Aggro Berlin vs. Bushido feud
Encyclopedia
The Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin was a German hip-hop independent record label based in Berlin, Germany that existed from 1 January 2001 until 1 April 2009. Three artists; Sido, Tony D and Kitty Kat were signed with the label at the time of its closure....

 vs. ersguterjunge
Ersguterjunge
ersguterjunge is an independent German hip hop label distributed by Sony BMG. It was founded by rappers D-Bo and Bushido in 2004, after he left the indie label Aggro Berlin. Bushido is the managing director.-History:...

 feud
was a German hip hop rivalry between the members of the two well known Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...

 labels, which has started in 2004 and ended 2011. It was mainly a dispute between the rappers Sido
Sido (rapper)
Paul Hartmut Würdig , better known as Sido, is a German rapper.The name "Sido" is an abbreviation which stands for "superintelligentes Drogenopfer" or "Scheiße in dein Ohr" in earlier times.Würdig distinguishes himself by using provocative and aggressive lyrics...

, B-Tight
B-Tight
Robert Edward Davis , better known by his stage name B-Tight, is a Gangsta rapper, who grew up in Berlin, Germany.- Early life and personal life :...

 and Fler
Fler
Patrick Losensky better known as Fler, is a German rapper. He also uses the pseudonym Frank White after the character in King of New York....

 of Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin was a German hip-hop independent record label based in Berlin, Germany that existed from 1 January 2001 until 1 April 2009. Three artists; Sido, Tony D and Kitty Kat were signed with the label at the time of its closure....

 and Bushido
Bushido (rapper)
Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi, , better known as Bushido, is a German rapper. The word Bushido is Japanese and means "Way of the Warrior". He also uses the pseudonym Sonny Black, based on Dominic Napolitano. As of 2009, he sold more than 1,5 million albums in Germany alone...

, who founded his own label ersguterjunge
Ersguterjunge
ersguterjunge is an independent German hip hop label distributed by Sony BMG. It was founded by rappers D-Bo and Bushido in 2004, after he left the indie label Aggro Berlin. Bushido is the managing director.-History:...

 after leaving Aggro Berlin in 2004. The feud was sometimes referenced as Aggro Berlin vs. Bushido feud or Sido/Fler vs. Bushido feud.

The feud was often been interpreted as a marketing gag of the two labels to increase their sales and to draw media attention onto them.

Signing and collaboration: 2001-2003

In 2001, Bushido got signed onto Aggro Berlin and worked together with Sido, B-Tight and Fler. In 2002, they released the albums Aggro Ansage Nr. 1 and Aggro Ansage Nr. 2, which features Sido, Bushido and B-Tight. In the same year Bushido and Fler released Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten
Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten
Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten is an album by German rappers Bushido and Fler . It was released in October 2002 on Aggro Berlin....

, which achieved cult status. Bushido released his second album Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline
Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline
Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline is the first solo album by Bushido, released in July 14, 2003 under the label Aggro Berlin and was later indexed. The album reached #88 in the German Media Control Charts. It was entirely produced by Bushido and DJ Ilan.- Indexing :The youth welfare office from...

in 2003, with guest parts from Fler, A.i.d.S, Sahira and Joek2.

Bushido's debut album King of KingZ
King of KingZ
King of KingZ is a demo album by Bushido released 2001 on tape. In 2003 it was rereleased by German label Aggro Berlin and indexed by the BPjM in 2005...

, which originally was released in 2001 over I Luv Money Records
I Luv Money Records
I Luv Money Records is a German hip hop record label, founded in 2001 by King Orgasmus One, Bass Sultan Hengzt, D-Bo and Bushido.- Artists:Amir* Clickx* Godsilla* JokA* Murdoch* Sera Finale* DJ Jim Tonic- Releases :|Capo Fiasko - Capokalypse...

, was re-released in 2003, entitled King of KingZ (Digital Remastered).

Bushido's exit: 2004

Time after time it came to disputes between Bushido
Bushido (rapper)
Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi, , better known as Bushido, is a German rapper. The word Bushido is Japanese and means "Way of the Warrior". He also uses the pseudonym Sonny Black, based on Dominic Napolitano. As of 2009, he sold more than 1,5 million albums in Germany alone...

 and his label bosses Specter, Spaiche and Halil because he accused them of disrespecting him and to have betrayed him for his money. In 2004 Bushido left Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin was a German hip-hop independent record label based in Berlin, Germany that existed from 1 January 2001 until 1 April 2009. Three artists; Sido, Tony D and Kitty Kat were signed with the label at the time of its closure....

 and asked Fler
Fler
Patrick Losensky better known as Fler, is a German rapper. He also uses the pseudonym Frank White after the character in King of New York....

 to join him, who refused to do so. Since then both of them had broken all ties. Bushido later explained to the media that his departure from his former label was just because of musical differences and personal reasons: "I just wanted to leave Aggro, because of personal reasons, that was nothing for no person other who had been involved. [...] And the outcome of that was a starkly personal conflict [...]"

Bushido and D-Bo
D-Bo
Danny Bokelmann better known under his stage name D-Bo is a German rapper and record producer.- 1999-2002: Life and early carrer :...

 founded the label ersguterjunge
Ersguterjunge
ersguterjunge is an independent German hip hop label distributed by Sony BMG. It was founded by rappers D-Bo and Bushido in 2004, after he left the indie label Aggro Berlin. Bushido is the managing director.-History:...

 in the same year and thereafter signed Baba Saad
Baba Saad
Saad El-Haddad , better known by his stage names Baba Saad or just Saad, is a German rapper of Lebanese heritage.- Early life :...

, Bass Sultan Hengzt
Bass Sultan Hengzt
Fabio Ferzan Cataldi better known by his stage name Bass Sultan Hengzt is a German rapper of Italian and Turkish descent.- 2001-2002: Early carrer :...

, DJ Ilan, and DJ Devin. Bass Sultan Hengzt left shortly after he released his album Rap braucht immer noch kein Abitur. DJ Ilan left ersguterjunge to work for Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin was a German hip-hop independent record label based in Berlin, Germany that existed from 1 January 2001 until 1 April 2009. Three artists; Sido, Tony D and Kitty Kat were signed with the label at the time of its closure....

, which Bushido took badly.

In 2004, Eko Fresh
Eko Fresh
Ekrem Bora , better known as Eko Fresh and also as Elektro Eko, is a German rapper of Turkish descent.- Early life :...

 released his single "Die Abrechnung", that mainly disses his former mentor Kool Savas
Kool Savas
Savas Yurderi also known as Kool Savas , is a German rapper and hip hop artist. Savas is mostly referred to as "King of Rap" or "King of German Rap"."Savaş" is the Turkish word for "war"....

 but also insultes several other German rappers, including Sido, Fler and Bushido.

Fler responded in late 2004 to Eko Fresh, with a track called "Hollywoodtürke", that also mocks Bushido. Later released Eko Fresh's mixtape Fick noch immer deine Story, that contains the track "FLERräter" (a word play of Fler's name and "Verräter"; German for "traitor"), a diss to Fler, that features also Bushido.

Fler and B-Tight
B-Tight
Robert Edward Davis , better known by his stage name B-Tight, is a Gangsta rapper, who grew up in Berlin, Germany.- Early life and personal life :...

 released the track "Du Opfer", an insult to Eko Fresh, where Fler also responds to Bushido's claims and said that he was never going to insult his mother or family. After he had reacted on Bushido, he made unkind remarks at Eko Fresh. Fler claimed that Eko Fresh is nothing but a victim and also referenced Valezka, Eko Fresh's wife at the time. B-Tight dissed him as well because he himself was insulted in "Die Abrechnung".

In an interview with magazine Bravo HipHop Special Bushido and Fler spoke openly about their feud. Bushido told the magazine that Fler had refused to leave with him Aggro Berlin. He also said, that Fler had asked to produce his album Neue Deutsche Welle
Neue Deutsche Welle (album)
Neue Deutsche Welle is the 1st solo album by German rapper Fler.The album is accused of having nationalist views, because of his lyrics in songs like "Neue Deutsche Welle", such as the line: Das ist schwarz, rot, gold - hart und stolz ...

but Bushido had refused to work any more with the label. "He was since then with those people together, who had wished me the badest thing in the world", added Bushido. When Bravo interviewed Fler, he told them: "In 2004 Bushido wanted to leave Aggro Berlin. He said that they had treated him unfairly. He never talked openly about this". He also said that he felt betrayed that his former friend had made a deal with Universal and that he teamed up with Eko Fresh.

First and second round of disses: 2004-2008

After this exchange Fler and Bushido became enemies and began to release diss tracks and make fun of each other in interviews. Sido got more involved in the beef from time to time. Since Bushido had released Electro Ghetto
Electro Ghetto
Electro Ghetto is the second solo album by German rapper Bushido, released under the label ersguterjunge on October 25, 2004. It features, among others, the artists Azad, Sentino, Cassandra Steen, Bass Sultan Hengzt and Baba Saad. It was sold more than 100,000 times in Germany and achieved gold...

he turned as successful as Sido did with Maske
Maske
Maske is the debut album of the German rapper Sido. The album reached gold status and sold over 180.000 sold CD's to date.- Success :...

. Both rappers and their labels had considerably good sales and were considered very successful and popular.

On Bushido's albums Von der Skyline zum Bordstein zurück
Von der Skyline zum Bordstein zurück
Von der Skyline zum Bordstein zurück is the fourth solo album by Bushido.The title alludes to his first solo album Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline.- Information :...

and Heavy Metal Payback
Heavy Metal Payback
Heavy Metal Payback is the sixth solo album by German rapper Bushido, released October 10, 2008 under the record label ersguterjunge. The title of the album was taken from an earlier song entitled "Heavy Metal Payback" from Aggro Ansage Nr. 2. 3 Singles were released: "Ching Ching", "Für immer...

, he attacked Sido in some lines. Heavy Metal Payback contained the title "4, 3, 2, 1 (Vielen Dank Aggro)", a track attacking his former label. In August 2008 Bushido released a 10 minute video on YouTube
YouTube
YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos....

, where he runs Sido, Fler and also Bass Sultan Hengzt down and claimed that he once saw Sido kissing a man backstage.

On December 2008, Aggro Berlin released its sampler Aggro Anti Ansage Nr. 8 containing a track by Sido called "Du bist Scheiße" ("You're crap"), where he made fun of Bushido and other artists including Kay One and Oliver Pocher
Oliver Pocher
Oliver Pocher is a German actor, stand-up comedian and television host.- Early life and professional training :...

. During the hook of the song he mentions them as well as Chakuza
Chakuza
Peter Pangerl , better known as Chakuza, is an Austrian rapper. He lived in Berlin from 2006 to 2010 and was signed to Bushido's label ersguterjunge. In November 2010 he left ersguterjunge for Beatlefield Productions...

, Karel Gott
Karel Gott
Karel Gott is a Czech Schlager singer, and an amateur painter. He is considered as the most successful male singer in former Czechoslovakia and currently in the Czech Republic; he has being voted the Most Favorite Male Singer in the annual national pool Český slavík in total thirty-six times...

, Kollegah
Kollegah
Felix Antoine Blume is a German rapper, known as Kollegah. He is signed to label Selfmade Records.His rapping technique is heavily based on gangsta rap, but he calls his personal characterization "pimp rap"...

, Thomas Godoj
Thomas Godoj
Thomas Godoj is a Polish-German rock-pop singer and songwriter. He is known most notably for winning the fifth season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar, the German version of Pop Idol....

 and Michel Friedman
Michel Friedman
Michel Friedman is a German lawyer, former CDU politician and talk show host. From 2000 to 2003 Friedman was vice president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, and president of the European Jewish Congress from 2001 to 2003. From 1998 to 2003 he had his own show on German television...

 and calls them "shit".

Bushido released his response with Kay One some days later, titled "S.I.D.O.". In the song Bushido insulted Sido's mother by calling her a "junkie", which insulted Sido deeply. He and Alpa Gun
Alpa Gun
Alper Sendilmen is a German rapper with Turkish origin, better known as Alpa Gun. In 2004 he got signed to Berlin label Sektenmuzik and since then a member of rap group Die Sekte.-Biography:...

 released on the 26th of December their answer titled "Frohe Weihnachten" ("Merry Christmas"). In the track Sido draws Bushido's attention, saying that he had gone too far by insulting his mother. In additional he insults Bushido and ends his verse with the words: "Merry Christmas you asshole". Alpa Gun also insults Bushido in his verse and tells him to retaliate, while also attacking Kay One and ersguterjunge
Ersguterjunge
ersguterjunge is an independent German hip hop label distributed by Sony BMG. It was founded by rappers D-Bo and Bushido in 2004, after he left the indie label Aggro Berlin. Bushido is the managing director.-History:...

 as well.

On January 1, 2009 Kay One released a diss song called "Live2Live", which was recorded over the beat of "Go To Sleep" (a song by Eminem
Eminem
Marshall Bruce Mathers III , better known by his stage name Eminem or his alter ego Slim Shady, is an American rapper, record producer, songwriter and actor. Eminem's popularity brought his group project, D12, to mainstream recognition...

, DMX
DMX (rapper)
Earl Simmons , better known by his stage name DMX, is a multiplatinum American rapper and actor who rose to fame in the late 1990s. His stage name pays tribute to the Oberheim DMX drum machine, an instrument he used when he made his own rap beats in the 80's...

 and Obie Trice
Obie Trice
Obie Trice III is an American rapper and songwriter. He began rapping at the age of 11, and is most known for his time spent signed to Shady Records. Obie Trice has formed his own record label, Black Market Entertainment.-Biography:...

), as answer to "Frohe Weinnachten".

Reconciliation of Fler and Bushido: 2009

On March 23, 2009, Fler left Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin
Aggro Berlin was a German hip-hop independent record label based in Berlin, Germany that existed from 1 January 2001 until 1 April 2009. Three artists; Sido, Tony D and Kitty Kat were signed with the label at the time of its closure....

 and the label closed down on 1 April. Fler wrote: "I thank Aggro for the support during 6 years. I had learned so much, with their collaboration. [...] But now comes the future and I will enjoy it!"

After Bushido had seen the official statement from the three chefs Halil, Spaiche and Specter on the website of Aggro Berlin, he contacted Fler for ending their feud. After several speculations about an own forming label or a being signed to ersguterjunge, both rappers had added each other on MySpace to their Top Friends and started to bring their feud to an end.

They officially showed their reconciliation with a photoshooting of the 6th Issue from Bravo HipHop Special. In the interview, where they talked about their new friendship, said Fler: "First of all, it's not about an collaboration album". To the question, how their surroundings had reacted to their reconciliation, answered Fler: "The only person, with whom I first talked about that, was Sido. [...] He was like: 'No problem, cleared that up' [...]". Bushido answered: "From my side is everyone cool with it. There were no problems [...]". He also promised to not diss Sido anymore, because of Fler.

Conflict between Fler and Sido: 2009-2010

Three months later, on July 2009, the Ich bin drin concert took place in Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...

, which was a live reunion of former Aggro Berlin artists and their friends, including Joe Rilla, Shizoe and DJ Werd. However Fler didn't joined them. "The split between us and Bushido is unfortunately difficult", B-Tight
B-Tight
Robert Edward Davis , better known by his stage name B-Tight, is a Gangsta rapper, who grew up in Berlin, Germany.- Early life and personal life :...

 explained to Bravo HipHop Special, Issue 9. "We aren't friends anymore. But I give him my best wishes".

On July 10, 2009, Sido performed his song "Mein Testament" from Ich
Ich (album)
Ich is the second album by Sido. After two weeks of release , it reached gold status. The album climbed to number 4 in the albums chart.- Standart Edition :- Premium Edition :Bonus...

at the Open Air Frauenfeld, by changing following line:

Original:
"Fler bekommt meine drei Goldenen Platten, egal was alle sagen, du standest NIE unter meinem goldenen Schatten"
("Fler gets my three golden records, it doesn't matter what they all say, you NEVER stood under my golden shadow")


In Frauenfeld
Frauenfeld
Frauenfeld is the capital of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.-Early history:The earliest trace of human settlement are several La Tène era graves to the east of Langdorf. The Roman road from Oberwinterthur to Pfyn ran through what is now the Allmend in Frauenfeld. Two Roman villas were...

, Sido replaced the word "never" with "always". Later on Sido changed the line again and "deleted" Fler from his testament: "Fler gets nothing! There I have to disappoint you. He now has got everything what he needs at his new friends'".

As Fler found out about that line, he stated in the forum of his website that he was disappointed about that. "I don't understand that reaction of Sido and actually I don't care about that."
According to Fler, Bushido rapped on Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten 2
Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten 2 (2009 album)
Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten 2 is a 2009 collabo album by German rappers Bushido & Fler . The album was titled as second part, but is actually the third part of the Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten albums....

following line that seems to be a diss to Sido: “Nimm deine Doreen, Paul, und fick dich” ("Take your Doreen [Steinert], and piss off").

After some months in which Fler had no longer mentioned or insulted Sido, Fler spoke to Bravo HipHop Special Issue 6 about Sido's diss: "Sido just is offended, because he can't no longer hang out with me [...] But the pressure coming from his friends and Doreen [Steinert] was too big, so he had to say: If Fler is cool with Bushido, then it can't be me any longer". Fler also told the magazine, that he once had an appointment with Bushido at Universal
Universal Music Group
Universal Music Group is an American music group, the largest of the "big four" record companies by its commanding market share and its multitude of global operations...

 and Sido had coincidently arrived the same time. According to the magazine, Fler re-introduced both of them to each other and they shook hands.

Sido responded to this: "[...] I didn't thought about that too long, of course. He will no longer appear in my testament. He gets nothing".

On July 11, 2010 a video leaked on the internet where Sido is seen buying Alpa Gun
Alpa Gun
Alper Sendilmen is a German rapper with Turkish origin, better known as Alpa Gun. In 2004 he got signed to Berlin label Sektenmuzik and since then a member of rap group Die Sekte.-Biography:...

's album Almanci. Then he is looking for another CD and discovered Flersguterjunge
Flersguterjunge
Flersguterjunge is the fifth studio album by rapper Fler, that released on the 11th June 2010 over hip hop label ersguterjunge as Standard and Premium Edition.- Background :...

and painted on the album's cover Fler an beard. On the same day Fler released his video for "Erst Ghetto, dann Promi", a diss track against Sido.

Reconciliation of Sido and Bushido: 2011

On December 30, 2010, released Sido
Sido (rapper)
Paul Hartmut Würdig , better known as Sido, is a German rapper.The name "Sido" is an abbreviation which stands for "superintelligentes Drogenopfer" or "Scheiße in dein Ohr" in earlier times.Würdig distinguishes himself by using provocative and aggressive lyrics...

 with then newcomer Haftbefehl the free-track titled "2010", in which both referred to the whole situation of German hip-hop. In one line Sido made a reference to Bushido
Bushido (rapper)
Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi, , better known as Bushido, is a German rapper. The word Bushido is Japanese and means "Way of the Warrior". He also uses the pseudonym Sonny Black, based on Dominic Napolitano. As of 2009, he sold more than 1,5 million albums in Germany alone...

:

German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....

 (original):
"Und die BMWs wollen wieder mal Stress mit uns, trotzdem wünsch ich Anis gute Besserung. Was solls, dieser Streit macht keinen Sinn mehr. Ich bin kein Kind mehr, mich interessiert mein Kind mehr."


English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 (translation):
"And the BMWs (Berlins Most Wanted
Berlins Most Wanted
Berlins Most Wanted is a Berlin rap group founded by rappers Bushido, Bass Sultan Hengzt and King Orgasmus One. The date of the foundation isn't clearly known, but the artists were represented together under the group's name on some albums, including King of KingZ by Bushido, and on King Orgasmus'...

) once again wanted to stress with us/ Nevertheless I wish Anis (Bushido's birth name) to get well soon/ What the hell, this dispute makes no sense any longer/ I'm not a child any more/ I'm more interested into my child."


Bushido who had a disc protrusion
Disc protrusion
A disc protrusion is a disease condition which can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact, but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.A disc protrusion may progress to a...

 that time and was brought to hospital, where he got operated. Sido was referring to that by wished him to get well soon. Bushido reacted to the track on January 12, 2011 via Twitter
Disc protrusion
A disc protrusion is a disease condition which can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact, but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.A disc protrusion may progress to a...

.

An section of the conversation from Twitter (translated from German into English):
Bushido78 (pseudonym of Bushido): "Thanks for the well wishes if they were serious"
siggismallz (pseudonym of Sido): "They were serious!!!"
Bushido78: "How come after all these years?"
siggismallz: "... This dispute doesn't make sense any more..."
Bushido78: "I see so"


The rest of the conversion has been displaced to be private.

In additional to this, on August 15, 2011 Sony Music Entertainment
Sony Music Entertainment
Sony Music Entertainment ' is the second-largest global recorded music company of the "big four" record companies and is controlled by Sony Corporation of America, the United States subsidiary of Japan's Sony Corporation....

 released a press info that a collabaration album of Sido and Bushido titled 23
23 (Bushido & Sido album)
23 is an collaboration album by German rap duo 23, consisting of Bushido and Sido, which was released on October 14th, 2011 in three different editions: Standard, Premium and Deluxe....

will release on October 14.

Released tracks

During Aggro Berlin:
  • Eko Fresh - "Die Abrechnung" (2004)
  • Fler - "Hollywood Türke" ("Hollywood Turk") (2004)
  • Eko Fresh feat. Bushido - "FLERräter" (wordplay of Fler's name and "Verräter" meaning "Traitor" in German) (2005)
  • Fler - "A.G.G.R.O Gee" (2006)
  • Bushido - "4, 3, 2, 1 (Vielen Dank Aggro Berlin)" ("Thanks a lot Aggro Berlin") (2008)
  • Bushido & Kay One - "S.I.D.O." (2008)
  • Sido & Alpa Gun - "Frohe Weihnachten" ("Merry christmas") (2008)
  • Kay One - "Live2Live" (2009)

After Aggro Berlin:
  • Sido - "Mein Testament" (Live aus 'm MV) ("My testament" Live out of Märkisches Viertel
    Märkisches Viertel
    Märkisches Viertel is a German locality in the borough of Reinickendorf in Berlin.-Overview:It consists of a large housing estate of about 17,000 apartments with chains of high-rises up to 16 floors that were built from 1964 to 1974 by the GeSoBau Gesellschaft für sozialen Wohnungsbau...

    )
    (2010)
  • Fler - "Erst Ghetto, dann Promi" ("First ghetto, then celebrity") (2010)
  • Fler - "Alle gefickt" ("All fucked") (2010)

External links

  • http://www.deutscher-rap.de/rap_deutsch_news/zwischen-sido-und-bushido-kracht-es-mal-wieder-gewaltig/
  • http://www.rap2soul.de/2009/01/07/sido-vs-bushido-diss-krieg-der-rapper-ein-rap2soul-webschau-special/
  • http://blog.hiphop.de/spit-tv/12867/
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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