Institut national d'études démographiques
Encyclopedia
The Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) is a French research institute specialized in demography and population studies in general.
(1882-1978), who had submitted a report on the institutionalization of demography to the Comité français de la Libération nationale d'Alger in January 1944. To head the institute, General Charles de Gaulle
appointed the statistician and economist Alfred Sauvy
who, as advisor to the President of the Council, Paul Reynaud
, had drafted the French government's first pro-natalist measures in 1938. INED moved into the premises of the Fondation française pour l'étude des problèmes humains headed by Dr Alexis Carrel
, and employed around 7% of the foundation's personnel, which counted only a handful of demographers.
The 1945 order defined the missions of INED: "The role of INED is to study demographic problems in all their aspects. To this end, the Institute will collect the relevant documentation, conduct surveys, carry out experiments and follow experiments conducted abroad, study the material and moral means which may contribute to the quantitative growth of the population and its qualitative development, and ensure the dissemination of demographic knowledge".
which superseded the 1945 order, INED became a public scientific and technological establishment (établissement public à caractère scientifique et technologique, EPST), with a legal status similar to that of other French public research bodies such as CNRS, INRA, INSERM and IRD (former ORSTOM). Previously attached to the various social ministries, INED's main supervisory authority was henceforth the Ministry of Education and Research (which pays the civil servant salaries at INED). INED is also attached to the ministries in charge of population questions and health statistics (social affairs, health or employment, depending on the government in power).
With the decree of 1986, the pro-natalist objectives of 1945 disappeared. INED's new mission was to develop and disseminate demographic knowledge with the aim of fostering general economic and social progress. Under the decree of 1986, the missions of INED are defined as follows:
(200,000 additional births in France in 1946), an institute to promote fertility became apparently superfluous. But before long, INED was asked to study the consequences of the baby boom and its effect on housing, school enrolment, employment, infant and maternal mortality. The first INED demographers, mostly graduates of Ecole Polytechnique, drew inspiration from Alfred J. Lotka
(1880-1949) and Pierre Depoid (1909-1968) to develop original demographic analysis
methods which affirmed the scientific independence of INED and established its international reputation. Eminent INED researchers include:
The work of these pioneers was set down in the manuals and the dictionary of demography written by Roland Pressat (who joined INED in 1953), which became essential reading for generations of students. Pressat disseminated the principles of demographic analysis internationally, notably in Quebec, Eastern Europe and Africa. It is he who devised the modern form of the "Lexis diagram
", a key tool for demonstrating the relationship between periods and cohorts.
The sociologist Jean Stoetzel (1910-1987), who founded IFOP in 1938 after working as an internee for Gallup
in America, was a pioneer of survey studies at INED. With the help of Alain Girard (1914-1996), he launched surveys on women's employment, ideal family size, choice of spouse, immigration, etc. He was succeeded in this area by Louis Roussel in the 1970s, and by Henri Léridon in the 1980s.
The social history of population is represented by Louis Chevalier
(1911-2001), a historian of Paris, who was elected to the Collège de France in 1952; the history of disease by Dr Jean-Noël Biraben.
Population genetics were developed successively by Jean Sutter (1910-1970) and Albert Jacquard (1925- ).
The late 1990s brought a third generation of senior researchers, including graduates of Ecole Polytechnique, of ENSAE, of the Institut de démographie de Paris, and of Ecole Normale, along with several doctors of medicine. A growing number of women now occupy senior positions at INED. Since 1990, researchers have been recruited by competitive examination after obtaining their PhD. New generations of researchers, born in the 1960s and 1970s are now extending the depth and scope of research at INED.
Chairman of the Board of Administration:
Chairman of the Scientific Council:
Chairman of the Evaluation Committee:
General secretary:
Like other French public research institutions, INED has two categories of researchers – research officers and research directors – each comprising two grades.
As of January 2000, INED comprises 11 research units and several departments (surveys, library and documentation, publications, IT, etc.) A statistical methods department was set up in January 2007.
While maintaining a flexible structure of specialized units (researchers may belong to two units simultaneously), INED has developed a system of organization by projects, built around some 30 key projects which are assessed by the Scientific Council and whose detailed content is presented on the INED website. These key projects include major household surveys and European projects.
Since 2000, INED has hosted the world headquarters of the IUSSP (International Union for the Scientific Study of Population).
In March 1998, after fifteen years in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, INED moved to new premises in the 20th arrondissement, at 133 boulevard Davout.
It is nevertheless different from INSEE
in several ways. While INSEE is a department of the Economy and Finance Ministry present in all regions of France and employing more than 5,000 people, INED is an institute of just 200 people attached to the Ministry of Research and based exclusively in Paris (though some of its researchers work on long-term assignments abroad). INSEE calculates the demographic indicators of France (birth rate, death rate, fertility, life expectancy) using vital records and census data. INSEE also estimates net migration using administrative data. INED reprocesses these data, adjusts them if necessary and performs in-depth analyses. It uses complementary sources (such as first residence permits awarded by the prefectures) and organizes surveys to collect new data. The scope of the two organizations is also different: INSEE focuses primarily on France, while INED studies all countries of the world.
INED's current research themes, covered by its thirty key projects, include:
To study the demographic and health transition in western Africa, INED runs three demographic surveillance sites in three groups of villages where it records demographic events and causes of death to analyse ongoing trends:
A research institute founded in 1945
INED was founded by virtue of the ministerial order no. 45-2499 of 24 October 1945. It was created on the initiative of the eminent paediatrician Robert DebréRobert Debré
Robert Debré was a French physician at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris.He gave his name to the most important ....
(1882-1978), who had submitted a report on the institutionalization of demography to the Comité français de la Libération nationale d'Alger in January 1944. To head the institute, General Charles de Gaulle
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
appointed the statistician and economist Alfred Sauvy
Alfred Sauvy
Alfred Sauvy was a demographer, anthropologist and historian of the French economy. Sauvy coined the term Third World in reference to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War...
who, as advisor to the President of the Council, Paul Reynaud
Paul Reynaud
Paul Reynaud was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period, noted for his stances on economic liberalism and militant opposition to Germany. He was the penultimate Prime Minister of the Third Republic and vice-president of the Democratic Republican Alliance center-right...
, had drafted the French government's first pro-natalist measures in 1938. INED moved into the premises of the Fondation française pour l'étude des problèmes humains headed by Dr Alexis Carrel
Alexis Carrel
Alexis Carrel was a French surgeon and biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 for pioneering vascular suturing techniques. He invented the first perfusion pump with Charles A. Lindbergh opening the way to organ transplantation...
, and employed around 7% of the foundation's personnel, which counted only a handful of demographers.
The 1945 order defined the missions of INED: "The role of INED is to study demographic problems in all their aspects. To this end, the Institute will collect the relevant documentation, conduct surveys, carry out experiments and follow experiments conducted abroad, study the material and moral means which may contribute to the quantitative growth of the population and its qualitative development, and ensure the dissemination of demographic knowledge".
A redefinition of INED's role in 1986
Through a 1986 decreeDecree
A decree is a rule of law issued by a head of state , according to certain procedures . It has the force of law...
which superseded the 1945 order, INED became a public scientific and technological establishment (établissement public à caractère scientifique et technologique, EPST), with a legal status similar to that of other French public research bodies such as CNRS, INRA, INSERM and IRD (former ORSTOM). Previously attached to the various social ministries, INED's main supervisory authority was henceforth the Ministry of Education and Research (which pays the civil servant salaries at INED). INED is also attached to the ministries in charge of population questions and health statistics (social affairs, health or employment, depending on the government in power).
With the decree of 1986, the pro-natalist objectives of 1945 disappeared. INED's new mission was to develop and disseminate demographic knowledge with the aim of fostering general economic and social progress. Under the decree of 1986, the missions of INED are defined as follows:
- "INED undertakes, develops and encourages, on its own initiative or at the request of the government, all forms of research on population issues;
- It evaluates, conducts or commissions all relevant research into population issues and all research contributing to the economic, social and cultural development of the country;
- It collects research data, centralizes and develops all research in France or abroad relevant to its field of activity, and informs the government and public authorities of all knowledge acquired;
- It contributes to training in research and through research in its different areas of expertise;
- It informs the public about demographic issues;
- It disseminates French demographic research internationally while promoting the use of the French language."
The founding generation
The early days were difficult for INED. With the unexpected onset of the baby boomBaby boom
A baby boom is any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate. This demographic phenomenon is usually ascribed within certain geographical bounds and when the number of annual births exceeds 2 per 100 women...
(200,000 additional births in France in 1946), an institute to promote fertility became apparently superfluous. But before long, INED was asked to study the consequences of the baby boom and its effect on housing, school enrolment, employment, infant and maternal mortality. The first INED demographers, mostly graduates of Ecole Polytechnique, drew inspiration from Alfred J. Lotka
Alfred J. Lotka
Alfred James Lotka was a US mathematician, physical chemist, and statistician, famous for his work in population dynamics and energetics. An American biophysicist best known for his proposal of the predator-prey model, developed simultaneously but independently of Vito Volterra...
(1880-1949) and Pierre Depoid (1909-1968) to develop original demographic analysis
Demographic analysis
Demographic analysis includes the sets of methods that allow us to measure the dimensions and dynamics of populations. These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of social actors can...
methods which affirmed the scientific independence of INED and established its international reputation. Eminent INED researchers include:
- Jean Bourgeois-Pichat (1912-1990), who explored the notions of stable, quasi-stable and semi-stable populations, and modelled the networks of relationships between demographic variables (he worked at the United Nations Population Division from 1953 to 1962 before succeeding Alfred Sauvy as Director of INED);
- Louis HenryLouis HenryLouis Henry was a French historian. Founder of the historical demography and one-place study fields. His 1956 book co-written with Michel Fleury, Des registres paroissiaux à l'histoire de la population...
(1911-1991), founder of historical demography, who, from 1953, began using data from the parish registers of the Ancien Régime to reconstitute families and retrace the population dynamics of France from 1740 to 1830 (survey conducted in association with the archivist Michel Fleury); - Sully Ledermann (1915-1967), who applied multivariate analysis methods to establish model life tables on the basis of one or two parameters;
- Paul Vincent (1912-1979), who introduced the notion of momentum to measure the growth potential of a population contained in its age structure.
The work of these pioneers was set down in the manuals and the dictionary of demography written by Roland Pressat (who joined INED in 1953), which became essential reading for generations of students. Pressat disseminated the principles of demographic analysis internationally, notably in Quebec, Eastern Europe and Africa. It is he who devised the modern form of the "Lexis diagram
Lexis diagram
In demography a Lexis diagram is a two dimensional diagram that is used to represent events that occur to individuals belonging to different cohorts...
", a key tool for demonstrating the relationship between periods and cohorts.
The sociologist Jean Stoetzel (1910-1987), who founded IFOP in 1938 after working as an internee for Gallup
The Gallup Organization
The Gallup Organization, is primarily a research-based performance-management consulting company. Some of Gallup's key practice areas are - Employee Engagement, Customer Engagement and Well-Being. Gallup has over 40 offices in 27 countries. World headquarters are in Washington, D.C. Operational...
in America, was a pioneer of survey studies at INED. With the help of Alain Girard (1914-1996), he launched surveys on women's employment, ideal family size, choice of spouse, immigration, etc. He was succeeded in this area by Louis Roussel in the 1970s, and by Henri Léridon in the 1980s.
The social history of population is represented by Louis Chevalier
Louis Chevalier
Louis Chevalier was an eminent French historian with interests in geography, demography and sociology. Much of his work was devoted to the history of French culture and Paris.-Early life and education:...
(1911-2001), a historian of Paris, who was elected to the Collège de France in 1952; the history of disease by Dr Jean-Noël Biraben.
Population genetics were developed successively by Jean Sutter (1910-1970) and Albert Jacquard (1925- ).
New generations of researchers
A second generation of INED researchers joined the institute in 1965, some from the Ecole Polytéchnique (Daniel Courgeau, Henri Leridon, Hervé Le Bras) and others from wide-ranging backgrounds (Jacques Vallin, Georges Tapinos [1940-2000], Patrick Festy, Chantal Blayo, Jean-Claude Chesnais).The late 1990s brought a third generation of senior researchers, including graduates of Ecole Polytechnique, of ENSAE, of the Institut de démographie de Paris, and of Ecole Normale, along with several doctors of medicine. A growing number of women now occupy senior positions at INED. Since 1990, researchers have been recruited by competitive examination after obtaining their PhD. New generations of researchers, born in the 1960s and 1970s are now extending the depth and scope of research at INED.
INED directors
- 1945-1962: Alfred SauvyAlfred SauvyAlfred Sauvy was a demographer, anthropologist and historian of the French economy. Sauvy coined the term Third World in reference to countries that were unaligned with either the Communist Soviet bloc or the Capitalist NATO bloc during the Cold War...
(1898-1990) - 1962-1971: Jean Bourgeois-Pichat (1912-1990)
- 1972-1992: Gérard Calot (1934-2001)
- 1992-1995: Jacques Magaud (1940- )
- 1995-1998: Patrick Festy (1945- )
- since 1999: François Héran (1953- ).
Chairman of the Board of Administration:
- Since 1999: Bernard Pêcheur, member of the Conseil d'Etat
Chairman of the Scientific Council:
- 2001-2006: Guillaume Wunsch, professor at the Université catholique de Louvain (Louvain-la-Neuve), member of the Académie royale de Belgique
- Since 2006: Catherine Rollet, professor at the Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
Chairman of the Evaluation Committee:
- 2001-2005: Alain Chenu, professor at the Institut d'études politiques de ParisInstitut d'Etudes Politiques de ParisThe Institut d'études politiques de Paris , simply referred to as Sciences Po , is a public research and higher education institution in Paris, France, specialised in the social sciences. It has the status of grand établissement, which allows its admissions process to be highly selective...
- Since 2005: Francesco Billari, professor at Bocconi UniversityBocconi UniversityBocconi University is a private university located in central Milan, beside Parco Ravizza. Bocconi provides undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate education, in addition to a range of double degree programs, in the fields of economics, management, finance and law. According to many university...
(Milan).
General secretary:
- 2002-2006: Yves Blin
- Since 2007: Bertrand Minault.
Eleven research units, a staff of 200, around thirty key projects
In 2007, INED has a staff of 200, including 60 tenured researchers, 110 technicians and engineers, plus around 20 PhD students and associate researchers.Like other French public research institutions, INED has two categories of researchers – research officers and research directors – each comprising two grades.
As of January 2000, INED comprises 11 research units and several departments (surveys, library and documentation, publications, IT, etc.) A statistical methods department was set up in January 2007.
While maintaining a flexible structure of specialized units (researchers may belong to two units simultaneously), INED has developed a system of organization by projects, built around some 30 key projects which are assessed by the Scientific Council and whose detailed content is presented on the INED website. These key projects include major household surveys and European projects.
A leading European demographic research centre
There are three other European research institutes comparable to INED: NIDI (Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute) in The Hague (Netherlands), MPIDR (Max-Planck Institute for Demographic Research) in Rostock (Germany) and VID (Vienna Institute of demography) in Vienna (Austria), founded respectively in 1970, 1996 and 2002, and largely based on the model of INED. In the other countries of Europe, demographers work in universities or national statistical offices. INED maintains close relations with its various European counterparts, via both European Commission research projects and international consortia linked to the United Nations.Since 2000, INED has hosted the world headquarters of the IUSSP (International Union for the Scientific Study of Population).
In March 1998, after fifteen years in the 14th arrondissement of Paris, INED moved to new premises in the 20th arrondissement, at 133 boulevard Davout.
What is the difference between INED and INSEE?
Though government-funded research is not the same thing as government statistics, INED works closely with French statistical bodies, notably INSEE (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques).It is nevertheless different from INSEE
INSEE
INSEE is the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies. It collects and publishes information on the French economy and society, carrying out the periodic national census. Located in Paris, it is the French branch of Eurostat, European Statistical System...
in several ways. While INSEE is a department of the Economy and Finance Ministry present in all regions of France and employing more than 5,000 people, INED is an institute of just 200 people attached to the Ministry of Research and based exclusively in Paris (though some of its researchers work on long-term assignments abroad). INSEE calculates the demographic indicators of France (birth rate, death rate, fertility, life expectancy) using vital records and census data. INSEE also estimates net migration using administrative data. INED reprocesses these data, adjusts them if necessary and performs in-depth analyses. It uses complementary sources (such as first residence permits awarded by the prefectures) and organizes surveys to collect new data. The scope of the two organizations is also different: INSEE focuses primarily on France, while INED studies all countries of the world.
A multidisciplinary research institute...
Though demography is central to INED, the scope of its research covers all forms of "population studies". Its researchers have very diverse fields of expertise, including sociology, economics, geography, history, political science, public health and statistics.INED's current research themes, covered by its thirty key projects, include:
- the demographic situation in France and the industrialized countries
- fertility, sexual behaviour, new patterns of union and family formation, adoption
- contraception, abortion and assisted reproductive technology (ART)
- trends in causes of death, longevity, health inequalities
- demographic questions in southern countries (demographic transitionDemographic transitionThe demographic transition model is the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1929 by the American...
, population ageing) - residential mobility, forms of sociability, housing, housing insecurity, residential segregation
- gender relations (sex discrimination) in northern and southern countries
- economic demography (microeconomics of the family, work-family balance, pensions)
- international migration and minorities, mechanisms of integration and discrimination
- construction of administrative categories in population management, national and local identities
- methodology of international demographic comparisons
- history of European populations
- history of demographic knowledge and learned societies (17th-20th centuries)
... interested in the whole world
Half of INED's budget and research activity are devoted to the demography of France, and half to the demography of other countries. The regions most extensively covered are, in decreasing order, Western Europe, Central Europe, the Arab world, western Africa, Asia and Latin America.To study the demographic and health transition in western Africa, INED runs three demographic surveillance sites in three groups of villages where it records demographic events and causes of death to analyse ongoing trends:
- Bandafassi (Kedougou region, Senegal), since 1970
- Mlomp (Casamance, Senegal), since 1985
- Bwa country (Mali) since 1989.
A central activity: surveys
Half the INED research budget (excluding payroll costs) is devoted to major surveys of households and individuals. They are conducted by the INED Surveys Department, often in collaboration with INSEE. Surveys carried out since the 1980s include:- Couple formation, 1983-1984
- Family situations, 1985
- 3Bis: family, work and migration event histories, 1988-1989
- Local family circle, 1990
- Geographical mobility and social integration of immigrants (MGIS), 1992 (with INSEE)
- Analysis of sexual behaviour in France, 1992 (INSERM survey in association with INED)
- Family educational support, 1992 (INSEE survey in association with INED)
- Transition to adulthood, 1993-1994
- Homelessness, 1994-1995
- Family situation and employment, 1994
- Outcomes of children born outside marriage, 1996-1997
- Anesthesiology and intensive care practitioners, 1998
- Family history survey, associated with the 1999 census (INSEE survey in association with INED)
- Event histories and contact circle, 1999-2000 (Paris region)
- National observatory of cystic fibrosis in France, 2000-2007
- Handicap, disability and dependence in prisons (HID-prison), 2001
- Fertility intentions (3 waves), 1998, 2001, 2003
- Survey of adoption in 10 départements, 2003-2004
- Families and employers, 2004-2005
- "Generations and Gender", an international survey whose French part has been entrusted to INED: Survey of family and intergenerational relationships (ERFI), 2005, 2008, 2011
- Context of sexuality in France, 2006
- Trajectories and origins of migrants and their descendants, 2008 (in preparation)
INED as a publisher
INED produces a range of publications:- Population & Societies, is a monthly popular science journal (11 issues per year) in French and English that can be downloaded from the INED website from the day of issue. Editor in chief: Gilles Pison.
- Population, is a quarterly scientific journal published in both French and English. Editors in chief: Michel Bozon, Eva Lelièvre, Francisco Munoz-Pérez.
- Les Cahiers de l'INED, book collection. Editor in chief: Jean-Marc Rohrbasser.
- Les Classiques de l'économie et de la population, critical editions of historical works. Editor in chief: Éric Brian.
- INED also publishes demographic manuals, notably a major treaty of demography in eight volumes, Démographie : analyse et synthèse, with contributions from around a hundred French and foreign authors and edited by de Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin and Guillaume Wunsch (2001-2006). An English version was published by Academic Press in New York in 2006.