Victor V. Tikhomirov
Encyclopedia
Victor Vasilievitch Tikhomirov (Dec. 10 (23), 1912 – Jan. 8, 1985) was an outstanding Soviet engineer and scientist in the fields of radio electronics and automation. He was a corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, three times a laureate of the Stalin Prize, and was awarded two Orders of Lenin and other orders and medals. He led development of the first full radar system in the USSR.
, a medium-sized city now in Ivanovo Oblast
. Upon completing secondary school, he first worked as an electrician in the Donetz Basin (Donbass) region of Eastern Ukraine
, and then at the Donbass mines of Metrostroi (the operator of Moscow’s subway system). In 1934, he was admitted to study radio technology at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute
(MPEI – also called Moscow Energy Institute) where he finished with distinction in 1940. The Higher Attestation Commission
awarded him the Doctor of Engineering
degree in February 1966.
While pursuing his pre-graduation studies, Tikhomirov became a senior technician at the Nauchno-issledovatelsky institute-20 (Scientific Research Institute-20, NII-20) in Moscow
, a close affiliate of the Aviapribor Plant, a manufacturer of aircraft instruments and radios. There he assisted in developing radiolokatory (radio-location, later called radar) equipment. Jointly with NII-9 in Leningrad
, NII-20 developed an experimental set called Redut (Redoubt). Upon graduating from MEI, Tikhomirov was assigned as an engineer at NII-20, working in a team to improve Redut. This soon evolved to the Radio Ulavlivatel Samoletov-2 (Radio Catcher of Aircraft) designated RUS-2. Although mobile, this was a bi-static system
with separated transmitter and receiver vans and antennas.
Tikhomirov’s capabilities were soon recognized, and in early 1941, he was made Laboratory Head and Deputy Technical Manager of the NII-20. Engineers at the NII-20, with the cooperation of NII-9 in Leningrad, further improved the RUS-2, developing a transmit-receive device (a duplexer) allowing a single antenna, as well as a range display based on a cathode-rayoscilloscope
.
, and the part remaining in Moscow was designated Factory 339. To assist in defending Moscow against German aircraft, an improved RUS-2 was set up and operated by NII-20 personnel including Tikhomirov; it was first used on the night of July 22 when it detected a flight of 200 Luftwaffe bombers when they were 100-km (62-mi) away. This success led authorities to request additional radio-location sets.
Under Tikhomirov’s leadership, NII-20 redesigned the RUS-2 to become a fixed radio-location station. With other improvements, this was designated the RUS-2C, and also called the Pegmatit-2 (P-2). It operated at 4 m (75 kHz) with a pulse-power of near 40 kW. This was actually the Soviet Union’s first fully capable, pulsed, radio-location system; several hundred sets in different versions were produced at Factory 339. Tikhomirov received his first Stalin Award (1943) for the RUS-2C development. Throughout the war, NII-20 and Factory 339 dominated radar equipment development and fabrication in the USSR.
In late 1940, the Soviet Air Forces developed a requirement for an on-board enemy aircraft radio-location system. The NII-9 was directed to design such a set for the new Petlyakov Pe-2
dive bomber. With size and weight restrictions, a microwave
design using a recently developed reflex klystron
(as it was later called) was selected. The experimental set was called Gneis (Origin) and operated at 16 cm (1.8 GHz). When the war started and the NII-9 radio-location capabilities went to Moscow, NII-20 took over the development of Gneis. Tikhomirov was assigned Chief Designer, and retained this role through all future upgrades.
The NII-20 was evacuated to Barnaul
in July 1941. Under Tikhomirov’s leadership, the Gneis-2 radar was created ‘from scratch’ with limited staff and in an extremely challenging environment. At this time, the so-called ‘Tikhomirov style’ originated: frantic work schedules, extraordinary working capacity, incredible self-discipline, and insistence on high performance by the staff. In only a few months, the first pilot sets were tested with positive results.
During the battle of Stalingrad
in late 1942, Tikhomirov and his design team went to the fighting scene where they installed airborne radars on Pe-2 frontline bombers and performed all set-up procedures on the spot. Official testing of the Pe-2 with Gneis-2 onboard took place at Leningrad in 1943, and it was then that the radar was commissioned. Tikhomirov received his second Stalin Award for the Gneis-2 design (1946).
In mid-1943, NII-20 moved back to Moscow, and in the same year Tikhomirov completed the Gneis-2M airborne radar design. Gneis-2 radars were also mounted on Pe-3 bombers and Li-2 Douglas transport aircraft. In the wartime, about 230 sets with various Gneis designations were built. Gneis-5 and Gneis-5C were also put into serial production, but were not fielded until after the war.
In 1944, the aircraft radar activity was separated from NII-20 and became the Central Design Bureau-17 (TsKB-17). It was responsible for design of all airborne radars, as well as weapon control systems (WCS). Tikhomirov was assigned as Deputy Director for Research in TsKB-17, and remained in the role of Chief Designer in several design trends. The TsKB-17 is today the Vega Radio Engineering Corporation.
As the war was drawing to a close, TsKB-17 designed and prepared production plans for several new airborne radars, including the Argon for tail-protection of Tu-16 aircraft. The Soviet Union had begun experimenting with jet aircraft
, and in support of this, Tikhomirov and the TsKB-17 initiated a number of designs for new aircraft microwave radars; these used magnetrons that had been developed in the Soviet Union.
There emerged a Tikhomirov ‘school’ of design. In this, with a comprehensive approach to the development of an aircraft, WCS was regarded as being not a just mere part or component of the aircraft, but rather a system that was as important to the aircraft as its airframe, and made the aircraft an integrated combat unit.
As a large variety of jet aircraft were being designed and produced, the NII-17 provided the needed radars. These included the Toriy (Thorium), giving the MiG-15, an “all-weather” interceptor capability, and the Izumrud (Emerald) gun-sight series, the first of which was used on the MiG-15
and MiG-17
fighters. Operating at microwave wavelengths, Izumrud used separate antennas for searching and tracking. This was the first time Tikhomirov applied automatic tracking modes, serving as a prototype for further WCS design.
An air-to-air missile, the K-5, began development in 1951. This was followed by the Topaz radar design for the Tu-16
bomber, and the Almaz (Diamond) radar for the Yak-25
and MiG-19
. The Izumrud-2 was for MiG-17 PFU, carrying the RC-1U, the first Soviet guided air-to-air missile. Tikhomirov was also leading the research on an advanced, multi-functional, airborne radar system incorporating a digital computer. Ardalion Rastov
served as Tikhomirov’s deputy in these efforts.
In 1953, Tikhomirov was elected as a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Technical Sciences (Radio Engineering, Electronics, Automation, and Remote Control). Since Tikhomirov did not hold an academic degree at that time, this was a very unusual action by the Academy.
Because of the large scope of Tikomirov’s research, a branch of NII-17 was formed in Zhukovsky, an aviation research center 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Moscow. In February 1956, this branch was transformed into an independent enterprise, designated as Specialist Design Bureau-15 (OKB-15), and commonly called the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP). Tikhomirov was initially the Research Supervisor, and then became Director. The first NIIP projects supervised by Tikhomirov included several models of Uragan (Hurricane) airborne radar systems for interceptor aircraft.
The title of Designer General of aviation equipment was established by the USSR Council of Ministers in 1956, and Tikhomirov was among 12 leading designers initially receiving this title. Tikhomirov was the only Designer General from the radar-WCS field; all of the others were aircraft designers.
In July 1958, the NIIP began the design of a new, highly advanced, mobile air-defense system. Eventually designated the 2k12 Kub (Cube), each battery consisted of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carried a radar with a range of 75 km (47 mi), as well as an optical sighting unit. Several other design bureaus were involved in creating the Kub, all coordinated by Tikhomirov.
The Kub prototype was placed under test in August 1959. With the complex design and units from diverse sources, it was not unexpected that the initial tests were unsatisfactory. This led to changes in the design, followed by further testing, all greatly lengthening the development schedule. By the end of 1961, Tikhomirov and his team had solved the basic developmental problems, but the project was far behind schedule.
Although Tikhomirov justified two years of additional development, the Defense Ministry did not agree; consequently, Tikhomirov was relieved of his duties in 1962. Ardalion Rastov, whom he had mentored since 1953, took over as Chief Designer.
The first success came when the system downed a target aircraft in February 1964, within the two years that Tikhomirov had projected. The Kub air-defense missile system ultimately passed all testing and was commissioned into service in 1966. In NATO nations, it was called Gainful, as well as SA-6. Later it was sold internationally to 25 nations under the export name Kvadrat (Square).
The NIIP continued in developing air-defense and related systems. In 1995, it was renamed the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
(Tikhomirov NIIP). Other portions of the original NII-17 became the Scientific Research Institute of Radar (NIIR) and, later Phazotron-NIIR
. Both of these firms, as well as the previously mentioned Vega Radio Engineering, credit Tikhomirov as the technical leader of their founding organization.
Anatoly Kanashchenkovа, Director and Designer General of Phazotron-NIIR, made the following comment: “Victor Tikhomirov left a most profound imprint on today's inimitable style of doing research at our enterprise. In fact, he created an entire school of designing radars and WCSs of fighters.”
Ardalion Rastov, the person who replaced Tikhomirov on the Kub program, has been quoted as saying: “Tikhomirov organized a wonderful team, where not administrative power, but the power of common sense and reason reigned.”
as the Head of the Biological Experiment Automation Department of the Institute of Biological Physics. The Special Design Engineering Bureau for Biological Instrumentation was established upon Tikhomirov’s initiative (it is presently known as the Institute of Biological Instrument Design). Under his supervision, many devices and equipment sets for automating biological research were developed; his accomplishments in biotelemetry were particularly important.
When the Biological Instrument Design Commission was formed within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the 1960s, Tikhomirov became its proactive and respected member. In 1979, Tikhomirov moved to the Institute of Oceanology, under the Academy of Sciences, where a laboratory for hydroacoustic equipment design was created upon his initiative; he worked there for the remainder of his life.
In 1953, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the highly prestigious USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1956, he became one of the first 12 persons who were assigned the newly introduced title of Designer General.
In 1995, his name was given to the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
(Tikhomirov NIIP).
In 2002, the Tikhomirov Award was introduced in the NIIP, the most prominent R&D achievement of the enterprise.
In 2004, pursuant to a resolution of the Geneva Graduate Institute of Business and Management, a nine-magnitude star in the Capricornus
constellation was named after Tikhomirov and noted in the Ross Astro-Databank.
Early Background
Victor Tikhomirov was born in KineshmaKineshma
Kineshma is the second largest town in Ivanovo Oblast, Russia, which sprawls for along the Volga River. Population: -History:Kineshma was first noticed as a posad in 1429. In 1504, Ivan III gave it to Prince Feodor Belsky, who escaped to Moscow from Lithuania and married Ivan's niece...
, a medium-sized city now in Ivanovo Oblast
Ivanovo Oblast
Ivanovo Oblast is a federal subject of Russia .Its three largest cities are Ivanovo , Kineshma, and Shuya.The principal center of tourism is Plyos. The Volga River flows through the northern part of the oblast....
. Upon completing secondary school, he first worked as an electrician in the Donetz Basin (Donbass) region of Eastern Ukraine
East Ukraine
Eastern Ukraine is a geographical term and generally includes territories of Ukraine east of Dnieper river, particularly Sloboda Ukraine, Donets basin, Left-bank Ukraine, the continental part of a historical land of Taurida.-See also:*Novorossiya...
, and then at the Donbass mines of Metrostroi (the operator of Moscow’s subway system). In 1934, he was admitted to study radio technology at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute
Moscow Power Engineering Institute
Moscow Power Engineering Institute is one of the largest and leading technical universities in the world in the area of power engineering, electronics and IT...
(MPEI – also called Moscow Energy Institute) where he finished with distinction in 1940. The Higher Attestation Commission
Higher Attestation Commission
Higher Attestation Commission is a name of a national government agency in Russia, Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states that oversees awarding of advanced academic degrees...
awarded him the Doctor of Engineering
Doctor of Engineering
The Doctor of Engineering is an academic degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering or applied sciences...
degree in February 1966.
While pursuing his pre-graduation studies, Tikhomirov became a senior technician at the Nauchno-issledovatelsky institute-20 (Scientific Research Institute-20, NII-20) in Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
, a close affiliate of the Aviapribor Plant, a manufacturer of aircraft instruments and radios. There he assisted in developing radiolokatory (radio-location, later called radar) equipment. Jointly with NII-9 in Leningrad
Leningrad
Leningrad is the former name of Saint Petersburg, Russia.Leningrad may also refer to:- Places :* Leningrad Oblast, a federal subject of Russia, around Saint Petersburg* Leningrad, Tajikistan, capital of Muminobod district in Khatlon Province...
, NII-20 developed an experimental set called Redut (Redoubt). Upon graduating from MEI, Tikhomirov was assigned as an engineer at NII-20, working in a team to improve Redut. This soon evolved to the Radio Ulavlivatel Samoletov-2 (Radio Catcher of Aircraft) designated RUS-2. Although mobile, this was a bi-static system
Bistatic radar
Bistatic radar is the name given to a radar system which comprises a transmitter and receiver which are separated by a distance that is comparable to the expected target distance. Conversely, a radar in which the transmitter and receiver are collocated is called a monostatic radar...
with separated transmitter and receiver vans and antennas.
Tikhomirov’s capabilities were soon recognized, and in early 1941, he was made Laboratory Head and Deputy Technical Manager of the NII-20. Engineers at the NII-20, with the cooperation of NII-9 in Leningrad, further improved the RUS-2, developing a transmit-receive device (a duplexer) allowing a single antenna, as well as a range display based on a cathode-rayoscilloscope
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time,...
.
World War II Activities
Germany began the invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The NII-9 was evacuated eastward from Leningrad, and their engineers working on radio-location joined the NII-20. The major portion of the Aviapribor Plant evacuated to KazanKazan
Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...
, and the part remaining in Moscow was designated Factory 339. To assist in defending Moscow against German aircraft, an improved RUS-2 was set up and operated by NII-20 personnel including Tikhomirov; it was first used on the night of July 22 when it detected a flight of 200 Luftwaffe bombers when they were 100-km (62-mi) away. This success led authorities to request additional radio-location sets.
Under Tikhomirov’s leadership, NII-20 redesigned the RUS-2 to become a fixed radio-location station. With other improvements, this was designated the RUS-2C, and also called the Pegmatit-2 (P-2). It operated at 4 m (75 kHz) with a pulse-power of near 40 kW. This was actually the Soviet Union’s first fully capable, pulsed, radio-location system; several hundred sets in different versions were produced at Factory 339. Tikhomirov received his first Stalin Award (1943) for the RUS-2C development. Throughout the war, NII-20 and Factory 339 dominated radar equipment development and fabrication in the USSR.
In late 1940, the Soviet Air Forces developed a requirement for an on-board enemy aircraft radio-location system. The NII-9 was directed to design such a set for the new Petlyakov Pe-2
Petlyakov Pe-2
The Petlyakov Pe-2 was a Soviet dive bomber aircraft used during World War II. It was regarded as one of the best ground attack aircraft of the war and it was extremely successful in the roles of heavy fighter, reconnaissance and night fighter...
dive bomber. With size and weight restrictions, a microwave
Microwave
Microwaves, a subset of radio waves, have wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF , and various sources use different boundaries...
design using a recently developed reflex klystron
Klystron
A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube . Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for modern...
(as it was later called) was selected. The experimental set was called Gneis (Origin) and operated at 16 cm (1.8 GHz). When the war started and the NII-9 radio-location capabilities went to Moscow, NII-20 took over the development of Gneis. Tikhomirov was assigned Chief Designer, and retained this role through all future upgrades.
The NII-20 was evacuated to Barnaul
Barnaul
-Russian Empire:Barnaul was one of the earlier cities established in Siberia. Originally chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, the site was founded by the wealthy Demidov family in the 1730s. In addition to the copper which had originally...
in July 1941. Under Tikhomirov’s leadership, the Gneis-2 radar was created ‘from scratch’ with limited staff and in an extremely challenging environment. At this time, the so-called ‘Tikhomirov style’ originated: frantic work schedules, extraordinary working capacity, incredible self-discipline, and insistence on high performance by the staff. In only a few months, the first pilot sets were tested with positive results.
During the battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad was a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in southwestern Russia. The battle took place between 23 August 1942 and 2 February 1943...
in late 1942, Tikhomirov and his design team went to the fighting scene where they installed airborne radars on Pe-2 frontline bombers and performed all set-up procedures on the spot. Official testing of the Pe-2 with Gneis-2 onboard took place at Leningrad in 1943, and it was then that the radar was commissioned. Tikhomirov received his second Stalin Award for the Gneis-2 design (1946).
In mid-1943, NII-20 moved back to Moscow, and in the same year Tikhomirov completed the Gneis-2M airborne radar design. Gneis-2 radars were also mounted on Pe-3 bombers and Li-2 Douglas transport aircraft. In the wartime, about 230 sets with various Gneis designations were built. Gneis-5 and Gneis-5C were also put into serial production, but were not fielded until after the war.
In 1944, the aircraft radar activity was separated from NII-20 and became the Central Design Bureau-17 (TsKB-17). It was responsible for design of all airborne radars, as well as weapon control systems (WCS). Tikhomirov was assigned as Deputy Director for Research in TsKB-17, and remained in the role of Chief Designer in several design trends. The TsKB-17 is today the Vega Radio Engineering Corporation.
As the war was drawing to a close, TsKB-17 designed and prepared production plans for several new airborne radars, including the Argon for tail-protection of Tu-16 aircraft. The Soviet Union had begun experimenting with jet aircraft
Jet aircraft
A jet aircraft is an aircraft propelled by jet engines. Jet aircraft generally fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes – as high as . At these altitudes, jet engines achieve maximum efficiency over long distances. The engines in propeller-powered aircraft...
, and in support of this, Tikhomirov and the TsKB-17 initiated a number of designs for new aircraft microwave radars; these used magnetrons that had been developed in the Soviet Union.
Post-War Defense Activities
In 1946, the TsKB-17 and the NII-20 were combined to form the Moscow NII-17. Tikhomirov was appointed Deputy Director for Research and Chief Designer of airborne radars. In 1949, he was appointed Director and Research Supervisor. In addition to completing Argon, Tikhomirov led the design of Selen (Selenium) radar systems for attack aircraft detection. His most important development at that time was the Kadmiy (Cadmium), a radar gun-sight and high-precision aircraft range-finder; he received his third Stalin Award for this work (1953).There emerged a Tikhomirov ‘school’ of design. In this, with a comprehensive approach to the development of an aircraft, WCS was regarded as being not a just mere part or component of the aircraft, but rather a system that was as important to the aircraft as its airframe, and made the aircraft an integrated combat unit.
As a large variety of jet aircraft were being designed and produced, the NII-17 provided the needed radars. These included the Toriy (Thorium), giving the MiG-15, an “all-weather” interceptor capability, and the Izumrud (Emerald) gun-sight series, the first of which was used on the MiG-15
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 was a jet fighter developed for the USSR by Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich. The MiG-15 was one of the first successful swept-wing jet fighters, and it achieved fame in the skies over Korea, where early in the war, it outclassed all straight-winged enemy fighters in...
and MiG-17
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 is a high-subsonic fighter aircraft produced in the USSR from 1952 and operated by numerous air forces in many variants. Most MiG-17 variants cannot carry air-to-air missiles, but shot down many aircraft with its cannons...
fighters. Operating at microwave wavelengths, Izumrud used separate antennas for searching and tracking. This was the first time Tikhomirov applied automatic tracking modes, serving as a prototype for further WCS design.
An air-to-air missile, the K-5, began development in 1951. This was followed by the Topaz radar design for the Tu-16
Tupolev Tu-16
The Tupolev Tu-16 was a twin-engine jet bomber used by the Soviet Union. It has flown for more than 50 years, and the Chinese license-built Xian H-6 remains in service with the Chinese air force.-Development:...
bomber, and the Almaz (Diamond) radar for the Yak-25
Yakovlev Yak-25
The Yakovlev Yak-25 was a swept wing, turbojet-powered interceptor aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft built by Yakovlev and used by the Soviet Union.-Design and development:...
and MiG-19
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19
The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 is a Soviet second-generation, single-seat, twin jet-engined fighter aircraft. It was the first Soviet production aircraft capable of supersonic speeds in level flight. A comparable U.S...
. The Izumrud-2 was for MiG-17 PFU, carrying the RC-1U, the first Soviet guided air-to-air missile. Tikhomirov was also leading the research on an advanced, multi-functional, airborne radar system incorporating a digital computer. Ardalion Rastov
Ardalion Rastov
Ardalion Ardalionovich Rastov is a Soviet engineer and chief designer of both Kub and Buk self-propelled missile launchers.Graduated from radiotechnical faculty of Moscow Energy Institute in 1949...
served as Tikhomirov’s deputy in these efforts.
In 1953, Tikhomirov was elected as a Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Technical Sciences (Radio Engineering, Electronics, Automation, and Remote Control). Since Tikhomirov did not hold an academic degree at that time, this was a very unusual action by the Academy.
Because of the large scope of Tikomirov’s research, a branch of NII-17 was formed in Zhukovsky, an aviation research center 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Moscow. In February 1956, this branch was transformed into an independent enterprise, designated as Specialist Design Bureau-15 (OKB-15), and commonly called the Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP). Tikhomirov was initially the Research Supervisor, and then became Director. The first NIIP projects supervised by Tikhomirov included several models of Uragan (Hurricane) airborne radar systems for interceptor aircraft.
The title of Designer General of aviation equipment was established by the USSR Council of Ministers in 1956, and Tikhomirov was among 12 leading designers initially receiving this title. Tikhomirov was the only Designer General from the radar-WCS field; all of the others were aircraft designers.
In July 1958, the NIIP began the design of a new, highly advanced, mobile air-defense system. Eventually designated the 2k12 Kub (Cube), each battery consisted of a number of similar tracked vehicles, one of which carried a radar with a range of 75 km (47 mi), as well as an optical sighting unit. Several other design bureaus were involved in creating the Kub, all coordinated by Tikhomirov.
The Kub prototype was placed under test in August 1959. With the complex design and units from diverse sources, it was not unexpected that the initial tests were unsatisfactory. This led to changes in the design, followed by further testing, all greatly lengthening the development schedule. By the end of 1961, Tikhomirov and his team had solved the basic developmental problems, but the project was far behind schedule.
Although Tikhomirov justified two years of additional development, the Defense Ministry did not agree; consequently, Tikhomirov was relieved of his duties in 1962. Ardalion Rastov, whom he had mentored since 1953, took over as Chief Designer.
The first success came when the system downed a target aircraft in February 1964, within the two years that Tikhomirov had projected. The Kub air-defense missile system ultimately passed all testing and was commissioned into service in 1966. In NATO nations, it was called Gainful, as well as SA-6. Later it was sold internationally to 25 nations under the export name Kvadrat (Square).
The NIIP continued in developing air-defense and related systems. In 1995, it was renamed the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
JSC V.V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design is a joint stock company, one of the major Russian enterprises in the development of weaponry control systems for fighter planes and mobile medium range anti-aircraft SAM defense vehicles.The institute was created on March 1,...
(Tikhomirov NIIP). Other portions of the original NII-17 became the Scientific Research Institute of Radar (NIIR) and, later Phazotron-NIIR
Phazotron
JSC Phazotron , is Russia's largest developer of military radars and avionics. Named after one of the major projects and the most important one it was involved in, the first cosmotron in the former-USSR, it was first formed in 1917 to produce aviation instruments...
. Both of these firms, as well as the previously mentioned Vega Radio Engineering, credit Tikhomirov as the technical leader of their founding organization.
Anatoly Kanashchenkovа, Director and Designer General of Phazotron-NIIR, made the following comment: “Victor Tikhomirov left a most profound imprint on today's inimitable style of doing research at our enterprise. In fact, he created an entire school of designing radars and WCSs of fighters.”
Ardalion Rastov, the person who replaced Tikhomirov on the Kub program, has been quoted as saying: “Tikhomirov organized a wonderful team, where not administrative power, but the power of common sense and reason reigned.”
Academy of Sciences Activities
After leaving the NIIP, Tikhomirov was appointed by the USSR Academy of SciencesRussian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences consists of the national academy of Russia and a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation as well as auxiliary scientific and social units like libraries, publishers and hospitals....
as the Head of the Biological Experiment Automation Department of the Institute of Biological Physics. The Special Design Engineering Bureau for Biological Instrumentation was established upon Tikhomirov’s initiative (it is presently known as the Institute of Biological Instrument Design). Under his supervision, many devices and equipment sets for automating biological research were developed; his accomplishments in biotelemetry were particularly important.
When the Biological Instrument Design Commission was formed within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in the 1960s, Tikhomirov became its proactive and respected member. In 1979, Tikhomirov moved to the Institute of Oceanology, under the Academy of Sciences, where a laboratory for hydroacoustic equipment design was created upon his initiative; he worked there for the remainder of his life.
Honors and Recognitions
For his accomplishments, Victor Vasilievitch Tikhomirov received the following USSR/Russian decorations:- Three times laureate of the Stalin PrizeUSSR State PrizeThe USSR State Prize was the Soviet Union's state honour. It was established on September 9, 1966. After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the prize was followed up by the State Prize of the Russian Federation....
(1943, 1945, 1953) - Twice received Order of LeninOrder of LeninThe Order of Lenin , named after the leader of the Russian October Revolution, was the highest decoration bestowed by the Soviet Union...
, the highest decoration bestowed by the USSR - Awarded Order of the Red StarOrder of the Red StarEstablished on 6 April 1930, the Order of the Red Star was an order of the Soviet Union, given to Red Army and Soviet Navy personnel for "exceptional service in the cause of the defense of the Soviet Union in both war and peace". It was established by Resolution of the Presidium of the CEC of the...
- Received Order of the Badge of Honour
- Twice decorated with the Order of the Red Banner of LabourOrder of the Red Banner of LabourThe Order of the Red Banner of Labour was an order of the Soviet Union for accomplishments in labour and civil service. It is the labour counterpart of the military Order of the Red Banner. A few institutions and factories, being the pride of Soviet Union, also received the order.-History:The Red...
- Received Medal for the Defense of Moscow
- Received Medal for the Deeds of Prowess in the Great Patriotic War.
In 1953, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the highly prestigious USSR Academy of Sciences.
In 1956, he became one of the first 12 persons who were assigned the newly introduced title of Designer General.
In 1995, his name was given to the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design
JSC V.V. Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design is a joint stock company, one of the major Russian enterprises in the development of weaponry control systems for fighter planes and mobile medium range anti-aircraft SAM defense vehicles.The institute was created on March 1,...
(Tikhomirov NIIP).
In 2002, the Tikhomirov Award was introduced in the NIIP, the most prominent R&D achievement of the enterprise.
In 2004, pursuant to a resolution of the Geneva Graduate Institute of Business and Management, a nine-magnitude star in the Capricornus
Capricornus
Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac; it is often called Capricorn, especially when referring to the corresponding astrological sign. Its name is Latin for "horned male goat" or "goat horn", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea-goat: a mythical creature that is half...
constellation was named after Tikhomirov and noted in the Ross Astro-Databank.
Personal Information
Victor V. Tikhomirov was married in February 1941 to Galina B. Troitskaya, an engineer in the textile manufacturing industry. They had two sons: Andrey V. Tikomirov (born 1941), and Vladmir V. Tikhomirov (born 1945).Additional references
- Flight Trajectory, Arms and Technologies Publishing House, Moscow, 2005 (in English). Published on the 60th anniversary of the founding of TsBK-17, forerunner of NII-17, MIIP, and Vega Corporation.
- The All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Radio Engineering: Pages of a History, Arms and Technologies Publishing House, Moscow, 2006 (in English). Covers the origins of defense research in the Soviet Union starting in 1925.
- Cherneyak, V. S., I. Ya. Immoreev, and B. M. Vovshin; “Radar in the Soviet Union and Russia: A Brief Historical Outline, IEEE AES Magazine, vol.18, no.12 (Dec. 2003), pp. 8–12.
- Watson, Raymond C., Jr.; Radar Origins Worldwide: History of Its Evolution in 13 Nations Through World War II, Trafford Publishing, 2009.