José de Alencar
Encyclopedia
José Martiniano de Alencar (May 1, 1829 — December 12, 1877) was a Brazil
ian lawyer
, politician
, orator, novel
ist and dramatist. He is one of the most famous writers of the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism, writing historical, regionalist and Indianist romances — being the most famous The Guarani. He wrote some works under pen name Erasmo.
He is patron of the 23rd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
.
of Messejana, Fortaleza
, on May 1, 1829, to priest (and later senator) José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar and his cousin Ana Josefina de Alencar. Moving to São Paulo
in 1844, he graduated in Law
at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
in 1850 and starts to follow his lawyer career at Rio de Janeiro
. Invited by his friend Francisco Otaviano
, he becomes a collaborator for journal Correio Mercantil. He also wrote for the Diário do Rio de Janeiro and the Jornal do Commercio.
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It was in the Diário do Rio de Janeiro, during the year of 1856, that Alencar gained notoriety, writing the Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios, under the pseudonym Ig. In those, he criticized the homonymous poem by Gonçalves de Magalhães. Also in 1856, he wrote and published under feuilleton
form his first romance: Cinco Minutos.
He was a personal friend of Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
. Coincidentally, Alencar is the patron of the chair Assis occupied.
He died in Rio de Janeiro
in 1877, a victim of tuberculosis
.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
ian lawyer
Lawyer
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law." Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political...
, politician
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
, orator, novel
Novel
A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....
ist and dramatist. He is one of the most famous writers of the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism, writing historical, regionalist and Indianist romances — being the most famous The Guarani. He wrote some works under pen name Erasmo.
He is patron of the 23rd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15, 1896, with the statutes being...
.
Biography
José Martiniano de Alencar was born in what is today the bairroBairro
Bairro is a Portuguese word and refers to a community or region within a city or municipality. Bairros exist in the majority of large cities in the world. Related words in English include neighborhood, district, borough or subdivision...
of Messejana, Fortaleza
Fortaleza
Fortaleza is the state capital of Ceará, located in Northeastern Brazil. With a population close to 2.5 million , Fortaleza is the 5th largest city in Brazil. It has an area of and one of the highest demographic densities in the country...
, on May 1, 1829, to priest (and later senator) José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar and his cousin Ana Josefina de Alencar. Moving to São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
in 1844, he graduated in Law
Law
Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus...
at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
Faculty of Law of the University of São Paulo is an institution of higher education and research in the field of Law located in São Paulo, Brazil...
in 1850 and starts to follow his lawyer career at Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
. Invited by his friend Francisco Otaviano
Francisco Otaviano
Francisco Otaviano de Almeida Rosa was a Brazilian poet, lawyer, diplomat, journalist and politician. He is famous for translating into Portuguese works by famous writers such as Horace, Catullus, Lord Byron, William Shakespeare, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Victor Hugo and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,...
, he becomes a collaborator for journal Correio Mercantil. He also wrote for the Diário do Rio de Janeiro and the Jornal do Commercio.
Feuilleton
Feuilleton was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades and other literary trifles...
form his first romance: Cinco Minutos.
He was a personal friend of Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis , often known as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho , was a Brazilian novelist, poet, playwright and short story writer. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature, but he did not gain widespread popularity outside Brazil in...
. Coincidentally, Alencar is the patron of the chair Assis occupied.
He died in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
in 1877, a victim of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
.
Novels
- Cinco Minutos (18561856 in literatureThe year 1856 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Arthur Schopenhauer adds a chapter on "The Metaphysics of Sexual Love" to the third edition of his The World as Will and Representation....
) - A ViuvinhaA viuvinhaA viuvinha is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1857. Luis de Barros adapted it into a film in 1914....
(18571857 in literatureThe year 1857 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Jules Verne marries Honorine de Viane Morel.*The illustrated weekly, Über Land and Meer, is founded by Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer and Edmund von Zoller....
) - O Guarani (18571857 in literatureThe year 1857 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Jules Verne marries Honorine de Viane Morel.*The illustrated weekly, Über Land and Meer, is founded by Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer and Edmund von Zoller....
) - LucíolaLucíolaLucíola is an urban fiction novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1862. It treats mainly of the late nineteenth century Rio de Janeiro society, exploring its deficient morality....
(18621862 in literatureThe year 1862 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*February - Ambrose Bierce joins the staff of General William Badcock Hazen....
) - DivaDiva (novel)For the novel "Diva" by Daniel Odier, see Diva .Diva is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1864....
(18641864 in literatureThe year 1864 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Ambrose Bierce is wounded at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain.*Charles Baudelaire leaves Paris for Belgium in the hope of resolving his financial difficulties....
) - IracemaIracemaIracema is one of the three indigenous novels by José de Alencar. It was first published in 1865.-Plot introduction:The story revolves around the relationship between the Tabajara indigenous woman, Iracema; and the Portuguese colonist, Martim, who was allied with the Tabajara nation's enemies, the...
(18651865 in literatureThe year 1865 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* June 9 - Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash....
) - As Minas de PrataAs minas de prataAs minas de prata is a novel written by Brazilian writer José de Alencar. The first part was published in 1865, and in 1866, the second part....
(18651865 in literatureThe year 1865 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* June 9 - Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash....
— 18661866 in literatureThe year 1866 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Ludwig Anzengruber returns to Vienna after working as a travelling actor.*Luigi Capuana becomes theatre critic for Italian newspaper The Nation....
) - O GaúchoO gaúchoO gaúcho is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1870.-External links:...
(18701870 in literatureThe year 1870 in literature involved some significant new books.-New books:*Thomas Bailey Aldrich - The Story of a Bad Boy*Thomas Archer - The Terrible Sights of London*Rhoda Broughton - Red as a rose is she...
) - A Pata da GazelaA pata da gazelaA pata da gazela is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1870.-External links:...
(18701870 in literatureThe year 1870 in literature involved some significant new books.-New books:*Thomas Bailey Aldrich - The Story of a Bad Boy*Thomas Archer - The Terrible Sights of London*Rhoda Broughton - Red as a rose is she...
) - O Tronco do IpêO tronco do ipêO tronco do ipê is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1871....
(18711871 in literatureThe year 1871 involved saw some significant events relevant to literature.-New books:*Louisa May Alcott - Little Men*Mary Elizabeth Braddon - Fenton's Quest*Edward George Bulwer-Lytton - The Coming Race...
) - A Guerra dos MascatesA guerra dos mascatesA guerra dos mascates is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1871, the first part; and in 1873, the second part.-External links:...
(18711871 in literatureThe year 1871 involved saw some significant events relevant to literature.-New books:*Louisa May Alcott - Little Men*Mary Elizabeth Braddon - Fenton's Quest*Edward George Bulwer-Lytton - The Coming Race...
— 18731873 in literatureThe year 1873 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*3 March - The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail....
) - TilTil (novel)Til is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1872.- External links :...
(18711871 in literatureThe year 1871 involved saw some significant events relevant to literature.-New books:*Louisa May Alcott - Little Men*Mary Elizabeth Braddon - Fenton's Quest*Edward George Bulwer-Lytton - The Coming Race...
) - Sonhos d'OuroSonhos d'ouroSonhos d'ouro is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1872....
(18721872 in literatureThe year 1872 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Paul Verlaine abandons his family to go to London with Arthur Rimbaud....
) - AlfarrábiosAlfarrábiosAlfarrábios is a historical novel by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar, first published in 1873. It is composed of three minor narratives: "O Garatuja", "O Ermitão da Glória" and "Alma de Lázaro"....
(18731873 in literatureThe year 1873 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*3 March - The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail....
) - UbirajaraUbirajaraUbirajara is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 4,138 and the area is 284.86 km². The elevation is 499 m....
(18741874 in literatureThe year 1874 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Arthur William à Beckett joins the staff of Punch.*Johan Nicolai Madvig loses his sight, forcing him to give up most of his research and writing....
) - O SertanejoO sertanejoO sertanejo is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1875.-External links:...
(18751875 in literatureThe year 1875 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*October 1 - American poet and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe is reburied in Westminster Hall and Burying Ground with a larger memorial marker. Some controversy arose years later as to whether the correct body was exhumed.*...
) - SenhoraSenhora (novel)Senhora is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1875, two years before the author's death. It was the third book by the author about the position of women in Brazil's 19th century Rio de Janeiro society , published under the pseudonym G.M.- Synopsis...
(18751875 in literatureThe year 1875 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*October 1 - American poet and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe is reburied in Westminster Hall and Burying Ground with a larger memorial marker. Some controversy arose years later as to whether the correct body was exhumed.*...
) - EncarnaçãoEncarnaçãoEncarnação is a novel written by the Brazilian writer José de Alencar. It was first published in 1893.-External links:...
(18931893 in literatureThe year 1893 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*André Gide begins his travels in North Africa.*Jerome K. Jerome founds the magazine To-Day.-New books:*Byron A...
— posthumous)
Theatre plays
- O Crédito (18571857 in literatureThe year 1857 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Jules Verne marries Honorine de Viane Morel.*The illustrated weekly, Über Land and Meer, is founded by Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer and Edmund von Zoller....
) - Verso e Reverso (18571857 in literatureThe year 1857 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Jules Verne marries Honorine de Viane Morel.*The illustrated weekly, Über Land and Meer, is founded by Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer and Edmund von Zoller....
) - O Demônio Familiar (18571857 in literatureThe year 1857 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Jules Verne marries Honorine de Viane Morel.*The illustrated weekly, Über Land and Meer, is founded by Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer and Edmund von Zoller....
) - As Asas de um Anjo (18581858 in literatureThe year 1858 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Henrik Ibsen marries and becomes creative director of Oslo's National Theater.*Charles Baudelaire's study on Théophile Gautier is published in Revue contemporaine....
) - MãeMaeMae was an American alternative/indie band that formed in Norfolk, Virginia in 2001. The band's name is an acronym for "Multi-sensory Aesthetic Experience," based on a course taken by drummer Jacob Marshall while a student at Old Dominion University....
(18601860 in literatureThe year 1860 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*January - First issue of the Cornhill Magazine*June 9 ****- Malaeska: The Indian Wife of the White Hunter becomes the first dime novel to be published....
) - A Expiação (18671867 in literatureThe year 1867 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* Three new American periodicals for children — Oliver Optic's Magazine, Frank Leslie's Boys' and Girls' Weekly, and the Riverside Magazine for Young People — all begin publishing.-New books:*Mary Elizabeth Braddon...
) - O Jesuíta (18751875 in literatureThe year 1875 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*October 1 - American poet and short story writer Edgar Allan Poe is reburied in Westminster Hall and Burying Ground with a larger memorial marker. Some controversy arose years later as to whether the correct body was exhumed.*...
)
Critics and polemics
- Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios (18561856 in literatureThe year 1856 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Arthur Schopenhauer adds a chapter on "The Metaphysics of Sexual Love" to the third edition of his The World as Will and Representation....
) - Cartas Políticas de Erasmo (18651865 in literatureThe year 1865 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* June 9 - Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash....
— 18661866 in literatureThe year 1866 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Ludwig Anzengruber returns to Vienna after working as a travelling actor.*Luigi Capuana becomes theatre critic for Italian newspaper The Nation....
) - O Sistema Representativo (18661866 in literatureThe year 1866 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*Ludwig Anzengruber returns to Vienna after working as a travelling actor.*Luigi Capuana becomes theatre critic for Italian newspaper The Nation....
)