Kaúlza de Arriaga
Encyclopedia
Kaúlza de Oliveira de Arriaga, OA
, GCC
, OC
, OIH
(Porto
, Sé
, 18 January 1915 - Lisbon
, 2 February 2004) was a Portuguese
General
, writer
, professor
and politician
. He was Secretary of State (junior minister) of the Air Force between 1953 and 1955 and commander of the Terrestrial Forces in Mozambique from 1969 until 1974 during the Mozambican War of Independence
.
, Santa Isabel, 11 October 1885 - Vila Nova de Gaia
, Arcozelo, 19 September 1940), a sculptor and son of a medical doctor from Pico Island
, Azores
, and his Portuguese Brazilian wife, and wife (m. Porto
, 20 June 1914) Felicidade Eugénia Martins de Oliveira (Porto
, Sé
, 11 August 1895 - Lisbon
, São Julião, 16 July 1987), daughter and granddaughter of goldsmith
s.
and engineering
at the University of Porto
and then volunteered for the Portuguese Army
on 1 November 1935. Taking a military and civil engineering course in the Military Academy
which he graduated from in 1939, he was later assigned to the general staff of the Portuguese Institute of Military Studies. Here he petitioned for reforms to the conscription
system, as well as training and the integration of paratroopers into the Portuguese Air Force
.
Arriaga commanded, as the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
, the Portuguese forces in Mozambique from 1969 until 1974, taking over from General Augusto dos Santos and organising the Operation Nó Górdio ("Gordian Knot") in 1970. This operation was the largest and most expensive military operation performed by the Portuguese Armed Forces
during the Portuguese Colonial War
.
Arriaga was a major politic figure in the régime before the Carnation Revolution
of 25 April 1974 in Lisbon
, holding a number of public positions such as Head of the Ministry of Defense Cabinet, Secretary of State
for Aeronautics
, Professor
of the Institute of High Military Studies, President
of the Nuclear Energy Joint Commission and Executive President of the oil company Angol SA. After the revolution he has been imprisoned since September 1974 to January 1976. In 1977 he created the MIRN, a far-right political party, and was chairman until its extinction after the parliamentary elections of 1980.
He died from Alzheimers in 2004, in Lisbon.
He was also a Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
.
, at the Chapel
of o Monte de São Mamede, on 19 May 1955 Maria do Carmo Fernandes Formigal (b. Lisbon
, Lapa, 27 August 1932), Dame Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
, daughter of Mário Formigal (Lisbon
, Lapa, 15 December 1899 - Lisbon
, Santa Isabel, 11 January 1954), a Landowner and son of another, and wife (m. Lisbon
, August 1922) Maria Adelaide Rosado Fernandes (Cascais
, 13 September 1903 - Lisbon
, 30 September 1981), of a family of farmers and Landowners in Évora
, Alto Alentejo
, by whom he had five children, including the second wife of Pedro Santana Lopes
.
Order of Aviz
The Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St. Benedict of Aviz or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese Order of Chivalry...
, GCC
Order of Christ (Portugal)
The Military Order of Christ previously the Royal Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ was the heritage of the Knights Templar in Portugal, after the suppression of the Templars in 1312...
, OC
Order of Christ (Portugal)
The Military Order of Christ previously the Royal Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ was the heritage of the Knights Templar in Portugal, after the suppression of the Templars in 1312...
, OIH
Order of Prince Henry (Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique)
The Order of Prince Henry the Navigator is a Portuguese National Order of Knighthood created on June 2, 1960, to commemorate the fifth centenary of the death of the Infante Henry the Navigator , fifth son of King John I of Portugal and his queen, Philippa of Lancaster...
(Porto
Porto
Porto , also known as Oporto in English, is the second largest city in Portugal and one of the major urban areas in the Iberian Peninsula. Its administrative limits include a population of 237,559 inhabitants distributed within 15 civil parishes...
, Sé
Sé (Porto)
Sé is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Porto. It has a population of 4,751 inhabitants and a total area of 0.48 km²....
, 18 January 1915 - Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, 2 February 2004) was a Portuguese
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
General
General
A general officer is an officer of high military rank, usually in the army, and in some nations, the air force. The term is widely used by many nations of the world, and when a country uses a different term, there is an equivalent title given....
, writer
Writer
A writer is a person who produces literature, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images....
, professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
and politician
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
. He was Secretary of State (junior minister) of the Air Force between 1953 and 1955 and commander of the Terrestrial Forces in Mozambique from 1969 until 1974 during the Mozambican War of Independence
Mozambican War of Independence
The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO , and Portugal...
.
Ancestry
He was a son of Manuel dos Santos Lima de Arriaga Nunes (LisbonLisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, Santa Isabel, 11 October 1885 - Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia, or simply Gaia is a city in Vila Nova de Gaia Municipality, Portugal. It is located in the Porto District, south of the city of Porto on the other side of the Douro River. The city proper has a population of 178,255 and the municipality contains 24 parishes with a total...
, Arcozelo, 19 September 1940), a sculptor and son of a medical doctor from Pico Island
Pico Island
Pico Island , is an island in the Central Group of the Portuguese Azores noted for its eponymous volcano, Ponta do Pico, which is the highest mountain in Portugal, the Azores, and the highest elevation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge...
, Azores
Azores
The Archipelago of the Azores is composed of nine volcanic islands situated in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, and is located about west from Lisbon and about east from the east coast of North America. The islands, and their economic exclusion zone, form the Autonomous Region of the...
, and his Portuguese Brazilian wife, and wife (m. Porto
Porto
Porto , also known as Oporto in English, is the second largest city in Portugal and one of the major urban areas in the Iberian Peninsula. Its administrative limits include a population of 237,559 inhabitants distributed within 15 civil parishes...
, 20 June 1914) Felicidade Eugénia Martins de Oliveira (Porto
Porto
Porto , also known as Oporto in English, is the second largest city in Portugal and one of the major urban areas in the Iberian Peninsula. Its administrative limits include a population of 237,559 inhabitants distributed within 15 civil parishes...
, Sé
Sé (Porto)
Sé is a Portuguese parish, located in the municipality of Porto. It has a population of 4,751 inhabitants and a total area of 0.48 km²....
, 11 August 1895 - Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, São Julião, 16 July 1987), daughter and granddaughter of goldsmith
Goldsmith
A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Since ancient times the techniques of a goldsmith have evolved very little in order to produce items of jewelry of quality standards. In modern times actual goldsmiths are rare...
s.
Career
Arriaga completed a degree in mathematicsMathematics
Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
and engineering
Engineering
Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathematical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes that safely realize improvements to the lives of...
at the University of Porto
University of Porto
The University of Porto is a Portuguese public university located in Porto, and founded 22 March 1911. It is the largest Portuguese university by number of enrolled students and has one of the most noted research outputs in Portugal...
and then volunteered for the Portuguese Army
Portuguese Army
The Portuguese Army is the ground branch of the Portuguese Armed Forces which, in co-operation with other branches of the Portuguese military, is charged with the defence of Portugal...
on 1 November 1935. Taking a military and civil engineering course in the Military Academy
Portuguese Military Academy
The Military Academy is a Portuguese military establishment, which has the ability to confer educational qualifications equivalent to a university...
which he graduated from in 1939, he was later assigned to the general staff of the Portuguese Institute of Military Studies. Here he petitioned for reforms to the conscription
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
system, as well as training and the integration of paratroopers into the Portuguese Air Force
Portuguese Air Force
The Portuguese Air Force is the air force of Portugal. Formed on July 1, 1952, with the Aeronáutica Militar and Aviação Naval united in a single independent Air Force, it is one of the three branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces and its origins dates back to 1912, when the military aviation...
.
Arriaga commanded, as the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Armed Forces
Armed Forces is Elvis Costello's third album, his second with the Attractions, and the first to officially credit the Attractions on the cover. It was released in the UK by Radar Records and in the U.S. by Columbia in 1979...
, the Portuguese forces in Mozambique from 1969 until 1974, taking over from General Augusto dos Santos and organising the Operation Nó Górdio ("Gordian Knot") in 1970. This operation was the largest and most expensive military operation performed by the Portuguese Armed Forces
Portuguese Armed Forces
The armed forces of Portugal, commonly known as the Portuguese Armed Forces encompasses a Navy , an Army and an Air Force...
during the Portuguese Colonial War
Portuguese Colonial War
The Portuguese Colonial War , also known in Portugal as the Overseas War or in the former colonies as the War of liberation , was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974, when the Portuguese regime was...
.
Arriaga was a major politic figure in the régime before the Carnation Revolution
Carnation Revolution
The Carnation Revolution , also referred to as the 25 de Abril , was a military coup started on 25 April 1974, in Lisbon, Portugal, coupled with an unanticipated and extensive campaign of civil resistance...
of 25 April 1974 in Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, holding a number of public positions such as Head of the Ministry of Defense Cabinet, Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Secretary of State or State Secretary is a commonly used title for a senior or mid-level post in governments around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple Secretaries of State in the Government....
for Aeronautics
Aeronautics
Aeronautics is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of airflight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft and rocketry within the atmosphere...
, Professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of the Institute of High Military Studies, President
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
of the Nuclear Energy Joint Commission and Executive President of the oil company Angol SA. After the revolution he has been imprisoned since September 1974 to January 1976. In 1977 he created the MIRN, a far-right political party, and was chairman until its extinction after the parliamentary elections of 1980.
He died from Alzheimers in 2004, in Lisbon.
Decorations
Arriaga received a number of awards and citations during his career, including:- Officer of the Order of AvizOrder of AvizThe Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St. Benedict of Aviz or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese Order of Chivalry...
- Grand Officer of the Order of Military Merit of BrazilBrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
- Legion of Merit of the United States of America
- Grand CrossGrand CrossThe phrase Grand Cross is used to denote the highest grade in many orders of knighthood. Sometimes the holders of the highest grade are referred to "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses"; in other cases the actual insignia itself is called "the grand cross".Alternatively, in some other...
and Officer of the Order of ChristOrder of Christ (Portugal)The Military Order of Christ previously the Royal Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ was the heritage of the Knights Templar in Portugal, after the suppression of the Templars in 1312... - Officer of the Légion d'honneurLégion d'honneurThe Legion of Honour, or in full the National Order of the Legion of Honour is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the Consulat which succeeded to the First Republic, on 19 May 1802...
of FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... - Officer of the Order of Prince Henry (Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique)Order of Prince Henry (Ordem do Infante Dom Henrique)The Order of Prince Henry the Navigator is a Portuguese National Order of Knighthood created on June 2, 1960, to commemorate the fifth centenary of the death of the Infante Henry the Navigator , fifth son of King John I of Portugal and his queen, Philippa of Lancaster...
- MedalMedalA medal, or medallion, is generally a circular object that has been sculpted, molded, cast, struck, stamped, or some way rendered with an insignia, portrait, or other artistic rendering. A medal may be awarded to a person or organization as a form of recognition for athletic, military, scientific,...
of Aeronautical Merit of the Portuguese Air ForcePortuguese Air ForceThe Portuguese Air Force is the air force of Portugal. Formed on July 1, 1952, with the Aeronáutica Militar and Aviação Naval united in a single independent Air Force, it is one of the three branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces and its origins dates back to 1912, when the military aviation...
He was also a Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Order of the Holy Sepulchre
The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood under the protection of the pope. It traces its roots to Duke Godfrey of Bouillon, principal leader of the First Crusade...
.
Family
He married in Reguengos de MonsarazReguengos de Monsaraz
Reguengos de Monsaraz is Portuguese municipality in with a total area of 464 km² and a total population of 11,355. The City of Reguengos de Monsaraz proper has a population of 7,308....
, at the Chapel
Chapel
A chapel is a building used by Christians as a place of fellowship and worship. It may be part of a larger structure or complex, such as a church, college, hospital, palace, prison or funeral home, located on board a military or commercial ship, or it may be an entirely free-standing building,...
of o Monte de São Mamede, on 19 May 1955 Maria do Carmo Fernandes Formigal (b. Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, Lapa, 27 August 1932), Dame Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Order of the Holy Sepulchre
The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood under the protection of the pope. It traces its roots to Duke Godfrey of Bouillon, principal leader of the First Crusade...
, daughter of Mário Formigal (Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, Lapa, 15 December 1899 - Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, Santa Isabel, 11 January 1954), a Landowner and son of another, and wife (m. Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, August 1922) Maria Adelaide Rosado Fernandes (Cascais
Cascais
Cascais is a coastal town in Cascais Municipality in Portugal, 30 kilometres west of Lisbon, with about 35,000 residents. It is a cosmopolitan suburb of the Portuguese capital and one of the richest municipalities in Portugal. The former fishing village gained fame as a resort for Portugal's royal...
, 13 September 1903 - Lisbon
Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital city and largest city of Portugal with a population of 545,245 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Lisbon extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of 3 million on an area of , making it the 9th most populous urban...
, 30 September 1981), of a family of farmers and Landowners in Évora
Évora
Évora is a municipality in Portugal. It has total area of with a population of 55,619 inhabitants. It is the seat of the Évora District and capital of the Alentejo region. The municipality is composed of 19 civil parishes, and is located in Évora District....
, Alto Alentejo
Alto Alentejo Province
Alto Alentejo was a Portuguese province. It was abolished with the Constitution of 1976.The area is now covered by Alto Alentejo Subregion and Alentejo Central Subregion.-Municipalities:*Alandroal Municipality*Alter do Chão Municipality...
, by whom he had five children, including the second wife of Pedro Santana Lopes
Pedro Santana Lopes
Pedro Miguel de Santana Lopes , a Portuguese lawyer and politician, was Prime Minister of Portugal from 2004 to 2005. He is a former and current Member of the Portuguese Parliament.-Background:...
.
Published works
- Atomic Energy - 1949
- the Portuguese National Defense in Last the 40 years and the Future - 1966
- Some Nuclear Questions in Portugal - 1969
- Lições de estratégia de curso de altos comandos—1966/67 (Lessons Of Strategy in the Course of High Command, 1966/67), Vol. 12 (1971)
- The Portuguese Answer - 1973
- Courage, Tenacity and Faith - 1973
- the National Conjuncture and My Position before the Moment Portuguese Politician - 1976
- In the way of the Solutions of the Future - 1977
- Africa - the Betrayed Victory (co-author) - 1977
- War and Politics - On behalf of the Decisive Truth, Years (two editions) - 1987
- Global Strategy - 1988
- Syntheses (two editions) - 1992
- Maastricht - 1992
See also
- Gordian Knot OperationGordian Knot OperationThe Operation Gordian Knot was the largest and most expensive Portuguese military campaign in the Portuguese overseas province of Mozambique, East Africa. It was performed in 1970, during the Portuguese Colonial War...
- Portuguese Colonial WarPortuguese Colonial WarThe Portuguese Colonial War , also known in Portugal as the Overseas War or in the former colonies as the War of liberation , was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies between 1961 and 1974, when the Portuguese regime was...
- Mozambican War of IndependenceMozambican War of IndependenceThe Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO , and Portugal...