.yu
Encyclopedia
.yu was the Internet
country code
top-level domain
(ccTLD) that was assigned to Yugoslavia
and was mainly used by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its successor Serbia and Montenegro
between 1994 and 2010.
After Serbia
and Montenegro
acquired separate .rs
and .me
domains in 2007, a transition period started, and the .yu domain finally expired on 30 March 2010.
.yu is the most heavily used top-level domain ever to be deleted.
, during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were the University of Maribor
and the Jožef Stefan Institute
, which were located in Slovenia
.
After the Yugoslav wars
broke out, SFR Yugoslavia dissolved and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was formed, but was under international sanctions at the time. The .yu domain registry had been left in Slovenia
, and the domain became a succession matter
when the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to the University of Belgrade
in Serbia
, which had requested they do so.
In 1994, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
finally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. Since then the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade
.
FR Yugoslavia renamed itself Serbia and Montenegro
in February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD .cs
was reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However, .cs was never actually used, and .yu remained one of the few ccTLDs that did not correspond to a current ISO 3166-1
two-letter code.
The state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in July 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change of ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code CS to RS. The new domains .rs
for Serbia and .me
for Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.
In September 2007 ICANN
resolved that the .yu domain would be operated temporarily under the Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names, operators of the new .rs domain registry. A two-year transition period started, and the .yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009. However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months away. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the .yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010.
s. The Serbian Orthodox Church
was also allowed to use .yu domain.
The second-level domain
s under .yu included:
Montenegrin
websites often used subdomain .cg.yu which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which registered the domain, making it a popular option for those who opt not to register a domain for their website.
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...
country code
Country code
Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have been developed to do this. The best known of these is ISO 3166-1...
top-level domain
Top-level domain
A top-level domain is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a...
(ccTLD) that was assigned to Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....
and was mainly used by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its successor Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro was a country in southeastern Europe, formed from two former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia : Serbia and Montenegro. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was established in 1992 as a federation called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia...
between 1994 and 2010.
After Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
and Montenegro
Montenegro
Montenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
acquired separate .rs
.rs
.rs is the Internet country code top-level domain for Serbia. The domain name registry that operates it is the Register of National Internet Domain Names of Serbia . The letters rs stand for Republic of Serbia....
and .me
.me
.me is the Internet country code top-level domain for Montenegro.The .me top level domain replaced the .yu domain previously used by Serbia and Montenegro....
domains in 2007, a transition period started, and the .yu domain finally expired on 30 March 2010.
.yu is the most heavily used top-level domain ever to be deleted.
History
The .yu ccTLD was assigned originally to the Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...
, during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were the University of Maribor
University of Maribor
The University of Maribor is the second university in Slovenia, established in 1975. It currently has 17 faculties.-History:The university's roots reach back to 1859, when a theological seminary was established with the encouragement of Maribor bishop and patriot Anton Martin Slomšek...
and the Jožef Stefan Institute
Jožef Stefan Institute
The Jožef Stefan Institute , is the largest research institute in Slovenia. The main research areas are physics, chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, information technologies, reactor physics, energy and environment...
, which were located in Slovenia
Slovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
.
After the Yugoslav wars
Yugoslav wars
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of wars, fought throughout the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1995. The wars were complex: characterized by bitter ethnic conflicts among the peoples of the former Yugoslavia, mostly between Serbs on the one side and Croats and Bosniaks on the other; but also...
broke out, SFR Yugoslavia dissolved and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was formed, but was under international sanctions at the time. The .yu domain registry had been left in Slovenia
Slovenia
Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of...
, and the domain became a succession matter
Succession of states
Succession of states is a theory and practice in international relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created sovereign state by other states, based on a perceived historical relationship the new state has with a prior state...
when the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to the University of Belgrade
University of Belgrade
The University of Belgrade is the oldest and largest university of Serbia.Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School in revolutionary Serbia, by 1838 it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments into a single university...
in Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
, which had requested they do so.
In 1994, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System , media types, and other Internet Protocol-related symbols and numbers...
finally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. Since then the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade
University of Belgrade
The University of Belgrade is the oldest and largest university of Serbia.Founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School in revolutionary Serbia, by 1838 it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments into a single university...
.
FR Yugoslavia renamed itself Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia and Montenegro was a country in southeastern Europe, formed from two former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia : Serbia and Montenegro. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was established in 1992 as a federation called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia...
in February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD .cs
.cs
.cs was for several years the country code top-level domain for Czechoslovakia. However, the country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, and the two new countries were soon assigned their own ccTLDs: .cz and .sk respectively...
was reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However, .cs was never actually used, and .yu remained one of the few ccTLDs that did not correspond to a current ISO 3166-1
ISO 3166-1
ISO 3166-1 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , and defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names...
two-letter code.
The state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in July 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change of ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code CS to RS. The new domains .rs
.rs
.rs is the Internet country code top-level domain for Serbia. The domain name registry that operates it is the Register of National Internet Domain Names of Serbia . The letters rs stand for Republic of Serbia....
for Serbia and .me
.me
.me is the Internet country code top-level domain for Montenegro.The .me top level domain replaced the .yu domain previously used by Serbia and Montenegro....
for Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.
In September 2007 ICANN
ICANN
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a non-profit corporation headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, United States, that was created on September 18, 1998, and incorporated on September 30, 1998 to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly...
resolved that the .yu domain would be operated temporarily under the Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names, operators of the new .rs domain registry. A two-year transition period started, and the .yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009. However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months away. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the .yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010.
Former use of .yu domains
All of the domains directly under .yu were reserved for legal entities only. Top level domain was reserved for federal institutions and official governmental institutions, as well as Internet service providerInternet service provider
An Internet service provider is a company that provides access to the Internet. Access ISPs directly connect customers to the Internet using copper wires, wireless or fiber-optic connections. Hosting ISPs lease server space for smaller businesses and host other people servers...
s. The Serbian Orthodox Church
Serbian Orthodox Church
The Serbian Orthodox Church is one of the autocephalous Orthodox Christian churches, ranking sixth in order of seniority after Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Russia...
was also allowed to use .yu domain.
The second-level domain
Second-level domain
In the Domain Name System hierarchy, a second-level domain is a domain that is directly below a top-level domain . For example, in example.com, example is the second-level domain of the .com TLD....
s under .yu included:
- Academic organizations, such as universities, were registered under the academic domain, .ac.yu. For example, the School of Electrical Engineering (.etf) at the University of Belgrade (.bg) had the etf.bg.ac.yu domain.
- Educational institutions, such as primary and high schools, used the .edu.yu domain.
- Independent organizations used the .org.yu domain.
- Corporations used the .co.yu domain.
- Government used the .gov.yu domain.
Montenegrin
Montenegro
Montenegro Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора , meaning "Black Mountain") is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the...
websites often used subdomain .cg.yu which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which registered the domain, making it a popular option for those who opt not to register a domain for their website.
External links
- IANA .yu whois information
- "Srbija i Crna Gora - koje će biti ime domena? Internet domen Srbije: RS, SS, SP, SQ, SW ili SX", Elitesecurity, 5 February 2003.