G. A. Henty
Encyclopedia
George Alfred Henty was a prolific English novelist and a special correspondent. He is best known for his historical adventure
Adventure novel
The adventure novel is a genre of novels that has adventure, an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger, as its main theme.-History:...

 stories that were popular in the late 19th century. His works include Out on the Pampas (1871), The Young Buglers
The Young Buglers, A Tale of the Peninsular War
The Young Buglers, A Tale of the Peninsular War is a book by British author G.A. Henty. It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd, London. It tells of the Peninsula War through the eyes of two orphaned brothers, Tom and Peter Scudamore....

(1880), With Clive in India (1884) and Wulf the Saxon (1895).

Biography

G.A. Henty was born in Trumpington
Trumpington, Cambridgeshire
Trumpington is a village within the city of Cambridge, UK, of which it is a suburb. It is located on the south-west side of the city and borders Cherry Hinton to the east, Grantchester to the west and Great Shelford and Little Shelford to the south-east....

, near Cambridge
Cambridge
The city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north of London. Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the...

. He was a sickly child who had to spend long periods in bed. During his frequent illnesses he became an avid reader and developed a wide range of interests which he carried into adulthood. He attended Westminster School
Westminster School
The Royal College of St. Peter in Westminster, almost always known as Westminster School, is one of Britain's leading independent schools, with the highest Oxford and Cambridge acceptance rate of any secondary school or college in Britain...

, London and later Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he was a keen sportsman. He left the university early without completing his degree to volunteer for the Army Hospital Commissariat when the Crimean War
Crimean War
The Crimean War was a conflict fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining...

 began. He was sent to the Crimea
Crimea
Crimea , or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , is a sub-national unit, an autonomous republic, of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name...

 and while there he witnessed the appalling conditions under which the British soldier had to fight. His letters home were filled with vivid descriptions of what he saw. His father was impressed by his letters and sent them to The Morning Advertiser newspaper which printed them. This initial writing success was a factor in Henty's later decision to accept the offer to become a Special Correspondent, the early name for writers now better known as War Correspondent
War correspondent
A war correspondent is a journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. In the 19th century they were also called Special Correspondents.-Methods:...

s.

Shortly before resigning from the army as a captain in 1859 he married Elizabeth Finucane. The couple had four children. Elizabeth died in 1865 after a long illness and shortly after her death Henty began writing articles for the Standard newspaper. In 1866 the newspaper sent him as their Special Correspondent to report on the Austro-Italian War
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War was a war fought in 1866 between the German Confederation under the leadership of the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy on the...

 where he met Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and fled Italy after a failed insurrection. Garibaldi took part in the War of the Farrapos and the Uruguayan Civil War leading the Italian Legion, and...

. He went on to cover the 1868 British punitive expedition to Abyssinia
1868 Expedition to Abyssinia
The British 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia was a punitive expedition carried out by armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire...

, the Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia was aided by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and...

, the Ashanti War, the Carlist Rebellion
Carlism
Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina , and was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread...

 in Spain and the Turco-Serbian War. He also witnessed the opening of the Suez Canal
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal , also known by the nickname "The Highway to India", is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigation...

 and travelled to Palestine
Palestine
Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands....

, Russia and India.

Henty was a strong supporter of the British Empire
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...

 all his life; according to
literary critic Kathryn Castle: "Henty...exemplified the ethos of the new imperialism, and glorified in its successes".
Henty's ideas about politics were influenced by writers such as
Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet
Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet
Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet PC was an English Liberal and reformist politician. Touted as a future prime minister, his aspirations to higher political office were effectively terminated in 1885, after a notorious and well-publicised divorce case.-Background and education:Dilke was the...

 and Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle was a Scottish satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher during the Victorian era.He called economics "the dismal science", wrote articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, and became a controversial social commentator.Coming from a strict Calvinist family, Carlyle was...

.

Henty once related in an interview how his storytelling skills grew out of tales told after dinner to his children. He wrote his first children's book, Out on the Pampas in 1868, naming the book's main characters after his children. The book was published by Griffith and Farran in November 1870 with a title page date of 1871. While most of the 122 books he wrote were for children, he also wrote adult novels, non-fiction such as The March to Magdala and Those Other Animals, short stories for the likes of The Boy's Own Paper
Boy's Own Paper
The Boy's Own Paper was a British story paper aimed at young and teenage boys, published from 1879 to 1967.-Publishing history:The idea for the publication was first raised in 1878 by the Religious Tract Society as a means to encourage younger children to read and also instil Christian morals...

and edited the Union Jack
Union Jack (magazine)
- Introduction :There were two story papers called Union Jack. The first appeared in the 1880s but was only very short-lived. The name was then used by Alfred Harmsworth in 1894 for a new halfpenny storypaper intended as a companion to the successful Halfpenny Marvel.Harmsworth considered it his...

, a weekly boy's magazine.

His children's novels typically revolved around a boy or young man living in troubled times. These ranged from the Punic War to more recent conflicts such as the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionised European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to...

 or the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...

. Henty's heroes – which occasionally included young ladies – are uniformly intelligent, courageous, honest and resourceful with plenty of 'pluck' yet are also modest.
These virtues have made Henty's novels popular today among many Christians and homeschoolers
Homeschooling
Homeschooling or homeschool is the education of children at home, typically by parents but sometimes by tutors, rather than in other formal settings of public or private school...

.

Henty usually researched his novels by ordering several books on the subject he was writing on from libraries, and
consulting them before beginning writing.

On 16 November 1902, Henty died aboard his yacht in Weymouth Harbour, Dorset, leaving unfinished his last novel, By Conduct and Courage, which was completed by his son Captain C.G. Henty.

Henty is buried in Brompton Cemetery
Brompton Cemetery
Brompton Cemetery is located near Earl's Court in South West London, England . It is managed by The Royal Parks and is one of the Magnificent Seven...

, London.

Influence

G.A. Henty's commercial popularity encouraged other writers to try writing juvenile adventure stories
in his style; "Herbert Strang
Herbert Strang
Herbert Strang was the pseudonym of two English authors, George Herbert Ely and Charles James L'Estrange . They specialized in writing adventure stories for boys....

", Percy F. Westerman
Percy F. Westerman
Percy Francis Westerman was a prolific author of children's literature, many of his books adventures with military themes.-Biography:...

 and Captain F. S. Brereton all wrote
novels in "the Henty tradition", often incorporating then-contemporary themes such as aviation
Aviation
Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Aviation is derived from avis, the Latin word for bird.-History:...


and First World War combat.
By the 1930s, however, interest in Henty's work was declining in Britain, and hence few children's writers looked
to his work as a model.

Misattribution

A book published in 1884 in the "Fireside Henty Series" called Forest and Frontier or Forests and Frontiers and Adventures Among the Indians was discovered to be by Thomas M. Newson

UK and US availability

In the late 1990s, a number of American publishers, such as PrestonSpeed and the Lost Classics Book Company, began
reprinting Henty's books and advocating their usage for conservative homeschoolers. Reprints of all Henty's works are available from modern day British and American publishers. One of the major modern advocates of Henty is the American politician Arthur B. Robinson
Arthur B. Robinson
Arthur B. Robinson is an American scientist and activist. He is the founder, president, and professor of chemistry at the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, which describes itself as a research institute that studies protein chemistry, nutrition, and predictive and preventive medicine...

, who advocated the use of Henty's books as the backbone of a home schooling curriculum.

Controversial views

Even during his lifetime, Henty's work was contentious; some Victorian writers accused Henty's novels of being xenophobic towards non-British people and objected to his glorification of British imperialism. A possible example of Henty's right-wing political views might be found in his True to the Old Flag (1885) which supports the Loyalist
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men. They were opposed by the Patriots, those who supported the revolution...

 side in the American Revolution
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America...

 and denounces the Revolutionaries, and In the Reign of Terror (1888) and No Surrender! A Tale of the Rising in La Vendée (1900) which are strongly hostile to the French Revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...

. However, In Henty's novel In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885) the hero fights against Britain, and bitterly denounces the acts of Britain's king, Edward I. Henty's novel With Lee in Virginia
With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War
With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War is a book by British author G.A. Henty. It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd, London. Henty's character, Vincent Wingfield, fights for the Confederate States of America, even though he is against slavery. As suggested by the title, he is...

echoes
other conservative thinkers in Victorian Britain (such as Thomas Carlyle) by taking the side of the "aristocratic"
Confederacy
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by 11 Southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S...

 against the Union
Union (American Civil War)
During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty free states and five border slave states. It was opposed by 11 southern slave states that had declared a secession to join together to form the...

. However, the hero in this book severely disagrees with slavery and even illegally aids an escaped slave enter the Union States.

Henty's popularity amongst homeschoolers is not without controversy, particularly because some of his work has been considered racist by political commentators such as Rachel Maddow
Rachel Maddow
Rachel Anne Maddow is an American television host and political commentator. Maddow hosts a nightly television show, The Rachel Maddow Show, on MSNBC. Her syndicated talk radio program, The Rachel Maddow Show, aired on Air America Radio...

. Carpenter and Pritchard note that while "Henty's work is indeed full of racial (and class) stereotypes", that he sometimes created sympathetic ethnic minority
Minority group
A minority is a sociological group within a demographic. The demographic could be based on many factors from ethnicity, gender, wealth, power, etc. The term extends to numerous situations, and civilizations within history, despite the misnomer of minorities associated with a numerical statistic...

 characters, such as the Indian
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

 servant who
marries a white woman in With Clive in India, and point out Henty admired the Turkish Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...

. However, they also point out Henty held blacks in utter contempt, and this is expressed in novels such as By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War and A Roving Commission, or, Through the Black Insurrection at Hayti. Kathryne S. McDorman states Henty disliked blacks and also, in Henty's fiction, that "…Boers and Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...

 were considered equally ignoble". In By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War, Mr. Goodenough, an entomologist remarks to the hero:

They [negroes] are just like children … They are always either laughing or quarrelling. They are good-natured and passionate, indolent, but will work hard for a time; clever up to a certain point, densely stupid beyond. The intelligence of an average negro is about equal to that of a European child of ten years old. … They are fluent talkers, but their ideas are borrowed. They are absolutely without originality, absolutely without inventive power. Living among white men, their imitative faculties enable them to attain a considerable amount of civilization. Left alone to their own devices they retrograde into a state little above their native savagery


Eddy Butler
Eddy Butler
Eddy Butler is a former National Elections Officer of the British National Party and was dubbed the party's "elections guru" by its newspaper, Voice of Freedom, until being suspended and expelled from the BNP in 2010 by Nick Griffin.Butler was originally the Tower Hamlets organiser for the...

 argues that other passages in his books "drip with sympathy for blacks", and that Henty was merely expressing the common prejudice of his time period.

List of titles

TitleTitle Page date
A Search for a Secret 1867
The March to Magdala 1868
All But Lost, Volumes I, II and III 1869
Out on the Pampas: The Young Settlers 1871
The Young Franc-Tireurs and Their Adventure in the Franco-Prussian War 1872
The March to Coomassie 1874
The Young Buglers, A Tale of the Peninsular War
The Young Buglers, A Tale of the Peninsular War
The Young Buglers, A Tale of the Peninsular War is a book by British author G.A. Henty. It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd, London. It tells of the Peninsula War through the eyes of two orphaned brothers, Tom and Peter Scudamore....

1880
The Cornet of Horse: A Tale of Marlborough's Wars 1881
In Times of Peril: A Tale of India 1881
Facing Death, The Hero of the Vaughan Pit – A Tale of the Coal Mines 1882
Winning His Spurs: A Tale of the Crusades (aka Boy Knight) 1882
Friends Though Divided: A Tale of the Civil War 1883
Jack Archer: A Tale of the Crimea 1883
Under Drake's Flag: A Tale of the Spanish Main 1883
By Sheer Pluck: A Tale of the Ashanti War 1884
With Clive in India: The Beginnings of an Empire 1884
In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce 1885
St. George For England: A Tale of Cressy and Poitiers 1885
True to the Old Flag: A Tale of the American War of Independence 1885
The Young Colonists: A Tale of the Zulu and Boer Wars 1885
The Dragon and the Raven: The Days of King Alfred 1886
For Name and Fame: To Cabul with Roberts 1886
The Lion of the North: A Tale of Gustavus Adolphus and the Wars of Religion 1886
Through the Fray: A Tale of the Luddite Riots 1886
Yarns on the Beach: A Bundle of Tales 1886
The Bravest of the Brave, or, With Peterborough in Spain 1887
A Final Reckoning: A Tale of Bush Life in Australia 1887
The Sovereign Reader: Scenes from the Life and Reign of Queen Victoria 1887
The Young Carthaginian, A Story of the Time of Hannibal 1887
With Wolfe in Canada: The Winning of a Continent 1887
Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Tale of Fontenoy and Culloden
Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Tale of Fontenoy and Culloden
Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Tale of Fontenoy and Culloden is a novel by G.A. Henty, published in 1888. It follows the wanderings of Ronald Leslie and Malcolm Anderson, eventually joining up with Bonnie Prince Charlie and taking part in his revolt. Along the way the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy...

1888
For the Temple: A Tale of the Fall of Jerusalem 1888
Gabriel Allen M.P. 1888
In the Reign of Terror: The Adventures of a Westminster Boy 1888
Orange and Green: A Tale of the Boyne and Limerick 1888
Sturdy and Strong: How George Andrews Made His Way 1888
Captain Bayley's Heir: A Tale of the Gold Fields of California 1889
The Cat of Bubastes
The Cat of Bubastes
The Cat of Bubastes, A Tale of Ancient Egypt is a historical novel for young people by British author G.A. Henty. It is the story of a young prince who becomes a slave when the Egyptians conquer his people, then is made a fugitive when his master accidentally kills a sacred cat.-Setting:The novel...

: A Tale of Ancient Egypt
1889
The Curse of Carne's Hold: A Tale of Adventure, Volumes I and II 1889
The Lion of St. Mark: A Story of Venice in the Fourteenth Century 1889
The Plague Ship (1889)
Tales of Daring and Danger, Five Short Stories 1890
By Pike and Dyke: A Tale of the Rise of the Dutch Republic 1890
One of the 28th: A Tale of Waterloo 1890
With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War
With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War
With Lee in Virginia, A Story of the American Civil War is a book by British author G.A. Henty. It was published by Blackie and Son Ltd, London. Henty's character, Vincent Wingfield, fights for the Confederate States of America, even though he is against slavery. As suggested by the title, he is...

1890
The Boy Knight: A tale of the Crusades 1891
By England's Aid: The Freeing of the Netherlands, 1585–1604 1891
By Right of Conquest: With Cortez in Mexico 1891
Chapter of Adventures: Through the Bombardment of Alexandria (aka The Young Midshipman (USA) 1891
A Hidden Foe, Volumes I and II 1891
Maori and Settler: A Tale of the New Zealand War 1891
Those Other Animals (1891)
The Dash For Khartoum: A Tale of the Nile Expedition 1892
Held Fast for England: A Tale of the Siege of Gibraltar (1779–83) 1892
The Ranch in the Valley (1892)
Redskin and Cowboy: A Tale of the Western Plains 1892
Beric the Briton: A Story of the Roman Invasion 1893
Condemned as a Nihilist: A Story of Escape from Siberia 1893
In Greek Waters: A Story of the Grecian War of Independence (1821–1827) 1893
Rujub, the Juggler, Volumes I, II and III 1893
Dorothy's Double: The Story of a Great Deception, Volumes I, II and III 1894
A Jacobite Exile: Being the Adventures of a Young Englishman in the Service of Charles XII of Sweden 1894
Saint Bartholomew's Eve: A Tale of the Huguenot Wars 1894
Through the Sikh War: A Tale of the Conquest of the Punjab 1894
In the Heart of the Rockies: A Story of Adventure in Colorado 1895
When London Burned: A Story of Restoration Times and the Great Fire 1895
Woman of the Commune: A Tale of Two Sieges of Paris (aka Cuthbert Hartington, A Girl of the Commune,Two Sieges and Two Sieges of Paris 1895
Wulf The Saxon: A Story of the Norman Conquest 1895
A Knight of the White Cross: A Tale of the Siege of Rhodes 1896
Through Russian Snows: A Story of Napoleon's Retreat from Moscow 1896
The Tiger of Mysore: A Story of the War with Tippoo Saib 1896
At Agincourt: A Tale of the White Hoods of Paris 1897
On the Irrawaddy: A Story of the First Burmese War 1897
The Queen's Cup, A Novel, Volumes I, II and III 1897
With Cochrane the Dauntless: A Tale of the Exploits of Lord Cochrane 1897
Colonel Thorndyke's Secret (aka The Brahmin's Treasure (USA)) 1898
A March on London: Being a Story of Wat Tyler's Insurrection 1898
With Frederick the Great: A Tale of the Seven Years War 1898
With Moore at Corunna: A Tale of the Peninsular War 1898
On the Spanish Main: A Tale of Cuba and the Buccaneers (1899)
At Aboukir and Acre: A Story of Napoleon's Invasion of Egypt 1899
Both Sides the Border: A Tale of Hotspur and Glendower 1899
The Golden Cañon and The Stone Chest, or The Secret of Cedar Island (2-in-1 book) 1899 (The Stone Chest is a filler title, not by Henty)
The Lost Heir 1899
Under Wellington's Command: A Tale of the Peninsular War 1899
In the Hands of the Cave Dwellers 1900
No Surrender! A Tale of the Rising in La Vendée 1900
A Roving Commission, or, Through the Black Insurrection at Hayti 1900
Won by the Sword: A Story of the Thirty Years War 1900
In the Irish Brigade: A Tale of War in Flanders and Spain 1901
John Hawke's Fortune: A Story of Monmouth's Rebellion 1901
Out With Garibaldi: A Story of the Liberation of Italy 1901
Queen Victoria: Scenes from her Life and Reign 1901
With Buller in Natal: A Born Leader 1901
At the Point of the Bayonet: A Tale of the Mahratta War 1902
To Herat and Cabul, A Story of the First Afghan War
To Herat and Cabul, A Story of the First Afghan War
To Herat and Cabul, A Story of the First Afghan War is a book by British author G. A. Henty. It was illustrated by Charles M. Sheldon and published by Blackie and Son Ltd, London. The setting is the First Anglo-Afghan War fought between the British Raj and Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842....

1902
With Roberts to Pretoria: A Tale of the South African War 1902
The Treasure of the Incas: A Tale of Adventure in Peru 1903
With Kitchener in the Soudan, A Story of Atbara and Omdurman
With Kitchener in the Soudan, A Story of Atbara and Omdurman
With Kitchener in the Soudan; A Story of Atbara and Omdurman by British author G.A. Henty is the story of the British military expedition under Lord Kitchener and the subsequent destruction of the Mahdi's followers. It was first published in 1903.- Plot :...

1903
With the British Legion: A Story of the Carlist Wars 1903
Through Three Campaigns: A Story of Chitral, Tirah, and Ashantee 1904
With the Allies to Pekin: A Story of the Relief of the Legations 1904
Gallant Deeds 1905 (five short stories)
By Conduct and Courage: A Story of Nelson's Days 1905
In the Hands of the Malays 1905
Among the Bushrangers from A Final Reckoning 1906
Indian Raid, An from Redskin and Cowboy 1906
Cast Ashore from With Clive in India 1906
Charlie Marryat from With Clive in India 1906
Cornet Walter from Orange and Green 1906
A Highland Chief from In Freedom's Cause 1906
The Two Prisoners from A Soldier's Daughter 1906
The Young Captain from With Clive in India 1906

Adaptation

There is one known instance of a book title by this very popular author having been filmed.

A Final Reckoning (1929), American, B&W: Serial/24 reels

Directed by Ray Taylor.

Cast: Frank Clark [Jim Whitney], Newton House, Louise Lorraine, Jay Wilsey, Edmund Cobb.

Universal Pictures Corporation production; distributed by Universal Pictures Corporation.

Scenario by Basil Dickey and George Morgan, from a novel by George Alfred Henty.

Cinematography by Frank Redman.

Twelve episodes (two reels each): [1] “A Treacherous Friend,” released 15 April 1929. / Standard 35mm spherical 1.37:1 format. / [?] Website-IMDb lists the release date of the first episode as 15 April 1928.

External links

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