The Public Service Commission of Canada (PSC) is an independent government agency that safeguards merit-based hiring, non-partisanship, representativeness (aboriginal people, visible minorities, women, and people with disabilities) and the use of both official languages (English and French) in the Canadian public service. The PSC aims to protect the integrity of hiring and promotion within the public service. As well, the Commission works to protect the political impartiality and non-partisanship of public servants. The Commission develops staffing policies and provides guidance to public service managers and recruits Canadians into the public service. To ensure the staffing system in the government is properly maintained, the PSC has the power to audit, investigate and order departments and managers to make improvements. While typical government departments are headed by Ministers, the PSC is an independent agency that is headed by a President (Currently Maria Barrados) who reports to the Canadian Parliament.

Mandate and goals

The PSC has the mandate to appoint people to the public service, and to promote people within the government. The PSC can also assist government departments with hiring and assessment tools.
The PSC oversees the integrity of the hiring and promotion system, and makes sure that the hiring process is not compromised by partisan interference from elected officials. Part of this overseeing role involves collecting and analyzing data on hiring and promotion in the public service (e.g., hiring of different groups, by region, by department). As well, the PSC audits departments and agencies by examining their hiring and promotion files, to ensure that employees are hired and promoted based on merit. Lastly, the PSC administers the part of the 2003 Public Service Employment Act that sets out the restrictions on the political activities of public service employees and department heads (in Canada, these are called deputy heads or deputy ministers).

The strategic outcome of the PSC is to achieve "A highly competent, non-partisan and representative Public Service, able to provide service in both official languages, in which appointments are based on the values of fairness, access, representativeness and transparency."

Program Activities

The PSC has set out four program activities that are done to reach its strategic outcome:

• The Appointment Integrity and Political Neutrality activity (policies and standards on safeguarding the integrity of hiring and promotion and political neutrality issues)

• The Oversight of Integrity of Staffing and Political Neutrality (makes sure that the integrity of public service hiring and promotion is protected and safeguards the political neutrality of public servants)

• The Staffing Services and Assessment activity (provides managers with tools to help them assess and select employment applicants).

• The Internal Services program activity (corporate management and planning frameworks for the Management Accountability Framework, finance, internal staff, information technology, communications, and other administrative and general support).

Public Service Employment Act

The 2003 Public Service Employment Act (which came into force on December 31, 2005) emphasizes the values of merit, non-partisanship, fairness, access, transparency and representativeness.

Merit refers to the use of merit during the hiring and promotion process. This means that people who are hired and promoted in the public service must possess certain competencies, skills, and experience (merit), rather than based on political connections or partisan affiliations (political patronage). The merit principle requires that every person who is appointed to the public service has met the essential qualifications and requirements established for the position. The essential requirements can include official language proficiency, asset qualifications, operational requirements (e.g., availability to do shift work or work on weekends), and organizational needs (e.g., need to increase the hiring of women) that have been identified by the head of a department or agency.

Non-partisanship means that appointments of people to the public service (and promotions of public servants )have to be made without political influence from Ministers or partisan officials. Although Canadian public servants were disallowed any involvement in political activities in their private time throughout much of the 20th century, in 1967, legislative changes allowed public servants to request permission to take leave without pay to run in an election. In 1991, a Supreme Court decision gave public servants the right to engage in political activities. The 2003 Public Service Employment Act clarified what political activities public servants are allowed to engage in.

Public servants can engage in political activities such as supporting a candidate in an election or taking leave without pay to run in an election, but they have to maintain their political impartiality as public servants. In order to comply with the non-partisanship values in the Act, public servants must only do the types of political activities that do not conflict or impair their ability to fulfill their responsibilities in a politically impartial manner. The type and degree of political activities that a public servant can engage in depends on several factors, such as the visibility of the political activities that the public servant wants to engage in and the visibility of the public servant in their job in the public service.

Historical timeline

• Before responsible government
  Responsible government
  Responsible government is a conception of a system of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy...
  
  , Canada had no real civil service; government officials were appointed by either the Crown
  The Crown
  The Crown is a corporation sole that in the Commonwealth realms and any provincial or state sub-divisions thereof represents the legal embodiment of governance, whether executive, legislative, or judicial...
  
   or its provincial
  Provinces and territories of Canada
  The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second-largest country by area. There are ten provinces and three territories...
  
   representatives. These officials usually served for an unspecified period ("during the pleasure of the Crown") for as long as they were deemed fit for the position.
• 1849 - when responsible government began in 1849, there was a recognition that the roles of the political and non-political government officials needed to be defined and distinguished from one another.
• 1868 - the Canada Civil Service Act was enacted
• The "Civil Service Act" of 1882 created a process for examining candidates for the civil service, with a Board of Civil Service Examiners
• 1908 - the Civil Service Amendment Act created the Civil Service Commission, an independent body to oversee appointments to government positions in Ottawa (this was called the "inside service", in contrast to the public service outside the capital).
• The Civil Service Act 1918
  Civil Service Act 1918
  The Civil Service Act 1918 was a piece of legislation passed by Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden following the First World War. The act called for a number of reforms to be made to the Canadian civil service, and had implications on how Canadian public administration unfolded over the...
  
  set in place merit-based appointments and reinforced the independence of the Commission. It also brought the "outside service" (the public service outside of Ottawa) under the domain of the Commission, along with greater oversight with regards to appointments and promotions for members of the "inside service".
• 1920s - the Commission developed its competitive system of examinations for appointment and promotion
  Promotion (rank)
  A promotion is the advancement of an employee's rank or position in an organizational hierarchy system. Promotion may be an employee's reward for good performance i.e. positive appraisal...
  
   (a merit system) as a viable alternative to the patronage
  Patronage
  Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings or popes have provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors...
  
   system.
• 1921 - formal restrictions were placed against the employment of married women. Women already holding permanent positions who married had to resign. These restrictions were not removed until 1955.
• 1924 - The Civil Service Superannuation Act was intended to promote and protect a career civil service.
• 1932 - staff control regulations are established and Treasury Board is given authority over the Civil Service Commission's staffing responsibilities.
• 1949 - the number of World War II
  World War II
  World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
  
   veterans assigned to positions in the civil service under the statutory veterans preference rises to 55,000.
• 1951 - The Financial Administration Act of 1951 provided final authority to the Treasury Board for management (administration and organization) of the public service.
• 1957 - The CSC establishes the Pay Research Bureau to provide objective information on rates of pay and conditions of employment in government and industry, and to recommend salary rates for civil servants.
• 1961 - The new Civil Service Act of 1961 gave civil servants the right of appeal against not only promotions, but also transfers, demotions, suspensions and dismissals.
• 1962 - The Government adopted recommendations by the Royal Commission on Government Organization (Glassco Commission) on the management of the Public Service, including delegating authority to departments to manage their own personnel and to be held accountable for efficient performance.
• 1966 - Bilingualism
  Multilingualism
  Multilingualism is the act of using, or promoting the use of, multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of...
  
   becomes an element of merit in the national capital area.
• 1967 - Public Service Employment Act (PSEA) and Public Service Staff Relations Act (PSSRA) come into effect. The PSEA gave the renamed Public Service Commission the responsibility for all the elements of the staffing process. The PSSRA created a collective bargaining
  Collective bargaining
  Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between employers and the representatives of a unit of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions...
  
  regime in the civil service.
• early 1970s - rapid expansion of the public service.
• Late 1970s - significant reduction of public service.
• 1979 - The Bilingualism Bonus was introduced for public servants who met the bilingual language requirements of their positions.
• 1984 - the Commission on Equality in Employment issued its report, which recommended that targets and not quotas are the most effective means of achieving equity in the employment of members of under-represented groups.
• 1986 - further employment layoff programs again reduce the public service.
• 1992 - Public Service Reform Act amends both the PSEA and the Public Service Staff Relations Act. This provides more flexibility for managers to respond quickly to changing operational needs or to allow employees to acquire new skills. The Act also enabled the PSC to prescribe standards of competence to measure merit.
• 1995 - a restraint-focused federal budget leads to further reductions in the size of the civil service.
• Late 1990s and early 2000s - rapid growth of the public service
• 2003 - a new Public Service Employment Act, which created the first legislative definition of merit (it also redefined merit)

Chairpersons and Presidents

• Maria Barrados (2003-
• Scott Serson (1999–2003)
• Ruth Hubbard (1994–1999)
• Robert J. Giroux (1990–1994)
• Huguette Labelle (1985–1990)
• Edgar Gallant (1976–1985)
• John Carson (1965–1976)
• Robertson MacNeill (1963–1965)
• Mr. Justice Samuel Hughes (1959–1963)
• Arnold Heeney (1957–1959)
• Stanley Nelson (1955–1957)
• Charles Bland (1935–1955)
• Hon. William Roche (1917–1935)

External links

• Public Service Commission of Canada (PSC) website: http://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/index-eng.htm
• The civil service of Canada (1923) (pdf)
• Government of Canada website
• Canada’s Public Service in the 21st Century (by the Public Policy Forum)