Cesare G. De Michelis
Encyclopedia
Cesare G. De Michelis (born 1944, Rome) is a scholar and professor of Russian literature
at the University of Rome Tor Vergata
, Italy.
, hoax
, and literary forgery
known as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
. According to de Michelis, "twenty-odd editions had appeared in Russia between 1903 and 1912". He gives the text the acronymous name, "PSM", from its Russian title (romanized) Protocoly sionskikh mudretsov (Cyrillic: Протоколы сионских мудрецов). He also informs us that in 1919 PSM entered the "world at large" in "German, Swedish, Polish, English, Hungarian, and French editions." The first edition in Italian appeared in 1921. Arguably this is the most important English language work on the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion since the publication of Norman Cohn
's Warrant for Genocide
in 1967/1970.
1: K Krusevan, P.
(1903)
2: L Ljutostanskij, I./Lutostanski, I. (1904)
3: A1 Anonymous 1 (1905)
4: A2 Anonymous 2 (1905)
5: N Nilus (1905)
6: B Butmi
(1906a)
7: B3 Butmi (1906a)
8: D Demcenko (1906)
9: R1 Begunov [1996]
10: R2 ??? (1905)
11: R3 ??? (1906)
12: R4 ??? (1906)
13: I Begunov [1917]/[1996]
De Michelis was able to get his hands on a rare 1903 edition of the daily newspaper Znamya
(Banner). He writes that the paper, on specific successive days, published the forgery as an authentic reproduction of a document, under the newspaper headline "Programa zavoevanija mira evrejami", which he translates into English as "The Jewish Programme for the Conquest of the World". According to de Michelis, the actual title of the purported authentic document is given to it by the translator. In Russian, the title of the document published by the newspaper is as follows: Protokoly zasedanij "vsemirnogo sojuza franmasonov i sionskix mudrecov." This de Michelis translates into English as "The protocols of the sessions of the 'World Alliance of Freemasons and of the Sages of Zion'". According to his research, this forgery first saw the light of day in St. Petersburg, Russia, on nine almost successive days—on September 5–6, 1903 [= September 18–19, 1903] (for unknown reasons, the paper took a break from its publication for two days). The specific issues which are here under discussion are the following:
No. 190 (28 August [10 September]): 2; 2,
No. 191 (29 August [11 September]): 2; 3,
No. 192 (30 August [12 September]): 2; 4,
No. 193 (31 August [13 September]): 1-2; 5,
No. 194 (1 [14] September): 1-2; 6,
No. 195 (2 [15] September): 1-2; 7,
No. 196 (3 [16] September): 2; 8,
No. 197 (4 [17] September): 2; 9,
No. 200 (7 [20] September): 2.
His work also may be said to present us with the definitive Russian language edition of the complete restored text. The question remains as to whether or not the alleged original French language edition of the late nineteenth century ever existed, or whether it is worthwhile to translate this new restored "complete" edition into English for further scholarly purposes.
Russian literature
Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its émigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union...
at the University of Rome Tor Vergata
University of Rome Tor Vergata
The University of Rome Tor Vergata is a public university located in Rome, Italy. It is one of the largest research-based institutions in the country. The University is an international center for research and education and it is well known for scientific studies...
, Italy.
Biography
He is also an authority on the notorious plagiarismPlagiarism
Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work, but the notion remains problematic with nebulous...
, hoax
Hoax
A hoax is a deliberately fabricated falsehood made to masquerade as truth. It is distinguishable from errors in observation or judgment, or rumors, urban legends, pseudosciences or April Fools' Day events that are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes.-Definition:The British...
, and literary forgery
Literary forgery
Literary forgery refers to writing, such as a manuscript or a literary work either deliberately misattributed to a historical or invented author, or a purported memoir presented as genuine.- History :The common, or popularly known, instance of literary forgery may involve for example the work of a...
known as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a fraudulent, antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for achieving global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the twentieth century...
. According to de Michelis, "twenty-odd editions had appeared in Russia between 1903 and 1912". He gives the text the acronymous name, "PSM", from its Russian title (romanized) Protocoly sionskikh mudretsov (Cyrillic: Протоколы сионских мудрецов). He also informs us that in 1919 PSM entered the "world at large" in "German, Swedish, Polish, English, Hungarian, and French editions." The first edition in Italian appeared in 1921. Arguably this is the most important English language work on the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion since the publication of Norman Cohn
Norman Cohn
Norman Rufus Colin Cohn FBA was a British academic, historian and writer who spent fourteen years as a professorial fellow and as Astor-Wolfson Professor at the University of Sussex.-Life:...
's Warrant for Genocide
Warrant for Genocide
Warrant for Genocide, by Norman Cohn, is a critical work about the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.This scholarly book explores the history, origin, and worldwide dissemination of this notorious, antisemitic plagiarism, literary forgery, and hoax....
in 1967/1970.
Work
Pages 183-395 are a reconstruction of the original Russian manuscript as it hypothetically existed. The transliterated three-word title of the tract is Protocols [of the] Zionist Elders (the source of the acronym "PSM"). The rest of the book (pages 1–182 and 396-419) is the scholarly textual, philological, and bibliographical study of the antisemitic text. The author claims that he has identified and authenticated nine distinct printings of five editions of this single text—nine tokens of the same five type, so to speak, of a single text or title, and he proceeds to give each of the nine monary or binary alphanumeric labels as follows:1: K Krusevan, P.
Pavel Krushevan
Pavel Aleksandrovich Krushevan was a journalist, editor, publisher and an official in the Imperial Russia. He was an active Black Hundredist and was known for his far-right, ultra-nationalist and openly antisemitic views and was the first publisher of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.Born...
(1903)
2: L Ljutostanskij, I./Lutostanski, I. (1904)
3: A1 Anonymous 1 (1905)
4: A2 Anonymous 2 (1905)
5: N Nilus (1905)
6: B Butmi
G. Butmi
Georgy Butmi de Katzman — Russian journalist, writer and economist , member of the Union of the Russian People.Butmi opposed introduction of gold standard and supported bimetallism in his writings....
(1906a)
7: B3 Butmi (1906a)
8: D Demcenko (1906)
9: R1 Begunov [1996]
10: R2 ??? (1905)
11: R3 ??? (1906)
12: R4 ??? (1906)
13: I Begunov [1917]/[1996]
De Michelis was able to get his hands on a rare 1903 edition of the daily newspaper Znamya
Znamya
Znamya is a Russian monthly magazine, which was established in Moscow in 1931. In 1931-1932, the magazine was published under the name of Lokaf...
(Banner). He writes that the paper, on specific successive days, published the forgery as an authentic reproduction of a document, under the newspaper headline "Programa zavoevanija mira evrejami", which he translates into English as "The Jewish Programme for the Conquest of the World". According to de Michelis, the actual title of the purported authentic document is given to it by the translator. In Russian, the title of the document published by the newspaper is as follows: Protokoly zasedanij "vsemirnogo sojuza franmasonov i sionskix mudrecov." This de Michelis translates into English as "The protocols of the sessions of the 'World Alliance of Freemasons and of the Sages of Zion'". According to his research, this forgery first saw the light of day in St. Petersburg, Russia, on nine almost successive days—on September 5–6, 1903 [= September 18–19, 1903] (for unknown reasons, the paper took a break from its publication for two days). The specific issues which are here under discussion are the following:
No. 190 (28 August [10 September]): 2; 2,
No. 191 (29 August [11 September]): 2; 3,
No. 192 (30 August [12 September]): 2; 4,
No. 193 (31 August [13 September]): 1-2; 5,
No. 194 (1 [14] September): 1-2; 6,
No. 195 (2 [15] September): 1-2; 7,
No. 196 (3 [16] September): 2; 8,
No. 197 (4 [17] September): 2; 9,
No. 200 (7 [20] September): 2.
His work also may be said to present us with the definitive Russian language edition of the complete restored text. The question remains as to whether or not the alleged original French language edition of the late nineteenth century ever existed, or whether it is worthwhile to translate this new restored "complete" edition into English for further scholarly purposes.
Publications
- L'avanguardia trasversale - Il futurismo tra Italia e Russia, Marsilio ed., Venezia 2009 ISBN 978-88-317-9713-9
- The Non-Existent Manuscript: a Study of the Protocols of the Sages of Zion, Studies in Antisemitism Series. University of Nebraska PressUniversity of Nebraska PressThe University of Nebraska Press, founded in 1941, is a publisher of scholarly and popular-press books. It is the second-largest state university press in the United States and, including private institutions, ranks among the 10 largest university presses in the United States...
, 2004. ISBN 0-8032-1727-7. - Cesare G. De Michelis (1944–2004). I giorni e le opere. Lineamenti biografici e scientifici 1944/2004, Voland ed., Roma 2004
- PasternakBoris PasternakBoris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Russian language poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russia, Pasternak's anthology My Sister Life, is one of the most influential collections ever published in the Russian language...
, La Nuova Italia, ed. Firenze 1968 - Le illusioni e i simboli (K.M. Fofanov), Marsilio ed., Venezia 1973
- Il futurismo italiano in Russia, De Donato ed., Bari 1973
- Il tredicesimo apostolo, Claudiana ed., Torino 1975
- I nomi dell'Avversario, Meynier ed., Torino 1989
- La Valdesia di Novgorod. «Giudaizzanti» e prima riforma (sec. XV), Claudiana ed., Torino, 1993
- Il manoscritto inesistente. "I Protocolli dei savi di Sion: un apocrifo del XX secolo", Marsilio ed., Venezia 1998 (2ª ed. 2004)
- trad. rus. «Protokoly sionskich mudrecov» nesušestvujuščij manuskript, ili podlog veka,Met-Kovčeg, MinskMinsk- Ecological situation :The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Center of Radioactive and Environmental Control .During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons. The change of gas as industrial fuel to mazut for financial reasons has worsened...
-Moscow 2006 - La giudeofobia in Russia, Bollati Boringhieri ed., Torino 2001
See also
- Hadassa Ben-IttoHadassa Ben-IttoHadassa Ben-Itto is an Israeli author and jurist. She is best known for her bestselling book The Lie That Wouldn't Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.-Biography:...
- Michael HagemeisterMichael HagemeisterMichael Hagemeister is a contemporary German scholar, historian and slavist, and one of the world's foremost authorities on the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and on Sergei Nilus, who first published "The Protocols" in book form in 1905.Hagemeister was employed at the universities of...
- Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- Velikoe v malom