Aristotle's views on women influenced later Western thinkers

Western philosophy

Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies and the varieties of indigenous philosophies....

, who quoted him as an authority until the end of the Middle Ages

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...

, and are thus an important topic in women's history

Women's history

Women's history is the study of the role that women have played in history, together with the methods needed to study women. It includes the study of the history of the growth of woman's rights throughout recorded history, the examination of individual women of historical significance, and the...

.

Women held to be colder than men

Aristotle

Aristotle

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology...

 believed that women are colder than men and thus less perfect..

Women are like infertile men

Aristotle thought that woman's inability to produce semen is her deficiency. A woman, Aristotle declares, is as it were an infertile male. A male is male in virtue of a particular ability, and a female in virtue of a particular inability.

Women more emotional than men

According to Aristotle, woman is more compassionate than man, more easily moved to tears, while at the same time being more jealous, more querulous, more apt to scold and to strike. She is more prone to despondency and less hopeful than the man, more void of shame or self-respect, more false of speech, more deceptive, and of more retentive memory

Memory

In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing memory....

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Women belong in the home

After having declared that women are physically inferior to men, he goes on to claim that their proper place is in the home, controlled by their husbands, because this corresponds to Greek constitutional law. Therefore, he thought that women should not be educated with or like men, but should receive training in gymnastics and domestic arts to enable them to manage households, to bear and raise children, and to please and be obedient to their husbands.

Ruling relation of male and female, of husband and wife

According to Aristotle's own statements, the female is by nature distinct from the slave, and the treatment of women as slaves is characteristic of barbarians. Yet the relation of the male to the female is by nature one of superior to inferior, and of ruler to ruled. But according to Aristotle, there are different "ways" or modes (tropoi) of rule, including despotic, royal, and political rule. "Political rule" is of those who are free and equal, who tend in their nature to be on equal terms and to differ in nothing. And Aristotle asserts that the mode of rule that belongs to a husband in relation to his wife is political rule, the rule suitable to those who are free and equal.

As for the differences between husband and wife, Aristotle says that these "always" consist in external appearances, in speeches, and in honors. By nature, but not always, the male is "more apt at leading" than the female; or, both the male and the female have the deliberative capacity of the soul, but in the female it lacks authority. Aristotle rounds this ambiguous view off by quoting a poetic verse wherein a wife's sensible questions were (tragically) dismissed by her husband with the frequented phrase, "to a woman silence brings ornament".

Support for monogamy

Aristotle wrote that a virtuous wife is best honored when she sees that her husband is faithful to her, and has no preference for another woman; but before all others loves and trusts her and holds her as his own. And so much the more will the woman seek to be what he accounts her.

Status of Spartan women

Aristotle wrote that in Sparta

Sparta

Sparta or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c...

, the legislator wanted to make the whole city (or country) hardy and temperate, and he has carried out his intention in the case of the men, but he has neglected the women, who live in every sort of intemperance and luxury. He adds that in those regimes in which the condition of the women is bad, half the city may be regarded as having no laws.

Equal weight to female and male happiness

Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men's, and commented in his Rhetoric that a society cannot be happy unless women are happy too. In places such as Sparta, where the lot of women is unhappy, there can only be half-happiness in society.

Galen

Aristotle's assumptions on female coldness influenced Galen

Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus , better known as Galen of Pergamon , was a prominent Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher...

 and others for almost two thousand years until the sixteenth century.

Church Fathers

In the classical age, which shaped patristic views, male sexuality and power were closely associated, and female sexuality was associated with passivity. Joyce E. Salisbury argues that the Church Fathers

Women in the patristic age

The status of women in the patristic age, as defined by the Church Fathers, is a contentious issue within Christianity because the patristic writers clearly sought to restrict the influence of women in civil society as well as in the life of the Church....

, influenced by Aristotle's opinions, opposed the practice of independent female ascetism because it threatened to emancipate women from men. To take one's pleasure was to be virile, to accept it, servile.

Otto Weininger

In his Sex and Character

Sex and Character

-Male activity and female passivity:The male aspect is active, productive, conscious and moral/logical, while the female aspect is passive, unproductive, unconscious and amoral/alogical. Weininger argues that emancipation should be reserved for the "masculine woman", e.g...

, written in 1903, Otto Weininger

Otto Weininger

Otto Weininger was an Austrian philosopher. In 1903, he published the book Geschlecht und Charakter , which gained popularity after his suicide at the age of 23...

 argues that all people are composed of a mixture of the male and the female substance, and that these views are supported scientifically.

Modern feminists

Aristotle is considered by some contemporary feminist critics to have been a misogynist

Misogyny

Misogyny is the hatred or dislike of women or girls. Philogyny, meaning fondness, love or admiration towards women, is the antonym of misogyny. The term misandry is the term for men that is parallel to misogyny...

 because of his views on women's abilities, temperament, and role in society. He has been criticised by feminists as a significant historical ideologue of patriarchy

Patriarchy

Patriarchy is a social system in which the role of the male as the primary authority figure is central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children, and property. It implies the institutions of male rule and privilege, and entails female subordination...

, sexism

Sexism

Sexism, also known as gender discrimination or sex discrimination, is the application of the belief or attitude that there are characteristics implicit to one's gender that indirectly affect one's abilities in unrelated areas...

and inequality.