Tolkmicko
Encyclopedia
Tolkmicko t is a town in northern Poland, on the Vistula Lagoon
, about 20 km northeast of Elbląg
. It is located in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
, in Elbląg County
. Its population is 2,766 (2004)
in 1296 and was based on the German Kulm law (Kulmer Recht) by order of Ludwig von Schippe, then commander of the Teutonic Knights
. On 21 March 1351 the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Heinrich Dusemer renewed the municipal law and together with the village of Neuendorf (now Nowinka
) Tolkmicko obtained fishing legislation. In 1390 Peter Turnow, the Theologian later burned at the stake as a heretic in 1426, was born here.
On 3 April 1440 it became part of the Prussian Confederation
. In 1466, after the Second Peace of Thorn, the town became part of the autonomous Polish Prussia, which was associated with the Kingdom of Poland
.
In 1525, during the Reformation
, the Church property formally became the parish church Tolkemit Evangelical Lutheran church. This was undertaken by a former monk named Bommler, son of the mayor of Tolkemit. The town however remained in the Roman Catholic Bishopric of Warmia
and thus remained subject to Catholic rule. After 1569 the special legal position of Polish Prussia within royal Poland was slowly undermined, and the town was formally absorbed into Poland proper in 1572.
During the Polish-Swedish war the Swedish
King Gustav II of stayed in the town during 1626. Two large fires, in 1634 and 1694, partially destroyed the town.
The outbreak of the plague in 1710 halved the number of residents, although in 1720 there were enough people to justify building a brewery in the marketplace. There was yet another town fire in 1767, destroying the brewery, the Church and the Town Hall.
During the first partition of Poland
in 1772, the region passed to the Kingdom of Prussia
and remained part of East Prussia
until 1945. In 1793 a new town hall was built. In 1818 the town became part of the newly formed district of Elbing
. In 1832 the first pharmacy was opened. In 1851 the brewery closed and the first physician settled here. In 1862 construction began on the fishing harbor.
In 1900, the town was connected to the rail network and joined Elbing
and Braunsberg
. In 1901 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS und Polizei Hans-Adolf Prützmann
was born here.
In 1939 the construction of a jam factory began, which was completed in 1940. During World War II, the town was occupied and destroyed by the Red Army
on 26 January 1945. About half of the inhabitants had fled from the Soviets by the end of World War II, while the remaining German population was forcibly expelled
over the following years.
In 1975 an administrative reform transferred the town to the Province of Elbląg
. A later reform dissolved the province and the town became part of the Warmia
and Mazury district.
and German
names :
Vistula Lagoon
The Vistula Lagoon is a fresh water lagoon on the Baltic Sea separated from Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit. It is sometimes known as the Vistula Bay or Vistula Gulf. The modern German name, Frisches Haff, is derived from an earlier form, Friesisches Haff. Both this term and the earlier Polish...
, about 20 km northeast of Elbląg
Elblag
Elbląg is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants . It is the capital of Elbląg County and has been assigned to the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. Before then it was the capital of Elbląg Voivodeship and a county seat in Gdańsk Voivodeship...
. It is located in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, or Warmia-Masuria Province , is a voivodeship in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn...
, in Elbląg County
Elblag County
Elbląg County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Elbląg, although the city...
. Its population is 2,766 (2004)
History
The site was first settled by Old Prussian tribes. The city law (Stadtrecht) followed the incorporation of the territory into PrussiaPrussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
in 1296 and was based on the German Kulm law (Kulmer Recht) by order of Ludwig von Schippe, then commander of the Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knights
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , commonly the Teutonic Order , is a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order...
. On 21 March 1351 the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Teutonic Knights
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , commonly the Teutonic Order , is a German medieval military order, in modern times a purely religious Catholic order...
Heinrich Dusemer renewed the municipal law and together with the village of Neuendorf (now Nowinka
Nowinka
Nowinka may refer to the following places:*Nowinka, Augustów County in Podlaskie Voivodeship *Nowinka, Gmina Sokółka in Podlaskie Voivodeship...
) Tolkmicko obtained fishing legislation. In 1390 Peter Turnow, the Theologian later burned at the stake as a heretic in 1426, was born here.
On 3 April 1440 it became part of the Prussian Confederation
Prussian Confederation
The Prussian Confederation was an organization formed in 1440 by a group of 53 gentry and clergy and 19 cities in Prussia to oppose the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. It was based on the basis of an earlier similar organization, the Lizard Union...
. In 1466, after the Second Peace of Thorn, the town became part of the autonomous Polish Prussia, which was associated with the Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state created by the accession of Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386. The Union of Krewo or Krėva Act, united Poland and Lithuania under the rule of a single monarch...
.
In 1525, during the Reformation
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led...
, the Church property formally became the parish church Tolkemit Evangelical Lutheran church. This was undertaken by a former monk named Bommler, son of the mayor of Tolkemit. The town however remained in the Roman Catholic Bishopric of Warmia
Warmia
Warmia or Ermland is a region between Pomerelia and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria, it forms the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship....
and thus remained subject to Catholic rule. After 1569 the special legal position of Polish Prussia within royal Poland was slowly undermined, and the town was formally absorbed into Poland proper in 1572.
During the Polish-Swedish war the Swedish
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
King Gustav II of stayed in the town during 1626. Two large fires, in 1634 and 1694, partially destroyed the town.
The outbreak of the plague in 1710 halved the number of residents, although in 1720 there were enough people to justify building a brewery in the marketplace. There was yet another town fire in 1767, destroying the brewery, the Church and the Town Hall.
During the first partition of Poland
First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of Poland or First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. Growth in the Russian Empire's power, threatening the Kingdom of Prussia and the...
in 1772, the region passed to the Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
and remained part of East Prussia
East Prussia
East Prussia is the main part of the region of Prussia along the southeastern Baltic Coast from the 13th century to the end of World War II in May 1945. From 1772–1829 and 1878–1945, the Province of East Prussia was part of the German state of Prussia. The capital city was Königsberg.East Prussia...
until 1945. In 1793 a new town hall was built. In 1818 the town became part of the newly formed district of Elbing
Elbing
Elbing is the German name of Elbląg, a city in northern Poland which until 1945 was a German city in the province of East Prussia.Elbing may also refer to:- Ships :* SMS Elbing, light cruiser of the Imperial Germany Navy...
. In 1832 the first pharmacy was opened. In 1851 the brewery closed and the first physician settled here. In 1862 construction began on the fishing harbor.
In 1900, the town was connected to the rail network and joined Elbing
Elblag
Elbląg is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants . It is the capital of Elbląg County and has been assigned to the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. Before then it was the capital of Elbląg Voivodeship and a county seat in Gdańsk Voivodeship...
and Braunsberg
Braniewo
Braniewo is a town in northeastern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 18,068 . It is the capital of Braniewo County...
. In 1901 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS und Polizei Hans-Adolf Prützmann
Hans-Adolf Prützmann
Hans-Adolf Prützmann was a Superior SS and Police Leader, as well as an SS Obergruppenführer...
was born here.
In 1939 the construction of a jam factory began, which was completed in 1940. During World War II, the town was occupied and destroyed by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
on 26 January 1945. About half of the inhabitants had fled from the Soviets by the end of World War II, while the remaining German population was forcibly expelled
Expulsion of Germans after World War II
The later stages of World War II, and the period after the end of that war, saw the forced migration of millions of German nationals and ethnic Germans from various European states and territories, mostly into the areas which would become post-war Germany and post-war Austria...
over the following years.
In 1975 an administrative reform transferred the town to the Province of Elbląg
Elblag
Elbląg is a city in northern Poland with 127,892 inhabitants . It is the capital of Elbląg County and has been assigned to the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. Before then it was the capital of Elbląg Voivodeship and a county seat in Gdańsk Voivodeship...
. A later reform dissolved the province and the town became part of the Warmia
Warmia
Warmia or Ermland is a region between Pomerelia and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria, it forms the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship....
and Mazury district.
Names
The town of Tolkmicko consists of the following districts known by both PolishPoles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
and German
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
names :
| Polish name | German name (to 1945) | Polish name | German name (to 1945) | Polish name | German name (to 1945) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biała Leśniczówka | Łęcze | Lenzen | Przylesie | Louisenthal | |
| Bogdaniec | Nadbrzeże | Reimannsfelde | Rangóry | ||
| Brzezina | Birkau | Nowinka | Neuendorf | Suchacz | Succase |
| Chojnowo | Konradswalde | Ostrogóra | Scharffenberg | Święty Kamień | Wiek |
| Janówek | Hansdorf | Pagórki | Rehberg | Tolkmicko | Tolkemit |
| Kadyny | Kadinen | Pęklewo | Panklau | Wodynia | Klakendorf |
| Kamienica Elbląska | Pogrodzie | Neukirchhöhe | Wysoki Bór | Hohenwalde | |
| Kamionek Wielki | Groß Steinort | Połoniny | |||
| Kikoty | Kickelhof | Przybyłowo | Dünhöfen |