Edmund Converse Peirce 2nd, M.D. (October 9, 1917 Upper Montclair, New Jersey - August 8, 2003 Hancock Point, Maine) was Professor and Director of Hyperbaric Medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Mount Sinai School of Medicine is an American medical school in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, currently ranked among the top 20 medical schools in the United States. It was chartered by Mount Sinai Hospital in 1963....

 in New York City), from 1966 to 1991 when he retired. During his career, Dr. Peirce published over 150 research articles and is particularly notable for well-regarded contributions to the refinement of artificial circulatory technologies such as the membrane oxygenator

Membrane oxygenator

A membrane oxygenator is a device used to add oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. It can be used in two principal modes: to imitate the function of the lungs in cardiopulmonary bypass , and to oxygenate blood in longer term life support, termed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,...

.

Family background

Converse grew up in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania in the Quaker tradition. His father, Dr. George Peirce, M.D., Ph.D., was a physician and chemist (M.D., Johns Hopkins Medical School; Ph.D. University of Berlin, Germany), who was killed in a fire in the Colgate research laboratories in New Jersey, when Converse was 16 months old. His mother, Dr. Ethel Mathews Girdwood Peirce, M.D. (B.S. Bryn Mawr, M.D. Johns Hopkins Medical School), raised four young sons while pursuing a career as a rheumatologist in Philadelphia.

Education and career

He graduated from Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia in 1936, received an undergraduate degree from Harvard College

Harvard College

Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of two schools within Harvard University granting undergraduate degrees...

 in 1940 and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School

Harvard Medical School

Harvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts....

  in 1943.
After service in the US. Army Medical Corps, from 1946-48 he was at the Children's Hospital in Boston, as Graduate Assistant in Pathology and then as
Fellow, Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. He then went to Baltimore

Baltimore

Baltimore is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the US state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore...

, where from 1948 to 1954 he was successively Assistant Professor, Anatomy, Johns Hopkins Medical School, and Surgical Fellow, and Surgeon at the USPHS Hospital there. He then moved to Knoxville, where he rose to Chief of Surgery, in the Acuff Clinic there, and Associate Professor of Physiology and Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. From 1966 to his retirement in 1991, he was Professor of Surgery and Director, Hyperbaric medicine, at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City

Awards

• 1962 The Osler Abbott Award of the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association http://www.stsa.org/sections/awards/awards-articles/article4.html

He was a member of the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association http://www.ctsnet.org/home/epeirce. the Society of Thoracic Surgeons http://www.ctsnet.org/home/epeirce, and a distinguished Fellow of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), Distinguished Fellow http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:IR-siO0-YJAJ:www.vascularweb.org/_CONTRIBUTION_PAGES/SVS_Newsletters/VascularSurgeon_v10no1FINALRed.pdf+E.+Converse+Peirce&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=49&client=firefox-a

Publications

Dr. Peirce published a total of 150 formal peer-reviewed scientific papers. In addition to continuing clinical and experimental studies on arterial catheterization, and papers on various clinical and experimental problems of cardiac physiology, the series of papers reporting the artificial organ work is:

• 1949 Tissue-culture Evaluation of the Viability of Blood Vessels Stored by Refrigeration; first author, with Robert E. Gross, Alexander H. Bill, Jr., and Keith Merrill, Jr. Annals of Surgery (March 1949) 129(3): 333–348 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1514023
• 1949 Methods for Preservation and Transplantation of Arterial Grafts. with R.E. Gross and A. H. Bill. Surg Gynecol Obstet" 88 (6) 689-701 (1949). Cited 268 times
• 1950 Ventricular Fibrillation precipitated by Cardiac Catherization: Complete Recovery of the Patient. JAMA 143 (8) 717-720 1950 Cited 118 times
• 1952 Cross circulation for intracardiac surgery; with J. L. Southworth (first author). AMA Arch Surg 64(1):58-63 (Jan 1952)
• 1953 Diaphragm pump for artificial circulation, Tyson-Bowman pump; with J. L. Southworth, T. Tyson, et al. AMA Arch Surg 66(1): 53-9 (Jan 1953)
• 1953 Pump circuit for experimental intracardiac surgery of the left heart; with J. L. Southworth. AMA Arch Surg 66(2):218-25 (Feb 1953)
• 1953 Differential hypothermia for intracardiac surgery; preliminary report of a pump-oxygenator incorporating a heat exchanger; with V. B. Polley. AMA Arch Surg 67(4):
• 1958 Reduced metabolism by means of hypothermia and the low flow pump oxygenator; with C. H. Dabbs, W. K. Rogers, et al. Surg Gynecol Obstet 107(3):339-52 (Sep 1958)
• 1958 Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through teflon membranes. AMA Arch Surg 77(6):938-43 (Dec 1958)
• 1959 A new method of open heart surgery; with C. H. Dabbs, W. K. Rogers, et al. J Tn State Med Assoc 52(2):39-44 (Feb 1959)
• 1960 Metabolic acidosis and oxygen consumption before, during, and following total cardiopulmonary bypass with and without hypothermia; with C. H. Dabbs. Surg Forum 10:597-601 (1960)
• 1960 A modification of the Clowes membrane lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 39:438-48 (Apr 1960)
• 1960 The influence of membrane permeability and of design on gas exchange in the membrane lung; with J. W. Prados (first author). Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 6:52-61 (Apr 10-11 1960)
• 1961 The membrane lung: an important technical improvement; with C. L. Gladson. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 42:275-6 (Aug 1961)
• 1962 A membrane lung-kidney; with P. M. Galletti (first author) and M. A. Hopf. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 8:47-52 (1962)
• 1962 A simplified heat exchanger for perfusion hypothermia. Arch Surg 84:329-33 (Mar 1962)*1962 Extracorporeal perfusion techniques in cancer chemotherapy. J Tn State Med Assoc 55:349-54 (Sep 1962)
• 1963 A pediatric perfusion system; with P. M. Galletti (first author), F. J. Martinez, D. E. Brinsfield, et al. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 9:244-50 (1963)
• 1964 Twenty-four hour kidney storage with report of a successful canine autotransplant after total nephrectomy; with A. L Humphries (first author) and W. H. Moretz. Surgery 55:524-30 (Apr 1964)
• 1966 Further development and clinical evaluation of the Klung dialyzer; with J. H. Shinaberger (first author), E. P. Tuttle, et al. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 12:363-9 (1966)
• 1969 The membrane lung: studies with a new high permeability co-polymer membrane; with N. R. Dibelius. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 14:220-6 (1968)
• 1969 Extracorporeal Circulation for Open Heart Surgery. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas publisher http://prf.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/16/5/345.pdf
• 1970 A comparison of the Lande-Edwards, the Peirce, and the General Electric-Peirce membrane lungs. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 16:358-64 (1970)*1971 Techniques of extended perfusion using a membrane lung; with A. L. Thebaut, B. B. Kent, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 12 (5): 451-70 (Nov 1971)
• 1972 Clinical use of Peirce—General Electric membrane oxygenator; with M. M. Kirsh (first author), O. Gago, et al. Ann Thorac Surg 14(2):140-9 (Aug 1972)
• 1972 The role of the artificial lung in the treatment of respiratory insufficiency: a perspective. Chest 62(5):Suppl:107S-117 (Nov 1972)
• 1973 The tissue tube as a vascular prosthesis; with I. Kott (first author), H. A. Mitty, et al. Arch Surg 106(2):206-7 (Feb 1973)
• 1973 The theory and function of the membrane lung. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 40(2):119-34 (March-April 1973) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=4540364&dopt=Abstract
• 1973 The use of hyperbaric oxygenation in conjunction with membrane lung perfusion for respiratory insufficiency; with C. W. Bryan-Brown, S. B. Lukban, J. H. Jacobson 2nd, and J. J. Rothschild. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 40(2):228-36 (March-April 1973)
• 1973 Respiratory support with a paracorporeal membrane oxygenator; with V. Charoenkul (first author) and F. Giron. J Surg Res 14(5):393-9 (May 1973)
• 1979 Extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation in severe acute respiratory-failure - randomized prospective study; with W. M. Zapol (first author), M. T. Snider, and J. D. Hill. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 242 (20): 2193-2196 1979 Cited 462 times
• 1979 Surgical approach to the implantation of an artificial lung; with L. A. Trudell (first author), C. Teplitz et al. Transacations of the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs 25:462-465 (1979)
• 1981 Is extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation a viable technique? Annals of Thoracic Surgery 31(2):102-104 (1981)*1989 Clinical-trials of a new polytetraflouroethylene-silicone graft; with H. Schanzer (first author), G. Martinelli, K. Chiang, and L. Burrows. American Journal of Surgery 158(2):117-120 (Aug 1989)
• 1989 Are Oxygenators (airplanes, oil spills, pesticides) safe? Annals of Thoracic Surgery 48(4):467-468 (October 1989)