G.728 is an ITU-T

ITU-T

The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector is one of the three sectors of the International Telecommunication Union ; it coordinates standards for telecommunications....

 standard

International standard

International standards are standards developed by international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use, worldwide...

 for speech coding operating at 16 kbit

Kilobit

The kilobit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. The prefix kilo is defined in the International System of Units as a multiplier of 103 , and therefore,...

/s. It is officially described as Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction.

Technology used is LD-CELP, low-delay code excited linear prediction. Delay of the codec

Codec

A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal. The word codec is a portmanteau of "compressor-decompressor" or, more commonly, "coder-decoder"...

 is only 5 samples (0.625 ms). The linear prediction is calculated backwards with a 50th order linear predictive coding

Linear predictive coding

Linear predictive coding is a tool used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model...

 filter. The excitation is generated with gain scaled VQ

Vector quantization

Vector quantization is a classical quantization technique from signal processing which allows the modeling of probability density functions by the distribution of prototype vectors. It was originally used for data compression. It works by dividing a large set of points into groups having...

. The standard was finished in 1992 in the form of algorithm exact floating point code. In 1994 a bit exact fixed point

Fixed-point arithmetic

In computing, a fixed-point number representation is a real data type for a number that has a fixed number of digits after the radix point...

 codec was released. G.728 passes low bit rate modem

Modem

A modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data...

 signals up to 2400 bit

Bit

A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications; it is the amount of information stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in one of two possible distinct states...

/s. Also network

Computer network

A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information....

 signaling goes through. The complexity of the codec is 30 MIPS

Instructions per second

Instructions per second is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads typically lead to significantly lower IPS values...

. 2 kilobyte

Kilobyte

The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Although the prefix kilo- means 1000, the term kilobyte and symbol KB have historically been used to refer to either 1024 bytes or 1000 bytes, dependent upon context, in the fields of computer science and information...

s of RAM is needed for codebooks. Mean opinion score

Mean Opinion Score

The Mean Opinion Score test has been used for decades in telephony networks to obtain the human user's view of the quality of the network. In multimedia especially when codecs are used to compress the bandwidth requirement , the mean opinion score ...

 for G.728 is 3.61.

The essence of CELP techniques, which is an analysis-by-synthesis approach to codebook search, is retained in LD-CELP. The LD-CELP however, uses backward adaptation of predictors and gain to achieve an algorithmic delay of 0.625 ms.

RealAudio

RealAudio

RealAudio is a proprietary audio format developed by RealNetworks and first released in April 1995. It uses a variety of audio codecs, ranging from low-bitrate formats that can be used over dialup modems, to high-fidelity formats for music. It can also be used as a streaming audio format, that is...

28.8 is a reduced-bitrate variant of this standard, using 15.2 kbit/s.

External links

• ITU-T G.728 page
• [ftp://svr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk/pub/comp.speech/coding/ldcelp-2.0.tar.gz C source code for G.728]