El Túnel
Encyclopedia
The Tunnel is a dark, psychological novel written by Argentine
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...

 writer Ernesto Sabato
Ernesto Sabato
Ernesto Sabato , was an Argentine writer, painter and physicist. According to the BBC he "won some of the most prestigious prizes in Hispanic literature" and "became very influential in the literary world throughout Latin America"...

 about a deranged porteño
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...

 painter, Juan Pablo Castel, and his obsession with a woman. The story's title refers to the symbol for Castel's emotional and physical isolation from society, which becomes increasingly apparent as Castel proceeds to tell from his jail cell the series of events that enabled him to murder the only person capable of understanding him. Marked by its existential
Existentialism
Existentialism is a term applied to a school of 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual...

 themes, El Túnel received enthusiastic support from Albert Camus
Albert Camus
Albert Camus was a French author, journalist, and key philosopher of the 20th century. In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement, which was opposed to some tendencies of the Surrealist movement of André Breton.Camus was awarded the 1957...

 and Graham Greene
Graham Greene
Henry Graham Greene, OM, CH was an English author, playwright and literary critic. His works explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world...

 following its publication in 1948.

Resumen.
Juan Pablo Castel es un pintor que escribe su propia historia, empieza el relato confesando que es el responsable de la muerte de María Iribarne. Habla acerca de lo que piensa de los hombres, que todos son vanidosos, que aunque traten de ser modestos siempre actúan por vanidad. A él no le interesa lo que piense la gente, ni lo que puedan opinar, él se decide a escribir la historia de su crimen con la esperanza de que al menos una persona pueda comprender sus razones. Se queja de que nadie lo entiende y que la única persona que podría llegar a entenderlo fue la mujer a la que mató.

Conoció a María en un salón de pintura donde presentó un cuadro llamado “Maternidad”. Explica que no soporta a los críticos que empiezan a comentar su cuadro y que los encuentra charlatanes. El cuadro mostraba una mujer que miraba jugar a un niño, pero arriba, a la izquierda, a través de una ventanita, se veía una pequeña y remota escena de una mujer que miraba el mar y que estaba como esperando algo, una escena que sugería soledad absoluta. Nadie se fijaba en esa pequeña escena del cuadro excepto una muchacha que miró fijamente la ventanita. Después desapareció entre la multitud.

Una tarde la vio en la calle, la siguió hasta el edificio de la compañía T, entró en ella y la vio esperar el ascensor. Entonces conversaron y Juan Pablo le preguntó sobre la ventanita, si la recordaba y ella le dijo que la recordaba constantemente y luego se fue corriendo. Un día que la fue a esperar a la compañía la tomó del brazo y la llevó hasta la plaza San Martín para que conversaran, él le dijo que la necesitaba porque sabía que ella pensaba como él. Esa noche hablaron por teléfono, él le dijo que no había dejado de pensar en ella y que la llamaría al día siguiente.

A la mañana siguiente la llamó pero la mucama le dijo que se había ido al campo y que le había dejado una carta. Juan Pablo se dirigió a la casa de ella para buscar la carta, una vez allí habló con un tal señor Allende que era ciego, este le dijo que era el esposo de María y le pasó la carta que ella le había dejado. Allende le dijo que ella había ido a la estancia que era de su primo Hunter.

Una vez que María volvió comenzaron a verse continuamente, Juan Pablo la amaba pero sentía que María lo quería como a un hermano, discutían continuamente porque él le hacía muchas preguntas obsesivas acerca de sus antiguas relaciones con otros hombres y de su esposo Allende. En una de sus paranoias discutieron fuertemente y ella se marchó. A la mañana siguiente Juan Pablo la llamó pero ella se había ido a la estancia.

Juan Pablo se dirigió a la estancia para ver a María, fue allí donde se encontró con Hunter quien le presentó a una mujer flaca llamada Mimí. Hunter le explicó que María se había recostado porque se sentía mal. Una vez que llegó María se fueron a la playa y ahí tuvieron una conversación. Juan Pablo sentía que María era falsa, que le ocultaba cosas. Cuando él abandonó la estancia creyó que María lo seguiría pero no fue así. En su casa le escribió una carta a María en donde le decía que no entendía como podía estar con él, con Allende y con Hunter al mismo tiempo. Luego se arrepintió de haberla mandado y fue a buscarla pero en el correo no quisieron devolvérsela.

La llamó a la estancia amenazándola con que si no venía él se mataría, quedaron de verse al día siguiente. Esa noche Juan Pabln bebió mucho y ze acostó con una prostituta, se dio cuenta de que María se asemejaba mucho a ella en sus gestoz y llegó a la conclusión de que María era también una prostituta. Habían quedado de juntarse en la Recoleta pero María no llegó entonces él la llamó por teléfono y la mucama dijo que el señor Hunter la había llamado y ella había partido a la estancia.

Juan Pablo fue a la estancia en su auto una vez que llegó se escondió y esperó. Después de una espera interminable los vio bajando por la escalinata, iban del brazo, los vio caminar largamente por el parque. Entonces comenzó la tormenta, con truenos y relámpagos, luego empezaron a caer las primeras gotas. Juan Pablo se trepó hasta la planta alta por la reja de una ventana. Entró en la galería y buscó su dormitorio, empuñó un cuchillo y abrió la puerta.

Cuando se acercó a la cama ella le preguntó tristemente qué iba a hacer, él le respondió que tenía que matarla por haberlo dejado solo, entonces, llorando le clavó el cuchillo en el pecho. Corrió a Buenos Airls y telefoneó a la casa de Allende diciendo que tenía que verlo. Le gritó al ciego que venía de la estancia, que María era la amante de Hunter y que la había matado entonces el ciego le gritó que era un insensato. Luego fue a la comisaría y se entregó. En los meses de encierro intentó darle explicación a la última palabra del ciego: “Insensato” y el por qué de que Allende se hubiera suicidado.

Themes

Love and Loneliness in the Modern World

The modern world contributes to Juan Pablo Castel’s unhappiness by replacing characteristics of his humanity with mechanization and by isolating him from people. Even though he is dehumanized, he shares the human characteristic of being lonely, and he seeks unconditional love. His understanding of love, however, is emotionless and he exhibits it through unconventional mechanical processes. These processes involve loving Maria because of a perceived similarity, stalking her, creating underlying assumptions, and considering all hypothetical situations that may arise based on them.

Juan Pablo Castel approaches love as the solution to his loneliness, but he lacks a mature understanding of it. He does not know how to cope with its accompanying emotions, and he is selfish and neglects its mutual nature. Juan Pablo reduces it to a satiating process, but is ultimately unfulfilled.

Buenos Aires as a Metropolis

By the year 1900 Buenos Aires was on its way to becoming a potent metropolis
Metropolis
A metropolis is a very large city or urban area which is a significant economic, political and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections and communications...

. This was the case because of many changes that occurred in the country’s infrastructure, and the consequence of large groups of immigrants settling in the city instead of moving on to other provinces. Railroad construction increased and brought about wealth because raw materials were more easily transportable. Exports increased drastically, as a consequence. With work acting as a magnet, the town became a metropolitan and multicultural city. Argentina, as the result of massive immigration, was then able to compete with major European nations. An example structure that embodied this new prosperity is the Teatro Colón, which is one of the world’s top opera venues. The city’s main boulevards were built around these years and the construction of tall buildings and one of the first subway networks in the world took place in those years.

Historical Context of Argentina:The Peronism movement in 1945 with Juan Domingo Perón as President

Poverty and labor unrest were two issues Argentina faced in 1945. In an attempt to eliminate this problem, Juan Domingo Perón came to power in 1946 and implemented a political movement known as Peronism, also known as “Justicialism" (as its ultimate objective was social justice) which refers to the beliefs of Perón and what stance Argentina should take to improve economically and socially. This political system has three ideas to it. The first is a strong authoritarian government that creates strict control of opposition parties. Second is the idea of nationalism, breaking away from foreign influence. Third, the implementation of state capitalism where the economy is capitalist under state control. The main idea behind Peronism was that government would intervene in economic affairs, and consider the best interests of the country. Perón lost sight of his goal to better the economy, and instead he put more emphasis in nationalizing corporate markets. He failed to recognize the problems of labor issues at all levels, and isolating the country from outside influence did not help economically. Resentment against Perón’s ideas of isolationism and anti-clericalism encroachment against religion and political beliefs of the middle and working classes, lead to his overthrow in 1955. Despite Perón’s downfall, ideas from his political movement of Peronism still exist in Argentina today.

Dehumanization of Modern Society

The novel explores the dehumanization of modern society. In the metropolitan Argentine society where Castel lives, there is very little in the way of material needs. Technology has advanced to the point where basic needs are met and artistic, sophisticated self-awareness takes the forefront of human consciousness. Castel finds himself in this existentialist dilemma. He is a painter concerned with artistic endeavors and not mundane life. He can live as an individual disconnected from society. In fact, society and humanity now disgust him. He finds there is no human connection worthy of his attention. Yet, paradoxically he also longs for some sort of human understanding. This is the reason why he becomes obsessed with Maria. When she notices a window in one of his paintings, he thinks he has found this connection. It is absurd but in the corporate, artificial world he lives in, seemingly logical. Everywhere he turns there is nothing natural about the world. Yet, the apex of the book is that not only is human interaction artificial but it is dehumanizing in its deceitfulness. Maria represents this to Castel with the sense of betrayal he feels when he finds out that she already has a husband and many lovers as well.

The Role of Logic

In the novel, logic plays a crucial role for Castel. Throughout the entire story, the main character, Juan Pablo Castel, constantly struggles to make any sort of decision in his daily confrontations. His existentialist behavior commands him to use “probability” as a tool to examine all the possible outcomes for each of the choices that are presented to him. For every decision he has to make, he thinks of many different scenarios that he might confront. Once three or four scenarios are investigated, Castel chooses the one that represents less pain to him. Even so, he sometimes chooses not to choose; for example, he decides not to approach Maria at the company, but to wait for a future time. By not deciding, a new set of scenarios is presented to him. This behavior may not seem ordinary, but in reality, it is only showing the existentialist logic adopted by Juan Castel.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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