Edward H. Shortliffe
Encyclopedia
Edward Hance Shortliffe, MD, PhD (born 1947, Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian-born American biomedical informatician, physician and computer scientist. Dr. Shortliffe is a pioneer in the use of artificial intelligence in medicine. He was the principal developer of the clinical expert system MYCIN
, one of the first rule-based artificial intelligence
expert systems, which obtained clinical data interactively from a physician user and was used to diagnose and recommend treatment for severe infections. While never used in practice (because it preceded the era of local-area networking and could not be integrated with patient records and physician workflow), its performance was shown to be comparable to and sometimes more accurate than that of Stanford infectious disease faculty. This spurred the development of a wide range of activity in the development of rule-based expert systems, knowledge representation, belief nets and other areas, and its design greatly influenced the subsequent development of computing in medicine.
He is also regarded as a founder of the field of biomedical informatics, and in 2006 received one of its highest honors, the Morris Collen Award given by the American College of Medical Informatics
(ACMI).
He has held administrative positions in academic medicine, research and national bodies including the Institute of Medicine, American College of Physicians (ACP), the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and National Library of Medicine (NLM), and been influential in the development of medicine, computing and biomedical informatics nationally and internationally. His interests include the broad range of issues related to integrated medical decision-support systems and their implementation, biomedical informatics and medical education and training, and the Internet in medicine.
In March 2007, he became founding Dean of the University of Arizona's new College of Medicine campus in Phoenix. He stepped down from this position in May 2008 and in January 2009 transferred his primary academic appointment to Arizona State University where he became Professor of Biomedical Informatics. He maintained a secondary appointment as Professor of Basic Medical Sciences and of Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine (Phoenix Campus). Since November 2009 he has transferred his academic home to a part-time appointment as Professor, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at the Texas Medical Center in Houston, where he now lives.
In July 2009 Dr. Shortliffe assumed a position as President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Medical Informatics Association
in Bethesda, MD. an organization that he helped to form between 1988 and 1990 when he was President of SCAMC (the Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care).
As an undergraduate at Harvard, he started working in the computer laboratory of G. Octo Barnett at Massachusetts General Hospital
and realized that he could have a career spanning both medicine and computing.
After receiving an AB in applied mathematics magna cum laude from Harvard College in 1970, he received an MD (1976) and PhD in Medical Information Systems (1975) from Stanford University
, with a dissertation on the MYCIN system, for which he also won the 1976 Grace Murray Hopper award for outstanding young computer scientist. He completed internal medicine house-staff training from 1976-1979 at Massachusetts General Hospital and Stanford Hospital. In 1979 he joined the Stanford faculty of medicine and computer science, where he directed the Stanford University Medical EXpertimental computer resource (SUMEX) and subsequently the Center for Advanced Medical Informatics at Stanford (CAMIS), continuing his work on expert systems, including ONCOCIN (an oncology decision support program), T-HELPER, and other projects in the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. He also simultaneously served as Chief of General Internal Medicine and Associate Chair of Medicine for Primary Care, and was principal investigator of the InterMed Collaboratory, which developed the science of computable guidelines for medical decision support.
In 1980 he founded one of the earliest formal degree programs in biomedical informatics at Stanford University, emphasizing a rigorous and experimentalist approach. He is known for his administrative ability, dedication to teaching and ability to create scientific and educational environments where (in the words of NLM director Donald A. B. Lindberg) 'smart people want to come’. He has been widely influential in the development and public awareness of biomedical informatics as a field and trained many students who went on to be leaders in the study of uncertainty and AI, and other areas. He is also much in demand as a speaker and advisor to government and industry. Since 2003 he has served on the Board of Directors of Medco Health Solutions, a large pharmacy benefits manager headquartered in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey.
In 2000 he moved to Columbia University
as chair of the department of Biomedical Informatics, Deputy Vice President (Columbia University Medical Center), Senior Associate Dean (College of Physicians and Surgeons) for Strategic Information Resources, Professor of Medicine, Professor of Computer Science, and Director of Medical Informatics Services for the New York-Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH). He continued work on decision support guidelines including the development of the Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF3). He greatly expanded the faculty and scope of department activities, including overseeing the development of patient care systems at NYPH, basic science research, and expanded training programs in biomedical informatics, including public health informatics, the integration of bioinformatics and clinical informatics, and the introduction of informatics training for medical students.
From March 2007 until May 2008 he served as the founding dean of the Phoenix campus of the University of Arizona’s College of Medicine. Since 2008 he has been Professor in the School of Biomedical Informatics at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Texas. In 2008 he also became President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), based in Bethesda, MD.
of the National Academy of Sciences
(where he has served on the IOM executive council). He is also a member of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence
, American Society for Clinical Investigation
, the Association of American Physicians
, and the American Clinical and Climatological Association.
He is a founding member of the American Medical Informatics Association
and was one of five founding fellows of the American College of Medical Informatics
. He is a Master of the American College of Physicians
(ACP) and was a member of that organization’s Board of Regents from 1996-2002. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Biomedical Informatics
, and serves on the editorial boards for several other biomedical informatics publications.
He has served on the oversight committee for the Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences (National Academy of Sciences) and the Biomedical Informatics Expert Panel (National Center for Research Resources at the National Institutes of Health
). He also recently served on the National Committee for Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS) and on the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC). Earlier he served on the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (National Research Council), the Biomedical Library Review Committee (National Library of Medicine), and was recipient of a research career development award from the latter agency.
He is the author of more than 300 publications including seven books, one of which (Biomedical Informatics, now in its third edition) is considered the leading textbook in the field.
Japanese language version by Bunkodo Blue Books, Tokyo, 1981 (translated by T. Kaminuma).
2. Buchanan, B.G. and Shortliffe, E.H. (eds). Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
3. Clancey, W.J. and Shortliffe, E.H. (eds). Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
4. Shortliffe, E.H. and Perreault, L., (eds), Wiederhold, G., and Fagan, L.M. (assoc. eds.). Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
5. Shortliffe, E.H., Wulfman, C.E., Rindfleisch, T.C., and Carlson, R.W. An Integrated Oncology Workstation. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1991. [Received the 1991-92 Award of Excellence from The Society for Technical Communication.]
6. Shortliffe, E.H. and Perreault, L. (eds), Wiederhold, G., and Fagan, L.M. (assoc. eds.). Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2000. (2nd edition of #4, new publisher and title).
7. Shortliffe, E.H. (ed) and Cimino, J.J. (assoc. ed.). Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2006. (3rd edition of #4).
Mycin
In artificial intelligence, MYCIN was an early expert system designed to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many...
, one of the first rule-based artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. AI textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its...
expert systems, which obtained clinical data interactively from a physician user and was used to diagnose and recommend treatment for severe infections. While never used in practice (because it preceded the era of local-area networking and could not be integrated with patient records and physician workflow), its performance was shown to be comparable to and sometimes more accurate than that of Stanford infectious disease faculty. This spurred the development of a wide range of activity in the development of rule-based expert systems, knowledge representation, belief nets and other areas, and its design greatly influenced the subsequent development of computing in medicine.
He is also regarded as a founder of the field of biomedical informatics, and in 2006 received one of its highest honors, the Morris Collen Award given by the American College of Medical Informatics
American College of Medical Informatics
The American College of Medical Informatics, is a college of elected fellows from the United States and abroad who have made significant and sustained contributions to the field of medical informatics...
(ACMI).
He has held administrative positions in academic medicine, research and national bodies including the Institute of Medicine, American College of Physicians (ACP), the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and National Library of Medicine (NLM), and been influential in the development of medicine, computing and biomedical informatics nationally and internationally. His interests include the broad range of issues related to integrated medical decision-support systems and their implementation, biomedical informatics and medical education and training, and the Internet in medicine.
In March 2007, he became founding Dean of the University of Arizona's new College of Medicine campus in Phoenix. He stepped down from this position in May 2008 and in January 2009 transferred his primary academic appointment to Arizona State University where he became Professor of Biomedical Informatics. He maintained a secondary appointment as Professor of Basic Medical Sciences and of Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine (Phoenix Campus). Since November 2009 he has transferred his academic home to a part-time appointment as Professor, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at the Texas Medical Center in Houston, where he now lives.
In July 2009 Dr. Shortliffe assumed a position as President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Medical Informatics Association
American Medical Informatics Association
AMIA, formerly known as the American Medical Informatics Association, is an American non-profit organization dedicated to the development and application of biomedical and health informatics in the support of patient care, teaching, research, and health care administration.- History :AMIA is the...
in Bethesda, MD. an organization that he helped to form between 1988 and 1990 when he was President of SCAMC (the Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care).
Biography and career
Dr. Shortliffe grew up in Edmonton, Alberta, until his family moved to Connecticut when he was 6. He attended the Loomis School in Connecticut and later Gresham’s School in the UK. His father was a physician and hospital administrator; his mother, an English teacher. He has one brother and one sister.As an undergraduate at Harvard, he started working in the computer laboratory of G. Octo Barnett at Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital is a teaching hospital and biomedical research facility in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts...
and realized that he could have a career spanning both medicine and computing.
After receiving an AB in applied mathematics magna cum laude from Harvard College in 1970, he received an MD (1976) and PhD in Medical Information Systems (1975) from Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...
, with a dissertation on the MYCIN system, for which he also won the 1976 Grace Murray Hopper award for outstanding young computer scientist. He completed internal medicine house-staff training from 1976-1979 at Massachusetts General Hospital and Stanford Hospital. In 1979 he joined the Stanford faculty of medicine and computer science, where he directed the Stanford University Medical EXpertimental computer resource (SUMEX) and subsequently the Center for Advanced Medical Informatics at Stanford (CAMIS), continuing his work on expert systems, including ONCOCIN (an oncology decision support program), T-HELPER, and other projects in the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. He also simultaneously served as Chief of General Internal Medicine and Associate Chair of Medicine for Primary Care, and was principal investigator of the InterMed Collaboratory, which developed the science of computable guidelines for medical decision support.
In 1980 he founded one of the earliest formal degree programs in biomedical informatics at Stanford University, emphasizing a rigorous and experimentalist approach. He is known for his administrative ability, dedication to teaching and ability to create scientific and educational environments where (in the words of NLM director Donald A. B. Lindberg) 'smart people want to come’. He has been widely influential in the development and public awareness of biomedical informatics as a field and trained many students who went on to be leaders in the study of uncertainty and AI, and other areas. He is also much in demand as a speaker and advisor to government and industry. Since 2003 he has served on the Board of Directors of Medco Health Solutions, a large pharmacy benefits manager headquartered in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey.
In 2000 he moved to Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
as chair of the department of Biomedical Informatics, Deputy Vice President (Columbia University Medical Center), Senior Associate Dean (College of Physicians and Surgeons) for Strategic Information Resources, Professor of Medicine, Professor of Computer Science, and Director of Medical Informatics Services for the New York-Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH). He continued work on decision support guidelines including the development of the Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF3). He greatly expanded the faculty and scope of department activities, including overseeing the development of patient care systems at NYPH, basic science research, and expanded training programs in biomedical informatics, including public health informatics, the integration of bioinformatics and clinical informatics, and the introduction of informatics training for medical students.
From March 2007 until May 2008 he served as the founding dean of the Phoenix campus of the University of Arizona’s College of Medicine. Since 2008 he has been Professor in the School of Biomedical Informatics at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Texas. In 2008 he also became President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), based in Bethesda, MD.
Advisory Activities
At age 39, Dr. Shortliffe was elected to the Institute of MedicineInstitute of Medicine
The Institute of Medicine is a not-for-profit, non-governmental American organization founded in 1970, under the congressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences...
of the National Academy of Sciences
United States National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and...
(where he has served on the IOM executive council). He is also a member of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence
American Association for Artificial Intelligence
The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence or AAAI is an international, nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines...
, American Society for Clinical Investigation
American Society for Clinical Investigation
The American Society for Clinical Investigation, or ASCI, established in 1908, is one of the nation's oldest and most respected medical honor societies.-Organization and Purpose:...
, the Association of American Physicians
Association of American Physicians
The Association of American Physicians is a medical society founded in 1885 by the Canadian physician Sir William Osler and six other distinguished physicians of his era, for "the advancement of scientific and practical medicine." Election to the AAP is an honor extended to individuals with...
, and the American Clinical and Climatological Association.
He is a founding member of the American Medical Informatics Association
American Medical Informatics Association
AMIA, formerly known as the American Medical Informatics Association, is an American non-profit organization dedicated to the development and application of biomedical and health informatics in the support of patient care, teaching, research, and health care administration.- History :AMIA is the...
and was one of five founding fellows of the American College of Medical Informatics
American College of Medical Informatics
The American College of Medical Informatics, is a college of elected fellows from the United States and abroad who have made significant and sustained contributions to the field of medical informatics...
. He is a Master of the American College of Physicians
American College of Physicians
The American College of Physicians is a national organization of doctors of internal medicine —physicians who specialize in the prevention, detection, and treatment of illnesses in adults. With 130,000 members, ACP is the largest medical-specialty organization and second-largest physician group in...
(ACP) and was a member of that organization’s Board of Regents from 1996-2002. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Biomedical Informatics
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
The Journal of Biomedical Informatics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering applications and methodological advances in health informatics or in translational bioinformatics. Authors can pay extra for open access. The journal was launched by Homer R...
, and serves on the editorial boards for several other biomedical informatics publications.
He has served on the oversight committee for the Division of Engineering and Physical Sciences (National Academy of Sciences) and the Biomedical Informatics Expert Panel (National Center for Research Resources at the National Institutes of Health
National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health are an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and are the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. Its science and engineering counterpart is the National Science Foundation...
). He also recently served on the National Committee for Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS) and on the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC). Earlier he served on the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (National Research Council), the Biomedical Library Review Committee (National Library of Medicine), and was recipient of a research career development award from the latter agency.
He is the author of more than 300 publications including seven books, one of which (Biomedical Informatics, now in its third edition) is considered the leading textbook in the field.
Honors
- Morris F. Collen Award for Distinguished Contributions to Medical Informatics, American Medical Informatics Association, November 2006
- Appointed Rolf H. Scholdager Professor of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, June 2005
- National Associate, National Academies, Washington, DC, December 2004.
- Mastership, American College of Physicians, November 2002
- Young Investigator Award, Western Society for Clinical Investigation, February 1987.
- Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Faculty Scholar in General Internal Medicine, July 1983—June 1988.
- Research Career Development Award, National Library of Medicine, July 1979—June 1984.
- Grace Murray Hopper Award (Distinguished computer scientist under age 30), Association for Computing Machinery, October 1976.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Traineeship, September 1971 - June 1976.
Books
1. Shortliffe, E.H. Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN, Elsevier/North Holland, New York, 1976.Japanese language version by Bunkodo Blue Books, Tokyo, 1981 (translated by T. Kaminuma).
2. Buchanan, B.G. and Shortliffe, E.H. (eds). Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
3. Clancey, W.J. and Shortliffe, E.H. (eds). Readings in Medical Artificial Intelligence: The First Decade. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
4. Shortliffe, E.H. and Perreault, L., (eds), Wiederhold, G., and Fagan, L.M. (assoc. eds.). Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
5. Shortliffe, E.H., Wulfman, C.E., Rindfleisch, T.C., and Carlson, R.W. An Integrated Oncology Workstation. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1991. [Received the 1991-92 Award of Excellence from The Society for Technical Communication.]
6. Shortliffe, E.H. and Perreault, L. (eds), Wiederhold, G., and Fagan, L.M. (assoc. eds.). Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2000. (2nd edition of #4, new publisher and title).
7. Shortliffe, E.H. (ed) and Cimino, J.J. (assoc. ed.). Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2006. (3rd edition of #4).