Brandenburg-Görden Prison
Encyclopedia
Brandenburg-Görden Prison is located on Anton-Saefkow-Allee in the Görden section of Brandenburg an der Havel. Erected between 1927 and 1935, it was built to be the most secure and modern prison in Europe. It was a Zuchthaus for inmates with lengthy or life sentences at hard labor, as well as prisoners who had been sentenced to death. Both criminal and political prisoners were sent there, also people imprisoned for preventive detention
or for interrogation. Prisoners of war were also sent there. Built with a capacity of 1,800, it sometimes held over 4,000.
The old Brandenburg Prison, on Neudorfer Straße, was closed in 1931 because of its terrible hygenic condition, but later housed the Brandenburg concentration camp from August 1933 till February 1934. The prison later became the site of the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre
, part of the Nazi's euthanasia
program known later as Action T4
, where from February to October 1940, some 10,000 disabled, mentally retarded or mentally ill people were gassed.
Initially, there weren't many political prisoners at the new prison, but during the war years, it increased to about 60%. The prison was installed an execution chamber in 1940, using what had previously been a garage. They installed a guillotine and a gallows. The total number of executions was 2,743 and took place between August 1, 1940 and April 20, 1945. The youngest victim was a 15-year old French boy. By the end of 1942, "preventive detention" prisoners, such as Jews, Roma
, Sinti
, Russians and Ukrainians were sent to concentration camps.
The Red Army
liberated the prison on April 27, 1945, finding around 3,600 prisoners, including 180 awaiting execution. After the war, the Soviet Army
imprisoned collaborators here until 1947, primarily members of the Russian Liberation Army
.
Till 1989, the German Democratic Republic
also used the correctional facility for political prisoners. Since 1975, there has been a memorial room at the prison, which is today part of a Justizvollzugsanstalt complex.
is divided into three main sections, plus a social therapy wing and prison hospital. There is a jail for 88 adults, a medium security wing for 330 adult men and a minimum security wing for 100 adult men. In addition, there is a social therapy wing with 80 men and a prison hospital with 32 beds. There are another 36 beds in the transport wing for prisoners who are being moved from one location to another. The JVA Brandenburg is a men's prison and is supported by a total staff of 439, of whom 145 are women.
Prisoners there have sentences from temporary detention to life, the most severe sentence in Germany. Life sentence does not, however, mean one is to spend the rest of one's life in prison, rather that it is for an undetermined, but long time with a minimum of 15 years. After 15 years, the sentence may be commuted.
The prison is in the midst of a renovation that will last until 2014. It will update the security and technical equipment to state of the art. The prison will remain operational during this time.
The street where the prison exists is now named for one of the people executed there, Anton Saefkow.
. For more information on any of the people below, see the list on the German version of this page.)
Preventive detention
Preventive detention is an imprisonment that is not imposed as the punishment for a crime, but in order to prevent a person from committing a crime, if that person is deemed likely to commit a crime....
or for interrogation. Prisoners of war were also sent there. Built with a capacity of 1,800, it sometimes held over 4,000.
History
By the end of the Nazi era, from 1933 - 1945, roughly 4,300 people had been imprisoned at Brandenburg-Görden. A total of 1,722 people, who were sentenced for political reasons, were executed there. 652 other political prisoners died from disease and seven committed suicide.The old Brandenburg Prison, on Neudorfer Straße, was closed in 1931 because of its terrible hygenic condition, but later housed the Brandenburg concentration camp from August 1933 till February 1934. The prison later became the site of the Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre
Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre
The Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre , officially known as the Brandenburg an der Havel State Welfare Institute The Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre , officially known as the Brandenburg an der Havel State Welfare Institute The Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre , officially known as the Brandenburg an der...
, part of the Nazi's euthanasia
Euthanasia
Euthanasia refers to the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering....
program known later as Action T4
Action T4
Action T4 was the name used after World War II for Nazi Germany's eugenics-based "euthanasia" program during which physicians killed thousands of people who were "judged incurably sick, by critical medical examination"...
, where from February to October 1940, some 10,000 disabled, mentally retarded or mentally ill people were gassed.
Initially, there weren't many political prisoners at the new prison, but during the war years, it increased to about 60%. The prison was installed an execution chamber in 1940, using what had previously been a garage. They installed a guillotine and a gallows. The total number of executions was 2,743 and took place between August 1, 1940 and April 20, 1945. The youngest victim was a 15-year old French boy. By the end of 1942, "preventive detention" prisoners, such as Jews, Roma
Porajmos
The Porajmos was the attempt made by Nazi Germany, the Independent State of Croatia, Horthy's Hungary and their allies to exterminate the Romani people of Europe during World War II...
, Sinti
Sinti
Sinti or Sinta or Sinte is the name of a Romani or Gypsy population in Europe. Traditionally nomadic, today only a small percentage of the group remains unsettled...
, Russians and Ukrainians were sent to concentration camps.
The Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
liberated the prison on April 27, 1945, finding around 3,600 prisoners, including 180 awaiting execution. After the war, the Soviet Army
Soviet Army
The Soviet Army is the name given to the main part of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1992. Previously, it had been known as the Red Army. Informally, Армия referred to all the MOD armed forces, except, in some cases, the Soviet Navy.This article covers the Soviet Ground...
imprisoned collaborators here until 1947, primarily members of the Russian Liberation Army
Russian Liberation Army
Russian Liberation Army was a group of predominantly Russian forces subordinated to the Nazi German high command during World War II....
.
Till 1989, the German Democratic Republic
German Democratic Republic
The German Democratic Republic , informally called East Germany by West Germany and other countries, was a socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city...
also used the correctional facility for political prisoners. Since 1975, there has been a memorial room at the prison, which is today part of a Justizvollzugsanstalt complex.
The present
Today, the prisonPrison
A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime...
is divided into three main sections, plus a social therapy wing and prison hospital. There is a jail for 88 adults, a medium security wing for 330 adult men and a minimum security wing for 100 adult men. In addition, there is a social therapy wing with 80 men and a prison hospital with 32 beds. There are another 36 beds in the transport wing for prisoners who are being moved from one location to another. The JVA Brandenburg is a men's prison and is supported by a total staff of 439, of whom 145 are women.
Prisoners there have sentences from temporary detention to life, the most severe sentence in Germany. Life sentence does not, however, mean one is to spend the rest of one's life in prison, rather that it is for an undetermined, but long time with a minimum of 15 years. After 15 years, the sentence may be commuted.
The prison is in the midst of a renovation that will last until 2014. It will update the security and technical equipment to state of the art. The prison will remain operational during this time.
The street where the prison exists is now named for one of the people executed there, Anton Saefkow.
Notable prisoners
(Many of the people on this list are notable because they later became important in the German Democratic RepublicGerman Democratic Republic
The German Democratic Republic , informally called East Germany by West Germany and other countries, was a socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, including East Berlin of the Allied-occupied capital city...
. For more information on any of the people below, see the list on the German version of this page.)
- Ernst Albert Altenkirch, 1935?-1945?
- Bruno Baum, 1937-1945
- Dieter Borkowski,1971-1972
- Hermann BrillHermann Brillthumb|Dr. Hermann BrillDr. Hermann Louis Brill was a German doctor of law and a politician .- Biography :...
, 1939-1943 - Otto Buchwitz, 1941-1945
- Ernst BuschErnst Busch (actor)Ernst Busch was a German singer and actor.Busch first rose to prominence as an interpreter of political songs, particularly those of Kurt Tucholsky, in the Berlin Kabarett scene of the 1920s...
, 1943-1945 - Karl Wilhelm Fricke, 1956-1959
- Michael Gartenschläger, 1961-1971
- Paul HatschekPaul HatschekPaul Hatschek was a Czech engineer of optical and film technology and a member of the German Resistance against Nazism during the Third Reich. He was involved with Robert Uhrig and then became a leading member of the resistance group, the European Union. According to Robert Havemann, Hatschek was...
, 1943?-1944 - Robert HavemannRobert HavemannRobert Havemann was a chemist, and an East German dissident.He studied chemistry in Berlin and Munich from 1929 to 1933, and then later received a doctorate in physical chemistry from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute....
, 1943-1945 - Walter Hochmuth, 1942?-1945
- Walter Hösterey Hammer, 1942-1945
- Erich HoneckerErich HoneckerErich Honecker was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic as General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1971 until 1989, serving as Head of State as well from Willi Stoph's relinquishment of that post in 1976....
, 1937-1945 - Wilhelm KlingWilhelm KlingWilhelm Kling was a Communist Party of Germany functionary, and later an associate in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany in East Germany....
, 1937-1945 - Erich Kürschner, 1938-1945
- Fritz LangeFritz LangeFritz Lange was a Minister for national education in the German Democratic Republic .- Biography :...
, 1943-1945 - Alfred LemmnitzAlfred LemmnitzAlfred Lemmnitz was East Germany's National Education Minister.Lemmnitz was born in Taucha, Saxony and completed training as a typesetter and studies in economics at the University of Leipzig. From 1927 to 1931, he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and youth leader of the...
, 1941-1945 - Bruno Max Leuschner, 1936-1940
- Hans LittenHans LittenHans Achim Litten was a German lawyer who represented opponents of the Nazis at important political trials between 1929 and 1932, defending the rights of workers during the Weimar Republic. During one trial in 1931, Litten subpoenaed Adolf Hitler, to appear as a witness, where Litten then...
, 1934 - Horst MahlerHorst MahlerHorst Mahler is a former German lawyer and advocate of radical ideologies. He once was an extreme-left militant, a founding member of the Red Army Faction. Subsequently he became a Maoist and later shifted to the extreme-right. He was for a time a member of the National Democratic Party of Germany...
, 2009- - Alfred NeumannAlfred Neumann (East Germany)Alfred "Ali" Neumann was a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, and for a short time, he was East German Minister of Materials Management.-Life:...
, 1942-1945 - Ernst NiekischErnst NiekischErnst Niekisch was a German politician. Initially associated with mainstream left-wing politics he later became a Prominent exponent of National Bolshevism.-Bavaria:...
, 1939-1945 - Herbert Sandberg, 1934
- Ernst Sasse, 1942-1945
- Hermann Schlimme, 1938-1940
- Alexander Schwab, from 1937
- Kurt SeibtKurt SeibtKurt Seibt was chairman of the Central Revision Commission of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and East Germany's Minister for Direction and Control of Regional and District Councils.- Biography :Seibt completed training as a metal spinner in 1922-1926 and worked until 1933 as a civil...
, 1941-1945 - Harry Seidel, 1963–1966
- Frank SchmökelFrank SchmökelFrank Schmökel is a German serial killer. He was re-apprehended in Großdubrau near Bautzen, East Saxony on November 6 and sentenced in 2002 to life in prison and to indefinite security detention . A final appeal was denied by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany in 2003.-General reference...
, -1993 - Wolfgang Welsch, 1966
Executed or died at Brandenburg-Görden Prison
- Bernhard Almstadt, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 6, 1944
- Walter ArndtWalter ArndtWalter Arndt was a German zoologist and physician.-Life:At the University of Breslau, Arndt studied medicine and zoology...
, zoologist, executed on June 26, 1944 - Friedrich AueFriedrich AueFriedrich Aue was a resistance fighter against the regime of Nazi Germany.Aue was a locksmith from Dodendorf , Prussian Saxony. In 1925 he joined the Communist Party of Germany . After Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933, Aue became involved in the resistance to Nazi rule. In February 1944, he was...
, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 27, 1944 - Bernhard BästleinBernhard BästleinBernhard Bästlein was a German Communist and resistance fighter against the Nazi régime. He was imprisoned very shortly after the Nazis seized power in 1933 and was imprisoned almost without interruption until his execution in 1944, by the Nazis...
, Communist and co-founder of Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationSaefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationThe Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization was an underground German resistance movement acting during the Second World War, that published the illegal magazine, Die Innere Front ....
, executed on September 18, 1944 - Bruno Binnebesel, Catholic Priest and Resistance fighter, executed on November 13, 1944
- Max Borrack, Resistance fighter, executed on February 19, 1945
- Walter Budeus, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on August 21, 1944
- Hermann Danz, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on February 5, 1945
- Leo Drabent, Communist and resistance fighter, executed on November 20, 1944
- Friedrich FrommFriedrich FrommFriedrich Fromm was a German army officer. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.-Early life:Fromm was born in Charlottenburg...
, Officer of the ReichswehrReichswehrThe Reichswehr formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when it was renamed the Wehrmacht ....
and the WehrmachtWehrmachtThe Wehrmacht – from , to defend and , the might/power) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the Heer , the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe .-Origin and use of the term:...
, executed on March 12, 1945
- Claudius Gosau, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on March 6, 1944
- Alois GrimmAlois GrimmAlois Grimm was a Jesuit priest, Patristic scholar, educator, and victim of Nazi religious hostility.-Early years:...
, Jesuit priest, educator, theologian, hanged on September 11, 1944 - Georg GroscurthGeorg GroscurthGeorg Groscurth , was a German doctor and Nazi resistance fighter in the time of the Third Reich.-Life:Georg Groscurth was born a farmer's son in the village of Unterhaun in the Province of Hesse-Nassau, now part of Hauneck in the Bundesland of Hesse...
, doctor, co-founder of European Union (resistance group)European Union (resistance group)The original European Union was an antifascist resistance group during Germany's Nazi era, which formed around Anneliese and Georg Groscurth and Robert Havemann. Other important members were Herbert Richter and Paul Rentsch....
, executed on May 8, 1944 - Nikolaus Christoph von Halem, jurist, businessman and Resistance fighter, executed on October 9, 1944
- Paul HatschekPaul HatschekPaul Hatschek was a Czech engineer of optical and film technology and a member of the German Resistance against Nazism during the Third Reich. He was involved with Robert Uhrig and then became a leading member of the resistance group, the European Union. According to Robert Havemann, Hatschek was...
, Czech engineer and member of the European UnionEuropean Union (resistance group)The original European Union was an antifascist resistance group during Germany's Nazi era, which formed around Anneliese and Georg Groscurth and Robert Havemann. Other important members were Herbert Richter and Paul Rentsch....
, executed on May 15, 1944 - Michael Hirschberg, SPD Resistance fighter, died from heart attack from injuries after arrest, March 20, 1937
- Cäsar Horn, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on March 19, 1945
- Franz JacobFranz Jacob (Resistance fighter)Franz Jacob was a German Resistance fighter against the National Socialists and a Communist politician.- Early years :...
, Communist and co-founder of Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationSaefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationThe Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization was an underground German resistance movement acting during the Second World War, that published the illegal magazine, Die Innere Front ....
and Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen GroupBästlein-Jacob-Abshagen GroupThe Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group was a German resistance group that developed around the core members Bernhard Bästlein, Franz Jacob and Robert Abshagen. It fought the National Socialist regime from 1940 till the end of the war in 1945...
, executed 1944 - Franz JägerstätterFranz JägerstätterBlessed Franz Jägerstätter, O.F.S., was an Austrian conscientious objector during World War II. Jägerstätter was sentenced to death and executed...
, Catholic conscientious objectorConscientious objectorA conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, and/or religion....
, executed on August 9, 1943 - Erich KnaufErich KnaufErich Knauf was a German journalist, writer, and songwriter. He was executed for making jokes about the Nazi regime.- Biography :...
, author, executed on May 2, 1944 - Wilhelm Knöchel, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on July 24, 1944
- Alfred Kowalke, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on March 6, 1944
- Arthur Ladwig, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on July 10, 1944
- Georg Lehnig, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on March 28, 1945
- Karl Lühr, mayor of Woltersdorf (Wendland, Lower SaxonyLower SaxonyLower Saxony is a German state situated in north-western Germany and is second in area and fourth in population among the sixteen states of Germany...
), executed on December 20, 1943 - Rudolf Mandrella, executed on September 3, 1943
- Albert MerzAlbert MerzAlbert Merz was a German Christadelphian who was executed for refusing to bear arms in the Second World War.The Merz family were leading members of what was then known as the Urchristen movement in Berlin started by Albert Maier, a German who had converted to the Christadelphian church in America...
, Christadelphian conscientious objectorConscientious objectorA conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, and/or religion....
, executed on April 3, 1941 - Franz Mett, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on August 21, 1944
- Max Josef MetzgerMax Josef MetzgerMax Josef Metzger was born in Schopfheim in Baden, Germany.Metzger became a Roman Catholic priest and worked as a military chaplain for the forces of Imperial Germany during World War I. During that war he began to see peace work as an urgent task...
, Catholic priest, executed on April 17, 1944
- Joseph MüllerJoseph Müller (priest)Joseph Müller was a German Catholic priest and critic of the Nazi regime.He was born in Salmünster in Hessen. He was the youngest of seven children of a teacher Damien and his wife Augusta. Two of his brothers also became Roman Catholic priets. After repeating a political joke, he was arrested and...
, Catholic priest, executed on September 11, 1944 - Kurt Müller, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on June 26, 1944
- Theodor Neubauer, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on February 5, 1945
- Hans Neumann , Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 20, 1944
- Erwin Nöldner, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 6, 1944
- Stanislaus Peplinski, Polish forced laborer from Waldsee and member of Speyer-Kameradschaft, executed on March 19, 1945
- Siegfried RädelSiegfried RädelSiegfried Rädel was a German politician, a member of the Communist Party of Germany and a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime. -Biography:Rädel was born in Pirna-Copitz, Saxony....
, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on May 10, 1943 - Franz Reinisch, Catholic priest, executed on August 21, 1942
- Paul Rentsch, dentist, member of the European Union (resistance group)European Union (resistance group)The original European Union was an antifascist resistance group during Germany's Nazi era, which formed around Anneliese and Georg Groscurth and Robert Havemann. Other important members were Herbert Richter and Paul Rentsch....
, beheaded on May 8, 1944 - Fritz Riedel, Resistance fighter, executed on August 21, 1944
- Kurt Ritter, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on August 28, 1944
- Friedrich Rödel, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on February 5, 1945
- Beppo RömerBeppo RömerJosef “Beppo” Römer was an Oberland Freikorps leader after the war, later a KPD organizer. He worked against the Third Reich and was executed by the regime.- Biography :...
, Resistance fighter, executed on September 25, 1944 - Axel Rudolph, author of adventure and crime stories, guillotined on October 30, 1944
- Jakob Schultheis, Social DemocratSocial Democratic Party of GermanyThe Social Democratic Party of Germany is a social-democratic political party in Germany...
and member of Speyer-Kameradschaft, executed on March 19, 1945 - Anton SaefkowAnton SaefkowAnton Emil Hermann Saefkow was a German Communist and a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime.-Early life:...
, Communist and co-founder of Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationSaefkow-Jacob-Bästlein OrganizationThe Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization was an underground German resistance movement acting during the Second World War, that published the illegal magazine, Die Innere Front ....
, executed on September 18, 1944 - Willi Sänger, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 27, 1944
- Johann Schellheimer, Communist and Resistance fighter, on February 5, 1945
- Otto SchmirgalOtto SchmirgalOtto Schmirgal was a German workman, politician, and a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime.Schmirgal was born in Bentschen in the Province of Posen. In the mid-1920s, he was employed at the Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft...
, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on December 15, 1944 - Martin Schwantes, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on February 5, 1945
- Bernhard SchwentnerBernhard SchwentnerBernhard Schwentner was a German Catholic clergyman.-Life:Bernhard Schwentner was born in Schwerin in 1891. After finishing Gymnasium, he studied in Münster beginning in 1910. In 1913, he entered the seminary in Osnabrück, and was ordained a priest in 1914...
, Catholic priest, executed on October 30, 1944 - Werner SeelenbinderWerner SeelenbinderWerner Seelenbinder was a German communist and wrestler.- Early years :Seelenbinder was born in Szczecin, Pomerania, and became a wrestler after training as a joiner. He had connections with the young people's workers' movement from an early age...
, athlete and Communist, executed on October 24, 1944 - Max SieversMax SieversMax Sievers was chairman of the German Freethinkers League, writer and active communist.-Politics:...
, FreethinkerFreethoughtFreethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds that opinions should be formed on the basis of science, logic, and reason, and should not be influenced by authority, tradition, or other dogmas...
, executed on January 17, 1944 - Arthur Sodtke, worker, athlete and Communist, executed on August 14, 1944
- Robert UhrigRobert UhrigRobert Uhrig was a German communist and resistance fighter against National Socialism.- Background :Born in Leipzig, the son of a metalworker, Uhrig grew up to become a journeyman toolmaker. He joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1920 and took several courses at the Marxist Workers' School...
, Communist and Resistance fighter, died on August 21, 1944 - Franz Virnich, jurist and Catholic VerbindungsstudentStudentenverbindungA Studentenverbindung is a student corporation in a German-speaking country somewhat comparable to fraternities in the US or Canada, but mostly older and going back to other kinds of...
(CV), died on April 5, 1943 - Ernst Volkmann, Catholic conscientious objector, executed on August 9, 1941
- Alfons Maria Wachsmann, Catholic theologian, executed on February 21, 1944
- Arthur Weisbrodt, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 6, 1944
- Martin Weise, Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on November 15, 1943
- Hans Wölfel, jurist and Catholic Resistance fighter, executed on July 3, 1944
- Johannes Wüsten, author and Communist, died on April 26, 1943
- Johannes Zoschke, metal worker, sailor, sports enthusiast and anti-fascist Resistance fighter, executed on October 26, 1944
- Martin Rasmussen Hjelmen, Norwegian Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on May 30, 1944
- Barly Devold Paul Pettersen, Norwegian Communist and Resistance fighter, executed on May 30, 1944
See also
- Nazi elimination of political opponents
- Capital punishmentCapital punishmentCapital punishment, the death penalty, or execution is the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a punishment for an offence. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally...
- Penal labor
- Killing centers
- Brandenburg Euthanasia Center
External links
- Brandenburg Prison Museum and Documentation Centre Blog post, with photos of prison. Retrieved March 24, 2010
- "Zuchthaus Brandenburg - Görden in Brandenburg an der Havel" Landtag Brandenburg. Official website of the German State of Brandenburg. Retrieved March 17, 2010