Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Encyclopedia
The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference [ ] , shortened as 人民政协, Rénmín Zhèngxié, i.e. "People's PCC"; or just 政协, Zhèngxié, i.e. "The PCC"), abbreviated CPPCC, is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China
. The organization consists of delegates from a range of political parties and organizations, as well as independent members, in China. The proportion of representation of the various parties is determined by established convention, negotiated between the parties.
In practice, the largest and dominant party in the Conference is the Communist Party of China
. Other members are drawn from the United Front parties allied with the CPC, and from independent members who are not members of any party. The Conference is, to a large degree, controlled by the Communist Party, but it is intended to appear to be more representative and be composed of a broader range of people than is typical of government office in the People's Republic of China
.
The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会, Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhèngzhì Xiéshāng Huìyì Quanguo Weiyuanhui, shortened as 全国政协, Quánguó Zhèngxié, i.e. "National PCC") typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress
(NPC). Both CPPCC and NPC plenary sessions are often called the Lianghui
(The Two Meetings), making important national level political decisions.
A less common translation is "the National Congress". This translation is discouraged, as it causes confusion with the National People's Congress
as well as with the National Congress of the Communist Party of China
.
The organizational hierarchy of the CPPCC includes the National Committee and regional committees. Regional committees of the CPPCC include the provincial
, prefecture
, and county level. According to Article 19, Section 2 of the Charter of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the relationship between the National Committee and the regional committees is a relationship of guidance (no direct leadership). So are the relationships between upper-level regional committees and lower-level committees. Operating budgets on each level are independently administered by the financial administrations for the region, making the National committee and all regional committees separate individual entities. An indirect leadership, however, exists via the United Front Departments on each level.
. During negotiations between the Communist Party of China
and the Kuomintang
in 1945, the two parties agreed to open multiparty talks on post-World War II
political reforms via a Political Consultative Conference. This was included in the Double Ten
Accord. This agreement was implemented by the Republic of China national government
, who organised the first Political Consultative Assembly from January 10–31, 1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang
(Guomingdang), Communist Party of China
, Chinese Youth Party
, and China Democratic League
, as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing
.
In 1949, with the Communist Party having gained control of most of mainland China
, they organised a "new" Political Consultative Conference in September, inviting delegates from various friendly parties to attend and discuss the establishment of a new state. This conference was then renamed the People's Political Consultative Conference. The first conference approved the Common Program, which served as the de facto Constitution
for the next five years. The conference approved the new national anthem, flag, capital city, and state name, and elected the first government of the People's Republic of China
. In effect, the first People's Political Consultative Conference served as a constitutional convention
.
From 1949 to 1954, the conference became the de facto legislature of the PRC. In 1954, the Constitution
transferred this function to the National People's Congress.
and there have been occasional proposals to formalize this role in the PRC Constitution.
or The PLA Daily
, The People’s Political Consultative Daily is not as hard line, but rather smooth in terms of wording. This is geared towards the nature of the organization which many non-party members also participate in the conference.
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
. The organization consists of delegates from a range of political parties and organizations, as well as independent members, in China. The proportion of representation of the various parties is determined by established convention, negotiated between the parties.
In practice, the largest and dominant party in the Conference is the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
. Other members are drawn from the United Front parties allied with the CPC, and from independent members who are not members of any party. The Conference is, to a large degree, controlled by the Communist Party, but it is intended to appear to be more representative and be composed of a broader range of people than is typical of government office in the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
.
The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会, Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhèngzhì Xiéshāng Huìyì Quanguo Weiyuanhui, shortened as 全国政协, Quánguó Zhèngxié, i.e. "National PCC") typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress
National People's Congress
The National People's Congress , abbreviated NPC , is the highest state body and the only legislative house in the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress is held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, capital of the People's Republic of China; with 2,987 members, it is the...
(NPC). Both CPPCC and NPC plenary sessions are often called the Lianghui
Lianghui
Lianghui is a common Mandarin Chinese abbreviation for the annual meetings of the National People's Congress and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference...
(The Two Meetings), making important national level political decisions.
A less common translation is "the National Congress". This translation is discouraged, as it causes confusion with the National People's Congress
National People's Congress
The National People's Congress , abbreviated NPC , is the highest state body and the only legislative house in the People's Republic of China. The National People's Congress is held in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing, capital of the People's Republic of China; with 2,987 members, it is the...
as well as with the National Congress of the Communist Party of China
National Congress of the Communist Party of China
The National Congress of the Communist Party of China is a party congress that is held about once every five years. The National Congress is theoretically the highest body within the Communist Party of China, but in practice important decisions are made before the meeting. Since 1987 the National...
.
The organizational hierarchy of the CPPCC includes the National Committee and regional committees. Regional committees of the CPPCC include the provincial
Province (China)
A province, in the context of Chinese government, is a translation of sheng formally provincial level divisions, which is an administrative division. Provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions, and the special administrative regions, make up the four types of province of administrative division...
, prefecture
Prefecture (China)
The term Prefectures, or the more formal prefectural level divisions, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. Other than provincial level divisions, prefectural level divisions are not mentioned in the Chinese constitution...
, and county level. According to Article 19, Section 2 of the Charter of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, the relationship between the National Committee and the regional committees is a relationship of guidance (no direct leadership). So are the relationships between upper-level regional committees and lower-level committees. Operating budgets on each level are independently administered by the financial administrations for the region, making the National committee and all regional committees separate individual entities. An indirect leadership, however, exists via the United Front Departments on each level.
History
The Conference dated prior to the existence of People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
. During negotiations between the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
and the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
in 1945, the two parties agreed to open multiparty talks on post-World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
political reforms via a Political Consultative Conference. This was included in the Double Ten
Double Ten Day
Double Ten Day is the national day of the Republic of China and celebrates the start of the Wuchang Uprising of October 10, 1911, which led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in China and establishment of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912...
Accord. This agreement was implemented by the Republic of China national government
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, who organised the first Political Consultative Assembly from January 10–31, 1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
(Guomingdang), Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
, Chinese Youth Party
Chinese Youth Party
The Young China Party , also known as the Chinese Youth Party, is a minor political party in the Republic of China...
, and China Democratic League
China Democratic League
The China Democratic League is one of the eight legally recognised political parties in the People's Republic of China.The party was established in 1939 and took its present name in 1944. At its formation, it was a coalition of three pro-democracy parties and three pressure groups...
, as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
.
In 1949, with the Communist Party having gained control of most of mainland China
Mainland China
Mainland China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China . According to the Taipei-based Mainland Affairs Council, the term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and...
, they organised a "new" Political Consultative Conference in September, inviting delegates from various friendly parties to attend and discuss the establishment of a new state. This conference was then renamed the People's Political Consultative Conference. The first conference approved the Common Program, which served as the de facto Constitution
Constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is...
for the next five years. The conference approved the new national anthem, flag, capital city, and state name, and elected the first government of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
. In effect, the first People's Political Consultative Conference served as a constitutional convention
Constitutional convention (political meeting)
A constitutional convention is now a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. A general constitutional convention is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution...
.
From 1949 to 1954, the conference became the de facto legislature of the PRC. In 1954, the Constitution
Constitution of the People's Republic of China
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the highest law within the People's Republic of China. The current version was adopted by the 5th National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 with further revisions in 1988, 1993, 1999, and 2004. Three previous state constitutions—those of...
transferred this function to the National People's Congress.
Present role
The role that CPPCC plays in the Chinese government is stated in the preamble of the PRC Constitution. In practice, its role and powers are somewhat analogous to an advisory legislative upper houseUpper house
An upper house, often called a senate, is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house; a legislature composed of only one house is described as unicameral.- Possible specific characteristics :...
and there have been occasional proposals to formalize this role in the PRC Constitution.
The People’s Political Consultative Daily
The People’s Political Consultative Daily (人民政协报) is the press window of information on direct policies and viewpoints of the CPPCC. Like most of the Chinese political organs, the newspaper serves as the mouthpiece and press for the conference. Compared with other governmental newspapers, such as The People's DailyPeople's Daily
The People's Daily is a daily newspaper in the People's Republic of China. The paper is an organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China , published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. In addition to its main Chinese-language edition, it has editions in English,...
or The PLA Daily
PLA Daily
PLA Daily is China-based media outlet for the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.It covers news stories relating to the PLA and other military affairs...
, The People’s Political Consultative Daily is not as hard line, but rather smooth in terms of wording. This is geared towards the nature of the organization which many non-party members also participate in the conference.
History of Chairmen
Current Vice Chairmen
- Wang GangWang Gang (politician)Wang Gang is a politician of the People's Republic of China and a leader of the Communist Party of China . He was born in Fuyu County, Jilin Province, and graduated from the department of philosophy of Jilin University. He joined the CPC in June 1971...
- Liao Hui
- Du QinglinDu QinglinDu Qinglin is a politician of the People's Republic of China. He currently serves as vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , and the director of United Front Work Department of Communist Party of China....
- Apoi Awanghime (TibetTibetTibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
an) - Pabra Grimlge (Tibetan)
- Ma Man-kei
- Bai Lizhen
- Chen KuiyuanChen KuiyuanChen Kuiyuan is a politician of the People's Republic of China. He currently serves as the vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , and the president and the Party chief of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences....
- Abrati Abdruashti (YugurYugurThe Yugurs ,or Yellow Uyghurs as they are traditionally known,are one of China's 56 officially recognized nationalities, consisting of 13,719 persons according to the 2000 census. The Yugur live primarily in Sunan Yugur Autonomous County in Gānsù Province. They are Buddhists, unlike the Xinjiang...
) - Li Zhaochuo
- Huang MengfuHuang MengfuHuang Mengfu is a vice chairman of the China People's Political Consultative Conference and chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. He ranks as a national leader of China....
- Dong Jianhua
- Zhang Meiying
- Zhang Rongming
- Qian YunluQian YunluQian Yunlu is a Chinese politician and was the Communist Party of China Committee Secretary of Heilongjiang province in northeast China....
- Sun Jiazheng
- Li JinhuaLi JinhuaLi Jinhua is a high official of the People's Republic of China.-Biography:Li Jinhua was born in Rudong, Jiangsu in 1943...
- Zheng Wantong
- Deng PufangDeng PufangDeng Pufang is the first son of former China's Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. He is mostly known for being crippled by the Red Guards, and becoming a paraplegic. He has since dedicated his life to improving the rights of handicapped people.-Biography:Deng Pufang was born to Deng Xiaoping and...
- Wan GangWan GangWan Gang is a Chinese expert on automobiles, former president of Tongji University and the Minister of Science and Technology of PRC.-Biography:Wan graduated from Northeast Forestry University...
- Li Wenyi
- Luo Fuhe
- Chen Zhongxing
- Wang Zhizhen