Isaac A. Van Amburgh was an American animal trainer who developed the first trained wild animal act in modern times. By introducing jungle acts into the circus, Van Amburgh paved the way for combining menageries

Menagerie

A menagerie is/was a form of keeping common and exotic animals in captivity that preceded the modern zoological garden. The term was first used in seventeenth century France in reference to the management of household or domestic stock. Later, it came to be used primarily in reference to...

 with circuses.

Circus

A circus is commonly a travelling company of performers that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other stunt-oriented artists...

  After that, menageries began using equestrian and clown

Clown

Clowns are comic performers stereotypically characterized by the grotesque image of the circus clown's colored wigs, stylistic makeup, outlandish costumes, unusually large footwear, and red nose, which evolved to project their actions to large audiences. Other less grotesque styles have also...

 performances in circus rings. Gradually the distinction between circus and menagerie faded.

From the humble beginning of cage-cleaner in the Zoological Institute of New York, Van Amburgh quickly gained notoriety for his acts of daring, for example placing his bare arm and even head inside the jaws of a wild cat. Also known for his domineering attitude toward his animals, he earned the title “The Lion King.”

Despite the disapproval of some for his brutal treatment of animals, Van Amburgh remained very popular and successful, beginning his own menagerie which he took to Europe. He died a wealthy man, and his name continued to be used in the circus world for more than a century after.

Early Life and Beginnings of Career

Isaac A. Van Amburgh (a name adopted by his American Indian grandfather) was born in July of 1811 in Fishkill, New York.

Fishkill (town), New York

Fishkill is an affluent suburban town in the southwest part of Dutchess County, New York, USA. The population was 20,258 at the 2000 census, however, current estimates put the town's population at over 22,100. Fishkill partly surrounds the city of Beacon....

  Legend dictates that while reading the Bible, young Isaac came upon the tale of Daniel

Book of Daniel

The Book of Daniel is a book in the Hebrew Bible. The book tells of how Daniel, and his Judean companions, were inducted into Babylon during Jewish exile, and how their positions elevated in the court of Nebuchadnezzar. The court tales span events that occur during the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar,...

 in the lion’s den, and, from then on, was determined to be a lion tamer. He found his start in the Zoological Institute of New York.

Zoological Institute of New York

At nineteen, Isaac left his home in Peekskill, New York

Peekskill, New York

Peekskill is a city in Westchester County, New York. It is situated on a bay along the east side of the Hudson River, across from Jones Point.This community was known to be an early American industrial center, primarily for its iron plow and stove products...

 to look for a job in neighboring North Salem.

North Salem, New York

North Salem is a town in the northeast part of Westchester County, New York, United States. The county ranks second for wealthiest counties in New York State and the seventh wealthiest county nationally...

  There he found a job as a cage cleaner in the Zoological Institute of New York.

Despite its lofty-sounding name, the Zoological Institute was not a zoo at all, but rather a tiny traveling menagerie. In a period of time when amusement was regarded with suspicion, it was from its name that this show got its value.

Although he started out as a "cage boy," Isaac showed an aptitude for training the wild animals whose cages he cleaned. One of the owners of the Zoological Institute, Titus, was a dealer in wild animals. So he appreciated the novelty of trained wild animals, recognizing that "novelty plus publicity meant money."

June, Titus, and Angevine distributed posters by the thousands. They put Isaac in costume – a Roman toga, in reference to the gladiators of ancient Rome's Circus Maximus

Circus Maximus

The Circus Maximus is an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire...

. In the winter, Van Amburgh trained his wild animals in the barns of New York's upper Westchester and the lower Putnam countries. The next year, 1821, the Van Amburgh Menagerie hit New York City.

The Lion King

In 1833, at age twenty-two, Isaac A. Van Amburgh entered a cage of wild cats at the Zoological Institute. In the cage were a lion, a lioness, leopard, leopardess, black-maned caped lion, and panther. From the Richmond Hill Theatre, New York, Van Amburgh astonished the country. In the words of his biographer, "The effect of his power was instantaneous. The Lion halted and stood transfixed. The Tiger crouched. The Panther with a suppressed growl of rage sprang back, while the Leopard receded gradually from its master. The spectators were overwhelmed with wonder .... Then came the most effective tableaux of all. Van Amburgh with his strong will bade them come to him while he reclined in the back of the cage – the proud King of animal creation."

Van Amburgh did more than just enter the cage. Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and the former Elizabeth Clarke Manning. His ancestors include John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials...

 described a menagerie he saw on September 4, 1828, near North Adams, Massachusetts: “A man put his arm and head into the lion’s mouth, – all the spectators looking on so attentively that a breath could not be heard. That was impressive, – its effect on a thousand persons, – more than the thing itself.” As Van Amburgh was one of the only performers of the time to perform this way, Hawthorne probably saw Van Amburgh. In fact, Van Amburgh is usually credited with being the first man ever to put his head into the mouth of a lion. In July, 7, 1838, the New York Mirror

New York Mirror

The New-York Mirror was a weekly newspaper published in New York City from 1823 to 1842, and again as a daily newspaper renamed The Evening Mirror from 1844 to 1898.-History:...

 also described how Van Amburgh’s “fearless acts of placing his bare arm moist with blood, in the lion’s mouth and thrusting his head into the distended jaws of the tiger” were watched with keen interest.

Van Amburgh's Menagerie

Van Amburgh, made an instant hero, discovered he now had the freedom to make his own decisions. By entering lions’ dens in and out of the country, he began earning real money. Featured in the “Flatfoot shows,” he was able to earn up to four hundred dollars per week. By age twenty-three, he had his own traveling menagerie, and by the mid-1840’s his was the largest traveling show in England. In 1861, it was one of America’s eleven big traveling shows.

Even after the 1868 fire that killed Van Amburgh’s animals and destroyed other circus artifacts, the potent name of Van Amburgh continued to be used by circuses until 1922.

London and Queen Victoria

In the late 1830s, Van Amburgh took his act to England and Europe for several years. He made his debut in London at Astley’s on August 27, 1838, and his said to have made £300 per week there.

While in England, Van Amburgh performed for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1844. The former took special interest in him. In fact, the Queen commissioned artist Edwin Landseer

Edwin Henry Landseer

Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, RA was an English painter, well known for his paintings of animals—particularly horses, dogs and stags...

 to paint a portrait of Van Amburgh and his cats. Upon its completion, the painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy, an impressive honor for the time.

In 1839, Queen Victoria traveled six times in as many months solely to watch Van Amburgh perform at Drury Lane

Drury Lane

Drury Lane is a street on the eastern boundary of the Covent Garden area of London, running between Aldwych and High Holborn. The northern part is in the borough of Camden and the southern part in the City of Westminster....

. She even remained after one evening’s performance in order to watch his feeding the cats. Even before his 1838 European debut, Van Amburgh was one of America’s most celebrated characters. But after such special royal favor, Van Amburgh “became a figure that even the American upper crust could admit to appreciating.” He was the first major American wild animal trainer to achieve such an international celebrity status.

Criticisms

Circuses were regularly under attack in the press and at the pulpit as “traveling death” and “moral ruin.” But predecessors of Van Amburgh were less inhumane. Despite his great success and popularity, Van Amburgh regularly faced criticism for the cruelty he showed to his animals. Van Amburgh reportedly beat his animals with a crowbar. In costume, whether in loose-fitting jungle clothing or ancient Roman gladiatorial garb, Van Amburgh would bait the animals, attempting to evoke as much ferocity on their part as he could. Thereupon, he would beat them into submission. “His ‘‘piece de resitance’’ was forcing the lions to ... lick his boots as the ultimate sign of his conquest and the animals’ abject subservience.” Van Amburgh’s own publicity agent, Hyat Frost, reported that Van Amburgh starved his lions for three days before one of these royal command performances. They were so hungry when it came time to perform that he was forced to “lash them furiously with his whip ‘into the most abject and crouching submission.’”

In response to these attacks, Van Amburgh cited Bible verses to justify his touring menagerie. He quoted Genesis 1:26, arguing that God had given men dominion over animals. Thus “it was a religious act for trained animals to kneel at his feet.” He is also well-remembered for having acted out a scene form the bible by forcing a lion and a lamb to lie down together and even inviting a child from the audience into the den.

Death and Legacy

In August of 1838, the editor of the Age reported that “there have already been several cases in which lions have snapped off the heads of persons persisting in this sort of foolish experiment.” Van Amburgh, however, was one of the few early lion tamers who died in bed. On November 29, 1865, at age fifty-four, Isaac A. Van Amburgh suffered a fatal heart attack in Philadelphia. He died a very wealthy man.

Even after Van Amburgh's death, Hyatt Frost, his manager since 1865, continued using the Van Amburgh name. From him it was leased by the Ringling Brothers

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is an American circus company. The company was started when the circus created by James Anthony Bailey and P. T. Barnum was merged with the Ringling Brothers Circus. The Ringling brothers purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1907, but ran the circuses...

in 1889.

Van Amburgh himself lived to hear his deeds put to a popular song, “The Menagerie.” Dr. W. J. Wetmore, M.D., published “Van Amburgh’s Menagerie” in 1865, which began like this:

Van Amburgh is the man, who goes to all the shows

He goes into the lion's cage, and tells you all he knows;

He sticks his head in the lion's mouth,and keeps it there a-while,

And when he pulls it out again, he greets you with a smile.

chorus:

The elephant now moves round, the music begins to play.

Them boys around the monkey’s cage had better keep away.

Sources

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• Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Mich. 48859, January 13, 2011 http://clarke.cmich.edu/resource_tab/information_and_exhibits/rides_and_spangles_michigan_circuses_and_carnivals/lion_tamers.html
• “Circus in America” © to Lavahn G. Hoh and the University of Virginia, 2004 http://www.circusinamerica.org/public/timelines?date1=1825&date2=1871
• Culhane, John. The American Circus, Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1990
• Ferguson, O. J. Biographical Sketch of I. A. Van Amburgh. Booth & Co., 1865
• Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Passages from the American Note-Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Bowstn: Houghton, Mifflin, 1898. Entry for September 4, 1838.
• History Magazine, "Step Right Up," October/November 2001 issue http://www.history-magazine.com/circuses.html
• Johnson, William M., The Rose-Tinted Menagerie (http://www.iridescent-publishing.com/rtm/ch1p3.htm)
• Thayer, Stuart. American Circus Anthology, Essays of the Early Years, arranged and edited by William L. Slout. Copyright © 2005 by Stuart Thayer and William L. Slout. All rights reserved. http://www.circushistory.org/Thayer/Thayer2c.htm