Meer Chaakar Khan Rind or Chakar-i-Azam was a Baloch chieftain in the 15th century...
  
  ;
• Nandana Fort;
• Hiran Minar
  Hiran Minar
  Hiran Minar; Urdu: ہرن مینار is set in peaceful environs near Lahore in Sheikhupura, Pakistan. It was constructed by Emperor Jahangir as a monument to Mansraj, one of his pet deer....
  
   and Pavilion;
• Mosques of Mariyam Zamani; Dai Anga
  Dai Anga Mosque
  Dai Anga Mosque is a mosque situated near the railway station of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.This historic Mosque is in the Naulakha area, about quarter mile away from Lahore Railway Station. It is widely believed that Dai Anga built this mosque in 1635 AD , before she went to perform Hajj...
  
   and Akbari Sarai;
• Baoli (stepped well) at Jandiala Sher Khan.

Major international collaborations

• 1990: Co-Investigator with H. Fujiwara from Japan
  Japan
  Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
  
   for research on rice at Harappa in archaeological contexts.
• 1996: Collaboration with Rita P. Wright from the U.S.
  United States
  The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
  
   for a Joint Field Survey around the city of Harappa and beyond.
• 1980-82: Joint Excavations at Sar and Buri, Bahrain
  Bahrain
  ' , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,214,705, including 235,108 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.Bahrain is...
  
   with local and Australian teams.
• 1966: Collaborative Survey of sites in the Malir River Basin
  Malir River
  Malir River is located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Malir River passes through the city of Karachi from North East to the Centre and drains into the Arabian Sea. Malir river is one of the two rivers passing through Karachi and the other is Lyari River...
  
  , Lower Sindh with Walter A. Fairservis from the USA.
• 1960: Collaboration with George F. Dales
  George F. Dales
  George Franklin Dales Jr. , was an archaeology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and later the University of California, Berkeley, where he chaired the South and Southeast Asian Studies department. He was considered a leading expert on Indus valley peoples and their languages.-Early...
  
   in the survey along the Makran Coast
  Makran
  The present day Makran is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Sindh, Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The present day Makran derived its name from Maka, a satrap of Achaemenid Empire....
  
   of Baluchistan.
• 1958: Participant in the excavations at Charsada headed by Sir Mortimer Wheeler
  Mortimer Wheeler
  Brigadier Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH, CIE, MC, FBA, FSA , was one of the best-known British archaeologists of the twentieth century.-Education and career:...
  
   from the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
  
  .

Indus Civilization and Bronze Age sites

• Excavations at Jhukar, 1973–74;
• Malir Megalith
  Megalith
  A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. Megalithic describes structures made of such large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement.The word 'megalith' comes from the Ancient...
  
  s, 1975;
• Harappa
  Harappa
  Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. The current village of Harappa is from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a train station left from...
  
  , 1967 and 1992;
• Jalilpur, 1971 and 1976;
• Jhang
  Jhang
  - Demographics :According to 1981 census of Pakistan population of Jhang was 1,970,944 with the 434,495 housing units in Jhang. In 1998 census, population of Jhang was 2,834,545, whose annually growth rate was 2.16%. Male population was 1,474,099 and female population was 1,360,446...
  
  , 1974;
• Sutkagan Dor
  Sutkagan Dor
  Sutkagan Dor is the westernmost known archaeological site of Indus Valley Civilization. It is located about 480 km west of Karachi on Makran coast near the Iran border in Baluchistan in Pakistan...
  
  , 1960;
• Sar al-Jisr (Bahrain
  Bahrain
  ' , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,214,705, including 235,108 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.Bahrain is...
  
  ), 1980–81 and 1981–82;
• Buri and A'Ali (Bahrain), 1980-82.

Buddhist and Early Historical/ Medieval sites

• Lahore Fort
  Lahore Fort
  The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila is citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore...
  
  , 1959;
• Aibek's Grave
  Grave (burial)
  A grave is a location where a dead body is buried. Graves are usually located in special areas set aside for the purpose of burial, such as graveyards or cemeteries....
  
  , 1960;
• Tulamba
  Tulamba
  Tulamba or Tulambah is a small city in Punjab, Pakistan. A native of Tulamba is referred to as a Tulmabvi. It's situated on the eastern edge of the Ravi River, between the cities of Abdul Hakeem and Mian Channu. Earlier it belonged to the district of Multan, but in 1985 Tulamba was included in the...
  
  , 1963–64;
• Satgara, 1971;
• Charsadda
  Charsadda
  Charsadda is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34°8'43N 71°43'51E with an altitude of 276 metres and lies 29 kilometres from the provincial capital - Peshawar....
  
  , 1958 (with Sir Mortimer Wheeler
  Mortimer Wheeler
  Brigadier Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler CH, CIE, MC, FBA, FSA , was one of the best-known British archaeologists of the twentieth century.-Education and career:...
  
  );
• Nimogram, 1967;
• Pan Dheri, 1967;
• Mainamati
  Mainamati
  Mainamati is located almost 8 miles from the town of Comilla, Bangladesh. It is the home of one of the most important Buddhist archaeological sites in the region. There are a number of Buddhist sites in this region, dating approximately from 7th to 12th centuries CE...
  
   (Bangladesh
  Bangladesh
  Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south...
  
  ), 1962–63; and
• Paharpur
  Paharpur
  Paharpur is a census town in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar.-Demographics: India census, Paharpur had a population of 5758. Males constitute 68% of the population and females 32%. Paharpur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is...
  
   (Bangladesh), 1963.

Early Islamic sites

• Mansurah, 1965–66, (headed by Dr. F. A. Khan); 1967 and 1982–83;
• Banbhore, 1958, 1959-60 (headed by Dr.F.A. Khan), 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964 and 1965; and
• Bhiro Bham, 1964.

Punjab Province

• Cholistan, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977;
• Multan and Faisalabad, 1967, 1971, 1973 and 1976;
• Sahiwal, 1966 and 1971;
• Dera Ghazi Khan, 1961;
• Lahore, 1990;

Sindh Province

• Jacobabad, 1961;
• Nawab Shah and Thatta, 1963;
• Malir River Basin, 1964 (headed by Walter A. Fairservis);
• Sukkur-Rohri, 1966 and 1983;
• Karachi and Thano Bula Khan, 1966;
• Sindh Kohistan, 1983;
• Nagar and Parkar, 1987;

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province & Northern Areas

• Swat and Dir, 1966;
• Gilgit and Hunza region, 1979;

Balochistan Province

• Northern and Central Balochistan, 1973;
• Makran Coast, 1960 (headed by George F.Dales);
• Las Bela, 1962;
• Kej Valley, Mekran, 1964.

Mughal was also the project director of two major schemes for "Survey and Documentation of Sites and Monuments in Sindh and Punjab" between 1993 and 1996.

Publications

Books and Edited Volumes:

• in preparation Sir Aural Stein’s Survey of the Ghaggar-Hakra Region, Thar Desert 1940-42.
• 1998 The Archaeology of Sindh: Updated supplement to the Antiquities of Sind. 3rd. Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh, Karachi: 153-208.
• 1997 Ancient Cholistan, Archaeology and Architecture. Ferozesons, Lahore. ISBN 9690013505
• 1995 PIATR: The Pakistan Institute of Archaeological Training and Research - A Comprehensive Report 1988-95. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Karachi. by Mohammed Rafique Mughal and Gulzar M. Khan.
• 1983 The Dilmun Burial Complex at Sar: 1980-82 excavations in Bahrain. Ministry of Information, Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, State of Bahrain.
• 1973 Present State of Research on the Indus Valley Civilization. International Symposium on Mohenjo-daro. Department of Archaeology & Museums, Karachi.
• 1970 The Early Harappan Period in the Greater Indus Valley and Northern Balochistan, ca. 3000-2400 BC. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, No.71-19, 263).

Articles:

• 2005 Impact of urbanization around the city of Lahore and the world heritage monument of Shalamar Garden. In Proceedings of ICOMOS 15th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium on “Monuments in their Setting: Conserving Cultural Heritage in Changing Townscapes and Landscapes,” Volume 1: 419–24. World Publishing Corporation, Xi’an.
• 2005 Monuments at Kunya-Urgench, Turkmenistan: Comments on preservation, policies, and procedures. Circle of Inner Asian Art. 20:16–9.
• 2005 Sir Aurel Stein's papers on the survey of Ghaggar-Hakra River, 1940-42. In South Asian Archaeology 2001, edited by C. Jarrige and V. Lefevre: 277-80. Paris.
• 2005 Geoarchaeology of Harappa's eastern countryside: Observations along the buried bed of the Upper Beas River, Punjab Province, Pakistan. In South Asian Archaeology 2001, edited by C. Jarrige and V. Lefevre: 277-80. Paris. by Mohammed Rafique Mughal, J. Schuldenrein, Rita Wright, and M. Afzal Khan.
• 2004 Landscapes, soils, and mound histories of the Upper Indus Valley, Pakistan: New insights on the Holocene environments near ancient Harappa. Journal of Archaeological Science. 31: 777–97. by Mohammed Rafique Mughal, J. Schuldenrein, Rita Wright, and M. Afzal Khan.
• 2003 Evidence of rice and ragi at Harappa in the context of South Asian prehistory. In Introduction of African Crops into South Asia, V. N. Misra, and M. D. Kajale: 73–8. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies, Pune.
• 2001 Resurrecting Sir Aurel Stein from the Cholistan Desert, Context. 15(2): 1–4.
• 1997 A preliminary review of archaeological surveys in Punjab and Sindh: 1993-95. South Asian Studies. 13: 275-84.
• 1997 Recent documentation of ancient sites and monuments in the Punjab Province. Punjab Journal of Archaeology and History. 1(1). by Muhammad Afzal Khan and Muhammad Hassan.
• 1996 Archaeological sites and monuments in Punjab: Preliminary results of explorations, 1992-96. Pakistan Archaeology. Special Number 29. by Farooq Iqbal, Muhammad Afzal Khan and Muhammad Hassan.
• 1996 The Indus Valley: 3000-1500 BC. In History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development, edited by A. H. Dani and J. -P. Mohan. Vol. II: 246-65. UNESCO and Routledge, Paris and London. by B. K. Thapar.
• 199 Theory and Practice in Garden Conservation. In, Hussain, M., Rehman, A. and Wescoat, J.L. (eds), The Mughal Garden: Interpretation, Conservation and Implications. Islamabad - Lahore – Karachi: Ferozsons (pvt.) Ltd. :111- 113.
• 1994 The Harappan Nomads of Cholistan. In, Allchin B. (ed.), Living Traditions: Studies in the Ethnoarchaeology of South Asia: 53-68. Oxford & 1BH Publishing, New Delhi.
• 1992 The Geographical Extent of the Indus Civilization during the Early, Mature and Late Harappan Times. In, Possehl, G. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology Studies. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.: 123-43.
• 1992 The consequences of River Changes for the Harappan settlements in Cholistan. Eastern Anthropologist. 45(1-2): 105-16.
• 1992 Jhukar and the late Harappan Cultural mosaic of the Greater Indus Valley. In South Asian Archaeology 1989, Jarrige C. (ed.), . Madison, Wisconsin: The Prehistory Press: 213-21.
• 1992 Rice and Ragi at Harappa: Preliminary Results by Plant Opal Analysis, Pakistan Archaeology(Karachi), No. 27: 129-142.
• 199 Ancient Sites in Cholistan, Bahawalpur (1974–77). Lahore Museum Bulletin. IV (2): 1-52.
• 1991 The Cultural Patterns of Ancient Pakistan and Neighboring Regions, circa 7000-1500 BC, Pakistan Archaeology.26: 218-237.
• 1990 Archaeological Field Research in Pakistan since Independence: An Overview, Bulletin of Deccan College and Postgraduate Research Institute (Pune), Vol.49: 261-278.
• 1990 Further Evidence of the Harappan Culture in the Greater Indus Valley: 1971-90, South Asian Studies (London), No. 6: 175- 199.
• 1990 The Protohistoric Settlement Patterns in the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. In, Teddei, M. (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1987. Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente: 143- 156.
• 1990 The Decline of the Indus Civilization and the Late Harappan Period in the Indus Valley, Lahore Museum Bulletin (Lahore), Vol.III (2): 1-17.
• 1990 The Harappan Settlement Systems and Patterns in the Greater Indus Valley (Circa 3500-1500 BC), Pakistan Archaeology (Karachi), No.25: 1-72.
• 1990 The Harappan twin Capitals and Reality, Journal of Central Asia, (Islamabad), Vol. XIII (1): 155-162.
• 1990 New archaeological evidence on the Harappan problem from the recent researches in the Cholistan Desert. Kokogaku Zasshi. 75(3): 34-57.
• 1989 The development of Protohistoric research in Pakistan: 1970-85. Journal of Central Asia. 3(1): 47-77.
• 1988 The Buddhist road: Rock engravings along the Karakorum Highway, Museum Kyushu. 28(1): 59-61.
• 1988 Genesis of the Indus Valley Civilization. Lahore Museum Bulletin. 1(1): 45-54.
• 1987 Die Indus Civilization: Entstehung Einer Hockhultur. Vegessene Stadte Am Indus, Mainz Am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern: 112-8.
• 1988 La naissance de la civilization de l'Indus. In Les Cities Oubliees de lí Indus: Archaeologie due Pakistan: 71-4. Musee National des Arts Asiatiques Guimet, Paris.
• 1985 The significance of some Pre-and Protohistoric discoveries in the Karakorum Region. Journal of Central Asia. 8(2): 213-35.
• 1985 Tombs of Uchh. Heritage í85. 39-44.
• 1985 History of Lahore and its Monuments. In, Shakoori, A. R. and Mirza, M. R. (eds.), Souvenir Sixth Pakistan Congress of Zoology, Lahore: Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab: 1-7.
• 1984 Allama Iqbal Museum. Pakistan Pictorial (Islamabad), Vol. III (6): 9-13.
• 1984 The Post-Harappan Phase in Bahawalpur District, Pakistan. In, Lal, B.B. and Gupta, S.P. (eds.), Frontiers of the Indus Civilization. New Delhi: Books and Books: 499-503.
• 1983 Current Research Trends on the Rise of Indus Civilization. In, Urban G. /Jansen M. (eds.), Veroffentlichungen des Geodatischen Institutes der Rheinisch -Westfalischen TechnischenHochschule Aachen, Nr. 34:500 and 6. December 1981 (Aachen, Germany): 13-20, 1983.
• 1982 Resent archaeological research in the Cholistan Desert. In Harappan Civilization: A contemporary perspective, edited by G. L. Possehl: 85-95. Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi.
• 1981 New archaeological evidence from Bahawalpur. In Indus Civilization: New Perspective, edited by A. H. Dani: 33-41. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-e Azam University, Islamabad.
• 1980 The origins of the Indus Civilization. Sindhological Studies. 1-10.
• 1978 The Early Harappan Cultural Phase: A reply. Purattatva. 10: 84-8.
• 1975 Cultural links between Pakistan and Iran during the Protohistoric Period (5000-1000 BC). In Pakistan-Iran: A common culture: 33-82. Institute of Persian Studies, Islamabad.
• 1974 Explorations in Northern Balochistan, 1972: New evidence and fresh interpretation. In Proceedings of the IInd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran: 276-86. Muzeh- e-Iran Bastan, Tehran.
• 1974 New evidence of the Early Harappan culture from Jalilpur. Archaeology. 27(2): 276-86.
• 1972 A summary of excavations and explorations in Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology. 8: 113-58.
• 1972 Introduction to the pottery of Periods I and II of Sarai Khola. In Excavations at Sarai Khola, Part II, edited by M. A. Halim. Pakistan Archaeology. 8: 34-53.
• 1967 Excavations at Tulamba, West Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology. 4: 11-152.
• 1964 Gujarat by the Chenab. Pakistan Quarterly. 12(1): 12-9.

External links