Lake Cachí
Encyclopedia
Lake Cachi is an artificial lake in central Costa Rica
created by the Cachí Dam (Represa de Cach), an arch dam which is located in Tapantí National Park
, to the southeast of Cartago
in Cartago Province
. The main town is Cachí
, located away from the east bank of the lake. Built in the 1970s, it was one of the first hydroelectric projects in Costa Rica. It has an installed capacity of 102 MW with three units of 34 MW capacity each (Vertical Francis turbines).
The project became operational with the first unit commissioned in 1966, second unit in 1967 and the third unit in 1978. The Reventazon River
provides multiple benefits through the three dams built on it. Out of the three dams, Cachi Dam not only provides power generation benefits but also controls floods, and recreational facilities in the Lake Cachi. The Rio Macho project on the upstream provides hydroelectric power and the downstream Birris power project also provides drinking water (40% of the metropolitan city’s water supply needs).
The reservoir, located in the Rio Reventazón, is an important supplier of electrical power to Costa Rica. It is operated by Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE).
along the 225 road in the middle reaches of the Reventazon River
in the Ujarras valley. The lake is created by the dam on the Reventazon River
as it flows in from the northeast winding through the steep-sided valley. The river has a total drainage area of 3000 square kilometres (1,158.3 sq mi) lying in an elevation range varying from 3432 metres (11,259.8 ft) above mean sea level at its highest point to the lowest outflow point into the Atlantic Ocean
; out of this, the reservoir created by the Cachi dam intercepts the upper catchment area of 919 square kilometres (354.8 sq mi). The annual precipitation in the entire river basin varies from 1200–8000 mm (47.2–315 ). In 80% of the total catchment area, the relief varies distinctly, with mountains which have slopes between 20 and 85 degrees. The average annual water inflow into the reservoir is at the rate of 104 cubic metres (3,672.7 cu ft)/second. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 51 million cubic metres. The design flood discharge is 3500 cubic metres (123,601.3 cu ft)/sec. The reservoir has a water spread of 324 hectares (800.6 acre) which stretches over a length of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) with maximum water depth of 69 metres (226.4 ft). Sixty percent of the reservoir's catchment is forested, the remainder is agricultural land. Density currents are formed in the reservoir on account of a combination of temperature gradients and high sediment concentration.
The project was planned, designed and executed by ICE, with support for the design of the arch dam, and for supervision of construction provided by Dr. Laginha Serafim, the Portuguese consultants. The construction of the arch dam was undertaken after extensive explorations of the geological features confirmed the suitability of the site. During construction, two diversion tunnels with gated controls, designed for a discharge of 600 cubic metres (21,188.8 cu ft)/sec were constructed to divert water away from the work site of the dam foundation.
in two stages after due appraisal.
Power evacuation from the switch yard of the power station was planned with step-up substation equipped with three-phase step-up transformers and evacuated through double circuit 132 kV transmission lines connecting Cachi with the Rio Macho power plant.
deposits (flushed through low level sluice provided in the body of the dam), 21% getting deposited on the terraces, 18% flowing out through the spillway by gate operation and power intake through turbines and 7% trapped as bed load in the reservoir. This process is witnessed in two distinct parts of the reservoir – the upper part and the lower part – the upper part gets filled with sand and coarse sediments and the lower part, which is the deep river channel, gets deposited with fine sediment on its terraces which needs to be flushed by reservoir operation (a high concentration of sediments was noted near the power intake). However, for seven years after the project was commissioned, the reservoir was not desilted, which resulted in trapping of 82% of the sediment inflow into the reservoir and which moved towards the body of the dam and interfered with diversion of flow through the power intake in the body of the dam for power generation. The dam is provided with one scouring sluice at the bottom in the main river channel adjacent to the intake screen of the power intake that draws water for power generation. To keep the reservoir in a serviceable condition to derive planned power benefits, it became obligatory to drain the reservoir to its lowest level (though it caused an inevitable economic loss in power generation during the filling stage every year) and flush the deposited sediments downstream so that the intake does not get choked and allows sediment flow into the turbines. The first flushing operation was carried out in three well defined stages in 1973 and thereafter repeated every year till 1990. The downstream impact on the river regime as a result of the silt flushed from the reservoir was also studied when a peak concentration of 400 grams/litre were noted in the form of turbid water not only on the flood plains but also where the river merged with the Atlantic Sea. It was expected that these deposits would be flushed during the flood season. However, as a result of the silt flushing, some detrimental effect on the biota
was noted by local people of the area in the downstream reaches of the river below the dam.
The effectiveness of the flushing operations has been studied over the years by hydrographic surveys of the reservoir using turbidimeters, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, repeated echo sounding, sediment coring and X-ray techniques. The studies have indicated that the sluices provided in the dam to flush the sediment deposits in the reservoir are effective given the "duration and degree to which the reservoir is drawn down and on the discharge capacity of the sluices" and also the shape of the reservoir, which in the case of Cachi is in a narrow gorge. Studies indicated that the average diameter of the sediments deposited in the reservoir was of the order of 0.04 mm. It was also noted that on the terraces of the reservoir flushing was not very effective since they were covered with water hyacinths which had trapped the sediments. The old river channel also had indicated a deposit rate of about 2 metres (6.6 ft), which, however, is now regularly flushed out by opening the scouring sluice.
The Cachí reservoir is now flushed of sediment deposits on an almost yearly basis. The field studies on the flushing operation carried out in 1996 indicated that about 250,000 tonnes were deposited within the reach between 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and 30 kilometres (18.6 mi) downstream from the dam. Of these, 82% were channel-bed deposits while 18% were deposited on the river banks.
with hydroelectric power.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
created by the Cachí Dam (Represa de Cach), an arch dam which is located in Tapantí National Park
Tapantí National Park
Tapantí National Park, sometimes called Orosí National Park, is a National Park in the Pacific La Amistad Conservation Area of Costa Rica located on the edge of the Talamanca Range, near Cartago. It protects forests to the north of Chirripó National Park, and also contains part of the Orosí River...
, to the southeast of Cartago
Cartago, Costa Rica
- See also :* Cartago Agrarian Union Party* Provincial Integration Party Three* Cartago in Spanish...
in Cartago Province
Cartago Province
Cartago is a province of Costa Rica. It is located in the central part of the country. Bordering provinces are Limón to the east and San José to the west. The capital is Cartago and it was formerly the capital city of Costa Rica until 1823 when the capital was changed to San Jose...
. The main town is Cachí
Cachí, Costa Rica
Cachí is a small town in the Orosí Valley of Cartago Province, central Costa Rica, southeast of the provincial capital of Cartago. It lies near the eastern bank of the man-made Lake Cachí, created by the damming of the Reventazon River which before the 1970s flowed past the town...
, located away from the east bank of the lake. Built in the 1970s, it was one of the first hydroelectric projects in Costa Rica. It has an installed capacity of 102 MW with three units of 34 MW capacity each (Vertical Francis turbines).
The project became operational with the first unit commissioned in 1966, second unit in 1967 and the third unit in 1978. The Reventazon River
Reventazón River
The Reventazón River or Rio Reventazón, is a river in Costa Rica which forms part of the Reventazón-Parismina drainage basin, it is 145 km long and flows into the Caribbean sea. It rises in Meseta Central and flows through the Orosí, Reventazón and Turrialba Valleys...
provides multiple benefits through the three dams built on it. Out of the three dams, Cachi Dam not only provides power generation benefits but also controls floods, and recreational facilities in the Lake Cachi. The Rio Macho project on the upstream provides hydroelectric power and the downstream Birris power project also provides drinking water (40% of the metropolitan city’s water supply needs).
The reservoir, located in the Rio Reventazón, is an important supplier of electrical power to Costa Rica. It is operated by Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE).
Geography
Lake Cachi contains the Cachí Dam (Represa de Cach) in the northeastern part of the lake, near the village of UjarrasUjarrás
Ujarrás is a village and historical site in the Orosí Valley of Cartago Province in central Costa Rica, southeast of the provincial capital of Cartago. It lies near the northeastern bank of the man-made Lake Cachí, created by the damming of the Reventazon River. The dam lies adjacent to the village...
along the 225 road in the middle reaches of the Reventazon River
Reventazón River
The Reventazón River or Rio Reventazón, is a river in Costa Rica which forms part of the Reventazón-Parismina drainage basin, it is 145 km long and flows into the Caribbean sea. It rises in Meseta Central and flows through the Orosí, Reventazón and Turrialba Valleys...
in the Ujarras valley. The lake is created by the dam on the Reventazon River
Reventazón River
The Reventazón River or Rio Reventazón, is a river in Costa Rica which forms part of the Reventazón-Parismina drainage basin, it is 145 km long and flows into the Caribbean sea. It rises in Meseta Central and flows through the Orosí, Reventazón and Turrialba Valleys...
as it flows in from the northeast winding through the steep-sided valley. The river has a total drainage area of 3000 square kilometres (1,158.3 sq mi) lying in an elevation range varying from 3432 metres (11,259.8 ft) above mean sea level at its highest point to the lowest outflow point into the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...
; out of this, the reservoir created by the Cachi dam intercepts the upper catchment area of 919 square kilometres (354.8 sq mi). The annual precipitation in the entire river basin varies from 1200–8000 mm (47.2–315 ). In 80% of the total catchment area, the relief varies distinctly, with mountains which have slopes between 20 and 85 degrees. The average annual water inflow into the reservoir is at the rate of 104 cubic metres (3,672.7 cu ft)/second. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 51 million cubic metres. The design flood discharge is 3500 cubic metres (123,601.3 cu ft)/sec. The reservoir has a water spread of 324 hectares (800.6 acre) which stretches over a length of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) with maximum water depth of 69 metres (226.4 ft). Sixty percent of the reservoir's catchment is forested, the remainder is agricultural land. Density currents are formed in the reservoir on account of a combination of temperature gradients and high sediment concentration.
Cachi arch dam
The Cachi dam is a thin double-arch concrete structure (stated to be one of the thinnest such dams in the world)) built to a height of 80 metres (262.5 ft) above the deepest foundation. It is located in a narrow gorge and has a crest length of 70 metres (229.7 ft), impounding 51 million cubic metres of inflows of the Reventazon River. During the earthquake of 22 April 1991, the dam did not suffer any damages even though the epicentre was 86 kilometres (53.4 mi) away from the dam. However, there was a temporary suspension of power generation at the powerhouse located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away, due to dislocation of the transformers.The project was planned, designed and executed by ICE, with support for the design of the arch dam, and for supervision of construction provided by Dr. Laginha Serafim, the Portuguese consultants. The construction of the arch dam was undertaken after extensive explorations of the geological features confirmed the suitability of the site. During construction, two diversion tunnels with gated controls, designed for a discharge of 600 cubic metres (21,188.8 cu ft)/sec were constructed to divert water away from the work site of the dam foundation.
Power plant
The water from the reservoir is diverted through a 5942 metres (19,494.8 ft) long pressure tunnel, a surge tank, a 566 metres (1,857 ft) long penstock including a 116 metres (380.6 ft) long pressure shaft (steel-lined tunnel) and a power house. The power house has an installation of three units of 34 MW (which would also operate under overload conditions) capacity. They are of vertical type Francis Turbine units which are designed to operate under heads varying between a maximum of 246 metres (807.1 ft) and a minimum of 221 metres (725.1 ft). The first two units of the power plant were commissioned in 1966 and 1967, the third in 1978. The project was implemented with soft loan funding provided by the World BankWorld Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programmes.The World Bank's official goal is the reduction of poverty...
in two stages after due appraisal.
Power evacuation from the switch yard of the power station was planned with step-up substation equipped with three-phase step-up transformers and evacuated through double circuit 132 kV transmission lines connecting Cachi with the Rio Macho power plant.
Sedimentation studies
The annual sediment load into the Cachi reservoir estimated at 0.81 million tons, which amounts to 1% storage volume of the reservoir, had been assessed at the planning stage to be distributed at 54% as thalwegThalweg
Thalweg in geography and fluvial geomorphology signifies the deepest continuous inline within a valley or watercourse system.-Hydrology:In hydrological and fluvial landforms, the thalweg is a line drawn to join the lowest points along the entire length of a stream bed or valley in its downward...
deposits (flushed through low level sluice provided in the body of the dam), 21% getting deposited on the terraces, 18% flowing out through the spillway by gate operation and power intake through turbines and 7% trapped as bed load in the reservoir. This process is witnessed in two distinct parts of the reservoir – the upper part and the lower part – the upper part gets filled with sand and coarse sediments and the lower part, which is the deep river channel, gets deposited with fine sediment on its terraces which needs to be flushed by reservoir operation (a high concentration of sediments was noted near the power intake). However, for seven years after the project was commissioned, the reservoir was not desilted, which resulted in trapping of 82% of the sediment inflow into the reservoir and which moved towards the body of the dam and interfered with diversion of flow through the power intake in the body of the dam for power generation. The dam is provided with one scouring sluice at the bottom in the main river channel adjacent to the intake screen of the power intake that draws water for power generation. To keep the reservoir in a serviceable condition to derive planned power benefits, it became obligatory to drain the reservoir to its lowest level (though it caused an inevitable economic loss in power generation during the filling stage every year) and flush the deposited sediments downstream so that the intake does not get choked and allows sediment flow into the turbines. The first flushing operation was carried out in three well defined stages in 1973 and thereafter repeated every year till 1990. The downstream impact on the river regime as a result of the silt flushed from the reservoir was also studied when a peak concentration of 400 grams/litre were noted in the form of turbid water not only on the flood plains but also where the river merged with the Atlantic Sea. It was expected that these deposits would be flushed during the flood season. However, as a result of the silt flushing, some detrimental effect on the biota
Biota
Biota may refer to:* Biota , the plant and animal life of a region* Biota , a superdomain in taxonomy* Biota , an evergreen coniferous tree, Platycladus orientalis* Biota , an avant-prog band from Colorado, USA...
was noted by local people of the area in the downstream reaches of the river below the dam.
The effectiveness of the flushing operations has been studied over the years by hydrographic surveys of the reservoir using turbidimeters, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiler, repeated echo sounding, sediment coring and X-ray techniques. The studies have indicated that the sluices provided in the dam to flush the sediment deposits in the reservoir are effective given the "duration and degree to which the reservoir is drawn down and on the discharge capacity of the sluices" and also the shape of the reservoir, which in the case of Cachi is in a narrow gorge. Studies indicated that the average diameter of the sediments deposited in the reservoir was of the order of 0.04 mm. It was also noted that on the terraces of the reservoir flushing was not very effective since they were covered with water hyacinths which had trapped the sediments. The old river channel also had indicated a deposit rate of about 2 metres (6.6 ft), which, however, is now regularly flushed out by opening the scouring sluice.
The Cachí reservoir is now flushed of sediment deposits on an almost yearly basis. The field studies on the flushing operation carried out in 1996 indicated that about 250,000 tonnes were deposited within the reach between 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and 30 kilometres (18.6 mi) downstream from the dam. Of these, 82% were channel-bed deposits while 18% were deposited on the river banks.
Recreation
The dam takes advantage of the head available in the river, which for some 65 kilometres (40.4 mi) creates white water suitable for rafting. Surrounded by mountains, the lake was created when the Instituto Costariccense de Electricidad built the dam across the river to supply San JoséSan José, Costa Rica
San José is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. Located in the Central Valley, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation.Founded in 1738 by order of Cabildo de León, San...
with hydroelectric power.