José Núñez de Cáceres
Encyclopedia
José Núñez de Cáceres was a Dominican politician and writer. He was the leader of Dominican independence when Spain
ruled the country and he was also the first person in the country to use literature as weapon of social protest and politics.
under the Treaty of Basel
, the family moved to the Audiencia Real of Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey
), Cuba
. It was in this city, where in August 1800, Núñez de Cáceres was appointed Rapporteur by Charles IV
, which was not prevented from exercising their teacher profession.
Núñez de Cáceres also served in tenure and advice from the government in Havana
. In late 1808 after the Dominican reconquest by Spain, he returned to his homeland, where he wrote his famous song The winners of Battle of Palo Hincado
in the action of November 7, 1808, and between the June 29, 1810 and May 7, 1813 he was appointed Lieutenant Governor
, General Counsel
and Government Service Judge Advocate General's Corps
of the province of Santo Domingo. In 1812, ordered the issuance of paper money and adopted emergency measures.
Núñez de Cáceres was involved in trouble with Lieutenant José Álvarez de Toledo
, who had been appointed by the Spanish Central as Junta alternate deputy to the Cádiz Cortes
. His revolutionary ideas were denounced by Núñez de Cáceres, President of the Courts. He based on two confidential letters that Álvarez de Toledo had sent to Juan Sánchez Ramírez
. The Courts decided to prosecute Alvarez de Toledo, but he could not be found. It is known that in 1812 a manifesto printed in Philadelphia censuring the conduct of Cortes, Nuñez de Caceres think in tyranny that had and urged the American provinces to independencia.
He Noted for his tenacity to Improve the Economic Situation of the colony, which was almost ruined.
He had constant clashes with the authorities, especially with Juan Sánchez Ramírez. At his death, Núñez de Cáceres try occupy a position as Member of the Royal Audiencia of Quito, which was vacant, but he found great opposition in court and he did not get the work. Apparently this disappointment drove him to do revolutionary work for try bring the colony under the protectorate of Colombia
. For ten years he tried to not climb to Court's in rise as creditor of their services. According to his biographer, Dr. Morilla, the failure of claimant was probably due to his enmity with Francisco Javier Caro, director of the Indies, because Núñez de Cáceres he entered in the political scene, after that a family member had passed to the island of Cuba on charges of conspiring in favor of Haiti. It seems like this disappointment, was which led him to start his early revolutionary, not to wean the colony, but for put under the protectorate of Colombia, others say it was to join federation to that republic. In 1815, while he devoted himself to politics, he returned to teaching in the old University of Santo Domingo.
. He had tried to wean his country from Spain by a coup in the spring of 1821, but this failed due to measures taken by Sebastián Kindelán y Oregón, and the conspirators to did not receive a response to time of Simón Bolivar
. The governor, however, despite the steps taken, and denunciation of the plot, did not mind, allowing Núñez de Cáceres prosecute to captain Manuel Martinez for the crime of libel. Pascual Real, the new governor, who arrived in the colony in May of that year, not only gave credit to the whistleblowers who confirmed the veracity of the conspiracy by Núñez de Cáceres, but very soon learned the name of his followers. As Real had no troops, he devoted himself to observe the behavior of the suspects and to win the confidence of key military leaders.
A group haitianofilo, familiar with the plans of Núñez de Cáceres and its people, explained to Boyer the political situation that the Dominican Republic lived at this time, with the purpose of annexation the that former colony. On November 8, Major Andrew Amarante proclaimed the start of annexation of that Republic in Beler and seven days later he spoke in the same direction of Dajabón
and Monte Cristi. He oup decided to act quickly.
Also the same day it announced the Constitutive Act of Independence, that rules out the general functions of the new government and secured their determination to conclude an agreement with the Gran Colombia to establish a Confederate state with her, without giving up sovereignty the country; he start the Separatist Movement on November 30, 1821 and the next month, Friday 30. December, troops of the battalion, commanded by dark, they took by assault the fortress, enclosing within its walls to the governor. At dawn the next day it was announced the establishment of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti (Dominican Republic). Immediately thereafter, they proceeded to the reading of the Dominican Declaration of Independence written by Núñez de Cáceres. He established a joint interim government, whose president was himself Núñez de Cáceres and he gave a Constitution that contains a stain of disgrace, which was unacceptable to his time. That blur was the maintenance of slavery. Núñez de Cáceres was president of the provisional government. To avoided a invasion from neighboring Haiti
, Núñez de Cáceres sent to Venezuela
to one of the most prominent members of his party, Antonio María Pineda, to inform Bolívar, the Liberator but was absent from Caracas
, and neither the vice president Francisco de Paula Santander
or the commanding general of the city, General José Antonio Páez
, lent him the slightest attention.
a commission of three sent by Jean Pierre Boyer
, President of Haiti
. Haitian officials had to report the pronouncements of Pascual Real and observe the situation from Dajabón
and Monte Cristi. Aware of political change, Colonel Fremont, Haitian head of the commission, informed Núñez de Cáceres, newly appointed chairman of the state, which he would support the new government Boyer. However, this called to Senate to inform the decision to move to the east in order to enforce the unity and indivisibility of the island. On January 11, 1822, as Núñez de Cáceres found no support he sought in Colombia, Boyer wrote to Núñez de Cáceres a letter announcing his intention to visit the eastern part together with stunning force, but not as an invader, but as a peacemaker, while warning him there would be able to avoid obstacles. When Núñez de Cáceres read that message, he realized that everything for which he had fought in vain. Like most of the population was black and mulatto, preferring to ally to Haiti, where had not slavery, had no other choice but to answer that military commanders and the City had agreed to be placed under the protection of Haitian law. He same Núñez de Cáceres, seven weeks later, on Saturday January 19, replaced the Colombian flag and replaced it with the Haitian, and Saturday February 9, 1822, he presented to President Boyer the keys to the city of Santo Domingo. However, in August, Cáceres was still in Santo Domingo, making clandestine efforts to obtain support from the authorities of Gran Colombia. Boyer learned of his activities and demanded the exile José Núñez de Cáceres arguing that his presence was an inconvenience on the island and that if it was absent voluntarily, embarked by force.
, Venezuela
. In 1824, he was in Caracas
, putting the printing trade. More late, after of his participated in some newspapers of country, exploded of the movement of La Cosiata, to which he actively joined. On May 5, 1826, when the Municipality of Caracas decided to give full powers to General José Antonio Páez
and join the revolution started in Valencia, José Núñez de Cáceres was chosen, together with Pedro Pablo Diaz, to bring the news to Páez. On May 14, Núñez de Cáceres was beside him when in Valencia he reaffirmed his disobedience to Bogotá
government. Subsequently, Páez appointed to Núñez as private secretary and adviser, a position he held until early January 1827. With this office he forced Bolívar to wean Venezuelan from la Gran Colombia. Páez Accepted the idea of Núñez de Cáceres so he gave her international passport to Bolívar. On 7 November the same year, in the Assembly the held in the convent of San Francisco in Caracas, in which he participated and spoke Paez, he gave one of the most revolutionary speeches, arguing that "the social pact was dissolved". In early 1827, when the movement was paralyzed in the presence of Bolivar, Núñez de Cáceres decided to leave Venezuela bound for Mexico
.
He and his family went to Mexico, where he first settled in the city of San Luis Potosi
and then in Ciudad Victoria
, capital of Tamaulipas
.
In the early years, he practiced law. In 1830 he was named prosecutor of the supreme court. In 1833 he was elected senator of the State of Tamaulipas and member of the Mexican Confederation Congress and in the same year he was named Distinguished Citizen of Tamaulipas.
He served with General Moctezuma at the Well of Caramel, and he endorsed the agenda of this soldier. In 1834 he was appointed treasurer of Public Finance
, a position which he alternated with his attorney Professions.
By 1844 he became seriously ill and the State Government and the Departmental Board of Tamaulipas assigned a pension to alleviate their pain. On September 11, 1846 he died in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.
José Núñez de Cáceres founded on 15 April 1821, in Santo Domingo, the newspaper El Duende, considered the second national Dominican newspaper. This weekly -political and sati-rich- newspaper that circulated the Sunday in the city of Santo Domingo had thirteen numbers disappearing on 15 July of that year. Through El Duende, Núñez de Cáceres was released as a fabulist, for here he published nine of his fables. He also founded the newspaper El Relámpago (Lightning) in this city. In late 1822, Núñez de Cáceres lived with his family in Maracaibo
, Venezuela
. In 1824, he was in Caracas
, putting the printing trade. From his studio came during the years of 1824-1826, several newspapers, books and pamphlets; between newspapers include: El Constitucional Caraqueño (The Constitutional from Caracas) and La Cometa (The Comet), a newspaper that harshly attacked Simón Bolívar
, as well as recent issues of the newspaper El Venezolano.
In Venezuela
, in addition to the forum and engage in journalism, he wrote others three fables.
Some of the fables that he wrote were:el conejo (the rabbit), la oveja y el lobo (the sheep and the shepherd ), el lobo y el zorro (the wolf and the fox), la araña y el águila (the spider and the eagle) and la aveja y abejorros (the bee and bumble).
These fables were signed under the pseudonym "El fabulista principiante" (The fabulist beginner). He was credited as the first Dominican fabulist and one of the first storyteller in Hispanic America.
, Cuba
, born others three children: José, the September 9, 1804;
Francisco de Asis, 15 September 1805, and Gregorio, on June 8, 1809.
Moreover, in their literature, Núñez de Cáceres was a very learned writer and updated. he Know to all the classics fabu-lists (Aesop
, Phaedrus
, Jean de La Fontaine
, Samaniego
and Tomás de Iriarte
and, consciously he influenced, especially in the use of character animals : eagle, bee, Donkey, Stork, Rabbit, Lamb, Owl, Wolf, Mule, Palomo, Raposa. As a rational person, it is common the Pastor. Of the nineteen characters who act in the eleven tales of Creole fabulist, thirteen are found in Iriarte, twelve in Aesop and La Fontaine, nine in Phaedrus and eight in Samaniego. Interestingly, the mule, horse and donkey cross-and bumble appear in two of the fables of Núñez de Cáceres, but not in any of those written by the classic fable above.
After the Dominican hero's death, his disciple Venezuelan Simon de Portes, who moved with him to Mexico, made in the act of inhumaci of the remains of the great Dominican, a speech where he said: "Rare event: here, not far Padilla, which ceased to be the hero of Igualada, which sealed the independence of Mexico, Dominican gentleman dies almost hear the roar of the cannon of the unjust invading Anglo-time same as before his death this unfortunate hero rejoices with the nice idea that the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, after many battles, been driven from its territory to its oppressors ... It is full of joy José Núñez de Cáceres with such a happy event, and as you stop the course of death gradually led him to the grave ".
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
ruled the country and he was also the first person in the country to use literature as weapon of social protest and politics.
Early years
José Núñez de Cáceres y Albor was born on March 14, 1772 or 1779, in Santo Domingo. He was the son of Francisco Nuñez and Maria Albor. His mother died a few days after of his birth. He was raised by his aunt Maria Nuñez. Since his childhood, Núñez de Cáceres showed great love for the studies but his father was a farmer and he wanted dedicate to his son in the work of the field, that's why he did not like your child pay him more attention to studies. Núñez de Cáceres was raised in a very poor family. He had to study the books of his classmates because he had not all the books he needed. He could earn some money helping his aunt in sale the doves that an acquaintance hunted to speculate on them. At 23, in 1795, Nuñez de Cáceres got the Civil Law degree, he formed a distinguished clientele, and he became a professor at the University of Santo Tomás de Aquino.Political career
In 1799, after transfer of the colony of Dominican Republic to FranceFrance
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
under the Treaty of Basel
Treaty of Basel
There were several Treaties of Basel:*Treaty of Basel *Peace of Basel *The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal...
, the family moved to the Audiencia Real of Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey
Camagüey
Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba and is the nation's third largest city. It is the capital of the Camagüey Province.After almost continuous attacks from pirates the original city was moved inland in 1528.The new city was built with a confusing lay-out of winding alleys that made...
), Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
. It was in this city, where in August 1800, Núñez de Cáceres was appointed Rapporteur by Charles IV
Charles IV of Spain
Charles IV was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808.-Early life:...
, which was not prevented from exercising their teacher profession.
Núñez de Cáceres also served in tenure and advice from the government in Havana
Havana
Havana is the capital city, province, major port, and leading commercial centre of Cuba. The city proper has a population of 2.1 million inhabitants, and it spans a total of — making it the largest city in the Caribbean region, and the most populous...
. In late 1808 after the Dominican reconquest by Spain, he returned to his homeland, where he wrote his famous song The winners of Battle of Palo Hincado
Battle of Palo Hincado
The Battle of Palo Hincado was the first major battle of the Spanish Reconquista of the colony of Santo Domingo, now the Dominican Republic. It was fought in the colony, on November 7, 1808, at Palo Hincado savanna, near El Seibo...
in the action of November 7, 1808, and between the June 29, 1810 and May 7, 1813 he was appointed Lieutenant Governor
Lieutenant governor
A lieutenant governor or lieutenant-governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction, but is often the deputy or lieutenant to or ranking under a governor — a "second-in-command"...
, General Counsel
General Counsel
A general counsel is the chief lawyer of a legal department, usually in a corporation or government department. The term is most used in the United States...
and Government Service Judge Advocate General's Corps
Judge Advocate General's Corps
Judge Advocate General's Corps, also known as JAG or JAG Corps, refers to the legal branch or specialty of the U.S. Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, and Navy. Officers serving in the JAG Corps are typically called Judge Advocates. The Marine Corps and Coast Guard do not maintain separate JAG Corps...
of the province of Santo Domingo. In 1812, ordered the issuance of paper money and adopted emergency measures.
Núñez de Cáceres was involved in trouble with Lieutenant José Álvarez de Toledo
José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois
José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois was a politician and leader of a military force against Spanish rule in Texas.Toledo was born in Havana, Cuba. His father, Luis de Toledo y Liche was a native of Seville, Spain. He was educated at the Escuela Naval de Cádiz and then joined the Spanish Navy in 1806...
, who had been appointed by the Spanish Central as Junta alternate deputy to the Cádiz Cortes
Cádiz Cortes
The Cádiz Cortes were sessions of the national legislative body which met in the safe haven of Cádiz during the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic Wars...
. His revolutionary ideas were denounced by Núñez de Cáceres, President of the Courts. He based on two confidential letters that Álvarez de Toledo had sent to Juan Sánchez Ramírez
Juan Sánchez Ramírez
Juan Sánchez Ramírez was a soldier and Dominican Captain general who ruled the Dominican Republic between 1808 and 1811.- Biography :...
. The Courts decided to prosecute Alvarez de Toledo, but he could not be found. It is known that in 1812 a manifesto printed in Philadelphia censuring the conduct of Cortes, Nuñez de Caceres think in tyranny that had and urged the American provinces to independencia.
He Noted for his tenacity to Improve the Economic Situation of the colony, which was almost ruined.
He had constant clashes with the authorities, especially with Juan Sánchez Ramírez. At his death, Núñez de Cáceres try occupy a position as Member of the Royal Audiencia of Quito, which was vacant, but he found great opposition in court and he did not get the work. Apparently this disappointment drove him to do revolutionary work for try bring the colony under the protectorate of Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
. For ten years he tried to not climb to Court's in rise as creditor of their services. According to his biographer, Dr. Morilla, the failure of claimant was probably due to his enmity with Francisco Javier Caro, director of the Indies, because Núñez de Cáceres he entered in the political scene, after that a family member had passed to the island of Cuba on charges of conspiring in favor of Haiti. It seems like this disappointment, was which led him to start his early revolutionary, not to wean the colony, but for put under the protectorate of Colombia, others say it was to join federation to that republic. In 1815, while he devoted himself to politics, he returned to teaching in the old University of Santo Domingo.
The struggle for independence
Núñez de Cáceres wanted independence from the Dominican República and ask for the annexation of his country to the Gran ColombiaGran Colombia
Gran Colombia is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831. This short-lived republic included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, northern Peru and northwest Brazil. The...
. He had tried to wean his country from Spain by a coup in the spring of 1821, but this failed due to measures taken by Sebastián Kindelán y Oregón, and the conspirators to did not receive a response to time of Simón Bolivar
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte y Yeiter, commonly known as Simón Bolívar was a Venezuelan military and political leader...
. The governor, however, despite the steps taken, and denunciation of the plot, did not mind, allowing Núñez de Cáceres prosecute to captain Manuel Martinez for the crime of libel. Pascual Real, the new governor, who arrived in the colony in May of that year, not only gave credit to the whistleblowers who confirmed the veracity of the conspiracy by Núñez de Cáceres, but very soon learned the name of his followers. As Real had no troops, he devoted himself to observe the behavior of the suspects and to win the confidence of key military leaders.
A group haitianofilo, familiar with the plans of Núñez de Cáceres and its people, explained to Boyer the political situation that the Dominican Republic lived at this time, with the purpose of annexation the that former colony. On November 8, Major Andrew Amarante proclaimed the start of annexation of that Republic in Beler and seven days later he spoke in the same direction of Dajabón
Dajabón
Dajabón is a province of the Dominican Republic, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city is also called Dajabón.It was split from Monte Cristi province in 1938, and was called Libertador until 1961.-Location:...
and Monte Cristi. He oup decided to act quickly.
Also the same day it announced the Constitutive Act of Independence, that rules out the general functions of the new government and secured their determination to conclude an agreement with the Gran Colombia to establish a Confederate state with her, without giving up sovereignty the country; he start the Separatist Movement on November 30, 1821 and the next month, Friday 30. December, troops of the battalion, commanded by dark, they took by assault the fortress, enclosing within its walls to the governor. At dawn the next day it was announced the establishment of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti (Dominican Republic). Immediately thereafter, they proceeded to the reading of the Dominican Declaration of Independence written by Núñez de Cáceres. He established a joint interim government, whose president was himself Núñez de Cáceres and he gave a Constitution that contains a stain of disgrace, which was unacceptable to his time. That blur was the maintenance of slavery. Núñez de Cáceres was president of the provisional government. To avoided a invasion from neighboring Haiti
Haiti
Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...
, Núñez de Cáceres sent to Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
to one of the most prominent members of his party, Antonio María Pineda, to inform Bolívar, the Liberator but was absent from Caracas
Caracas
Caracas , officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela; natives or residents are known as Caraquenians in English . It is located in the northern part of the country, following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range...
, and neither the vice president Francisco de Paula Santander
Francisco de Paula Santander
Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña , was a Colombian military and political leader during the 1810–1819 independence war of the United Provinces of New Granada...
or the commanding general of the city, General José Antonio Páez
José Antonio Páez
José Antonio Páez Herrera was General in Chief of the army fighting Spain during the Venezuelan Wars of Independence, in addition to becoming the President of Venezuela once it was independent of the Gran Colombia...
, lent him the slightest attention.
Haitian invasions
Almost simultaneously with the proclamation of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti, arrived in Santo DomingoSanto Domingo
Santo Domingo, known officially as Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city in the Dominican Republic. Its metropolitan population was 2,084,852 in 2003, and estimated at 3,294,385 in 2010. The city is located on the Caribbean Sea, at the mouth of the Ozama River...
a commission of three sent by Jean Pierre Boyer
Jean Pierre Boyer
Jean-Pierre Boyer , a native of Saint-Domingue, was a soldier, one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution, and President of Haiti from 1818 to 1843. He reunited the north and south of Haiti in 1820 and also invaded and took control of Santo Domingo, which brought all of Hispaniola under one...
, President of Haiti
Haiti
Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...
. Haitian officials had to report the pronouncements of Pascual Real and observe the situation from Dajabón
Dajabón
Dajabón is a province of the Dominican Republic, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city is also called Dajabón.It was split from Monte Cristi province in 1938, and was called Libertador until 1961.-Location:...
and Monte Cristi. Aware of political change, Colonel Fremont, Haitian head of the commission, informed Núñez de Cáceres, newly appointed chairman of the state, which he would support the new government Boyer. However, this called to Senate to inform the decision to move to the east in order to enforce the unity and indivisibility of the island. On January 11, 1822, as Núñez de Cáceres found no support he sought in Colombia, Boyer wrote to Núñez de Cáceres a letter announcing his intention to visit the eastern part together with stunning force, but not as an invader, but as a peacemaker, while warning him there would be able to avoid obstacles. When Núñez de Cáceres read that message, he realized that everything for which he had fought in vain. Like most of the population was black and mulatto, preferring to ally to Haiti, where had not slavery, had no other choice but to answer that military commanders and the City had agreed to be placed under the protection of Haitian law. He same Núñez de Cáceres, seven weeks later, on Saturday January 19, replaced the Colombian flag and replaced it with the Haitian, and Saturday February 9, 1822, he presented to President Boyer the keys to the city of Santo Domingo. However, in August, Cáceres was still in Santo Domingo, making clandestine efforts to obtain support from the authorities of Gran Colombia. Boyer learned of his activities and demanded the exile José Núñez de Cáceres arguing that his presence was an inconvenience on the island and that if it was absent voluntarily, embarked by force.
Later years
In late 1822, Núñez de Cáceres lived with his family in MaracaiboMaracaibo
Maracaibo is a city and municipality located in northwestern Venezuela off the western coast of the Lake Maracaibo. It is the second-largest city in the country after the national capital Caracas and the capital of Zulia state...
, Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
. In 1824, he was in Caracas
Caracas
Caracas , officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela; natives or residents are known as Caraquenians in English . It is located in the northern part of the country, following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range...
, putting the printing trade. More late, after of his participated in some newspapers of country, exploded of the movement of La Cosiata, to which he actively joined. On May 5, 1826, when the Municipality of Caracas decided to give full powers to General José Antonio Páez
José Antonio Páez
José Antonio Páez Herrera was General in Chief of the army fighting Spain during the Venezuelan Wars of Independence, in addition to becoming the President of Venezuela once it was independent of the Gran Colombia...
and join the revolution started in Valencia, José Núñez de Cáceres was chosen, together with Pedro Pablo Diaz, to bring the news to Páez. On May 14, Núñez de Cáceres was beside him when in Valencia he reaffirmed his disobedience to Bogotá
Bogotá
Bogotá, Distrito Capital , from 1991 to 2000 called Santa Fé de Bogotá, is the capital, and largest city, of Colombia. It is also designated by the national constitution as the capital of the department of Cundinamarca, even though the city of Bogotá now comprises an independent Capital district...
government. Subsequently, Páez appointed to Núñez as private secretary and adviser, a position he held until early January 1827. With this office he forced Bolívar to wean Venezuelan from la Gran Colombia. Páez Accepted the idea of Núñez de Cáceres so he gave her international passport to Bolívar. On 7 November the same year, in the Assembly the held in the convent of San Francisco in Caracas, in which he participated and spoke Paez, he gave one of the most revolutionary speeches, arguing that "the social pact was dissolved". In early 1827, when the movement was paralyzed in the presence of Bolivar, Núñez de Cáceres decided to leave Venezuela bound for Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
.
He and his family went to Mexico, where he first settled in the city of San Luis Potosi
San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí officially Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí....
and then in Ciudad Victoria
Ciudad Victoria
Ciudad Victoria , is the capital city of the Mexican state ofTamaulipas. It is located in the western-central region of the state. Ciudad Victoria is also the municipal seat of the surrounding Victoria Municipality, which covers an area of 1,638 km²...
, capital of Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria. The capital city was named after Guadalupe Victoria, the...
.
In the early years, he practiced law. In 1830 he was named prosecutor of the supreme court. In 1833 he was elected senator of the State of Tamaulipas and member of the Mexican Confederation Congress and in the same year he was named Distinguished Citizen of Tamaulipas.
He served with General Moctezuma at the Well of Caramel, and he endorsed the agenda of this soldier. In 1834 he was appointed treasurer of Public Finance
Public finance
Public finance is the revenue and expenditure of public authoritiesThe purview of public finance is considered to be threefold: governmental effects on efficient allocation of resources, distribution of income, and macroeconomic stabilization.-Overview:The proper role of government provides a...
, a position which he alternated with his attorney Professions.
By 1844 he became seriously ill and the State Government and the Departmental Board of Tamaulipas assigned a pension to alleviate their pain. On September 11, 1846 he died in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas.
Literary career
José Núñez de Cáceres also had an important role as a writer and teacher. In 1795, he was professor at the University of Santo Tomás de Aquino. En January 6, 1815, after rebuilt the old University of Santo Domingo, where he had taught, he returned to teaching at this university and because of the efforts he made as captain-general, the cloister of doctors chose him as the first rector of the institute and they agreed that his portrait, paid for by the guild, be placed in the lecture hall.José Núñez de Cáceres founded on 15 April 1821, in Santo Domingo, the newspaper El Duende, considered the second national Dominican newspaper. This weekly -political and sati-rich- newspaper that circulated the Sunday in the city of Santo Domingo had thirteen numbers disappearing on 15 July of that year. Through El Duende, Núñez de Cáceres was released as a fabulist, for here he published nine of his fables. He also founded the newspaper El Relámpago (Lightning) in this city. In late 1822, Núñez de Cáceres lived with his family in Maracaibo
Maracaibo
Maracaibo is a city and municipality located in northwestern Venezuela off the western coast of the Lake Maracaibo. It is the second-largest city in the country after the national capital Caracas and the capital of Zulia state...
, Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
. In 1824, he was in Caracas
Caracas
Caracas , officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela; natives or residents are known as Caraquenians in English . It is located in the northern part of the country, following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range...
, putting the printing trade. From his studio came during the years of 1824-1826, several newspapers, books and pamphlets; between newspapers include: El Constitucional Caraqueño (The Constitutional from Caracas) and La Cometa (The Comet), a newspaper that harshly attacked Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte y Yeiter, commonly known as Simón Bolívar was a Venezuelan military and political leader...
, as well as recent issues of the newspaper El Venezolano.
In Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
, in addition to the forum and engage in journalism, he wrote others three fables.
Some of the fables that he wrote were:el conejo (the rabbit), la oveja y el lobo (the sheep and the shepherd ), el lobo y el zorro (the wolf and the fox), la araña y el águila (the spider and the eagle) and la aveja y abejorros (the bee and bumble).
These fables were signed under the pseudonym "El fabulista principiante" (The fabulist beginner). He was credited as the first Dominican fabulist and one of the first storyteller in Hispanic America.
Personal Life
At the end of the 18th century Núñez de Cáceres married Juana de Mata Madrigal Cordero and they had six children: the first, Pedro, was born in Santo Domingo on April 2, 1800, and last, Maria de la Merced, in the same city in 1816. When Ñúñez de Cáceres lived in CamagüeyCamagüey
Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba and is the nation's third largest city. It is the capital of the Camagüey Province.After almost continuous attacks from pirates the original city was moved inland in 1528.The new city was built with a confusing lay-out of winding alleys that made...
, Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
, born others three children: José, the September 9, 1804;
Francisco de Asis, 15 September 1805, and Gregorio, on June 8, 1809.
Moreover, in their literature, Núñez de Cáceres was a very learned writer and updated. he Know to all the classics fabu-lists (Aesop
Aesop
Aesop was a Greek writer credited with a number of popular fables. Older spellings of his name have included Esop and Isope. Although his existence remains uncertain and no writings by him survive, numerous tales credited to him were gathered across the centuries and in many languages in a...
, Phaedrus
Phaedrus
Phaedrus , Roman fabulist, was probably a Thracian slave, born in Pydna of Macedonia and lived in the reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius...
, Jean de La Fontaine
Jean de La Fontaine
Jean de La Fontaine was the most famous French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, which provided a model for subsequent fabulists across Europe and numerous alternative versions in France, and in French regional...
, Samaniego
Felix Maria de Samaniego
Félix María de Samaniego , born and died in Laguardia, Álava, in the Basque Country, was a Spanish neoclassical fabulist, educated at Valladolid...
and Tomás de Iriarte
Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa
Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa , was a Spanish neoclassical poet.- Life :...
and, consciously he influenced, especially in the use of character animals : eagle, bee, Donkey, Stork, Rabbit, Lamb, Owl, Wolf, Mule, Palomo, Raposa. As a rational person, it is common the Pastor. Of the nineteen characters who act in the eleven tales of Creole fabulist, thirteen are found in Iriarte, twelve in Aesop and La Fontaine, nine in Phaedrus and eight in Samaniego. Interestingly, the mule, horse and donkey cross-and bumble appear in two of the fables of Núñez de Cáceres, but not in any of those written by the classic fable above.
After the Dominican hero's death, his disciple Venezuelan Simon de Portes, who moved with him to Mexico, made in the act of inhumaci of the remains of the great Dominican, a speech where he said: "Rare event: here, not far Padilla, which ceased to be the hero of Igualada, which sealed the independence of Mexico, Dominican gentleman dies almost hear the roar of the cannon of the unjust invading Anglo-time same as before his death this unfortunate hero rejoices with the nice idea that the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, after many battles, been driven from its territory to its oppressors ... It is full of joy José Núñez de Cáceres with such a happy event, and as you stop the course of death gradually led him to the grave ".
External links
- http://www.hoy.com.do/opiniones/2008/8/9/243013/print José Núñez de Cáceres: 187 años después (In spanish) (José Núñez de Cáceres: 187 years after)