Lane's End Stakes
Encyclopedia
The Spiral Stakes is an American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 thoroughbred horse race
Thoroughbred horse race
Thoroughbred horse racing is a worldwide sport and industry involving the racing of Thoroughbred horses. It is governed by different national bodies. There are two forms of the sport: Flat racing and National Hunt racing...

 held in late March at Turfway Park
Turfway Park
Turfway Park is an American horse racing track located just outside the city limits to the north of Florence, Kentucky, about 10 miles south of the Ohio River at Cincinnati...

 in Florence, Kentucky
Florence, Kentucky
Florence is a city in Boone County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 29,951 at the 2010 census.-History:The Florence area was originally known as Crossroads, because of the convergence of several roads from Burlington and Union at Ridge Road...

 in the Cincinnati area. The race is open to three-year-olds willing to race one and one-eighth miles (9 furlongs) on the main track, which is now a synethic surface at Turfway. It was downgraded to a Grade III
Graded stakes race
A graded stakes race is a term applied since 1973 by the American Graded Stakes Committee of the Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association to thoroughbred horse races in the United States and Canada to describe races that derive their name from the stake, or entry fee, owners must pay...

 race in 2011 by the American Graded Stakes Committee (AGSC) http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/60173/2011-graded-stakes-13-fewer-than-10/ and currently offers a purse of $500,000.

It was first run on April 1, 1972 as the Spiral Stakes. In 1982, bourbon whiskey
Bourbon whiskey
Bourbon is a type of American whiskey – a barrel-aged distilled spirit made primarily from corn. The name of the spirit derives from its historical association with an area known as Old Bourbon, around what is now Bourbon County, Kentucky . It has been produced since the 18th century...

 maker Jim Beam
Jim Beam
Jim Beam is a brand of bourbon whiskey produced in Clermont, Kentucky. It is currently one of the best selling brands of bourbon in the world. Since 1795 , seven generations of the Beam family have been involved in whiskey production for the company that produces the brand, which was given the name...

 became its sponsor and the race renamed the Jim Beam Spiral Stakes and later just the Jim Beam Stakes. In 2002, Lane's End Farm
Lane's End Farm
Lane's End Farm is a thoroughbred race horse breeding farm in Versailles, Kentucky established in 1979. The original land was part of Bosque Bonita Farm which means beautiful woods and was originally owned by Abraham Buford, a Confederate Army General. The land was later bought by leading...

 took over as sponsor of the race.

In 1984 it was given Grade III status, then, after moving to Turfway Park in 1986, its purse was increased and in 1988 was elevated to a Grade II race. It returned to Grade III status in 2011. With a win in the Kentucky Derby
Kentucky Derby
The Kentucky Derby is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred horses, held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May, capping the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. The race is one and a quarter mile at Churchill Downs. Colts and geldings carry...

 by Animal Kingdom, however, the Grade II status it lost could return soon based on the formula the AGSC uses to grade races. http://www.toba.org/graded-stakes/grading-session-workbook.aspx

On March 30, 1991, Hansel
Hansel (horse)
Hansel is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the final two legs of the U.S. Triple Crown races in 1991 and was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse. Out of the mare Count on Bonnie, his sire was Woodman, a Champion 2-year-old colt in Ireland who was a son of the...

 set a new track record while winning the Jim Beam Stakes. In 1995, future Hall of Famer
National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
The National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame was founded in 1950 in Saratoga Springs, New York, to honor the achievements of American thoroughbred race horses, jockeys, and trainers...

 Serena's Song became the first filly
Filly
A filly is a young female horse too young to be called a mare. There are several specific definitions in use.*In most cases filly is a female horse under the age of four years old....

 to win the race. Other horses to win who went on to capture at least one of the American Classic Races includes Summer Squall
Summer Squall
Summer Squall is an American thoroughbred Stallion racehorse. He was sired by Storm Bird, who in turn was a son of 1964 U.S. Champion 3-Yr-Old Colt Northern Dancer, "one of the most influential sires in Thoroughbred history." His dam was Weekend Surprise, a daughter of the great U.S. Triple Crown...

 (1990), Lil E. Tee
Lil E. Tee
Lil E. Tee was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who in 1992 scored one of the biggest upsets in the history of the Kentucky Derby.-Background:...

 (1992), Prairie Bayou
Prairie Bayou
Prairie Bayou was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse owned and bred by Loblolly Stable of Lake Hamilton, Arkansas. Named for a bayou between Little Rock and Hot Springs in Arkansas, he was sired by Little Missouri and out of the mare Whiffling...

 (1993), and Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom (horse)
Animal Kingdom by the Brazilian-bred Leroidesanimaux out of the German mare Dalicia is a Thoroughbred race horse, notable for winning the 137th Kentucky Derby. The race was run on May 7, 2011 before a record crowd of 164,858...

 (2011).

Since inception, the race has been contested at various distances:
  • 1 mile : 1972-1981
  • 11/16 miles : 1982-1987
  • 1⅛ miles : 1988 to present


The race was run in two divisions in 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, and 1980.

Records

Speed record:
  • 1:46.60 - Hansel
    Hansel (horse)
    Hansel is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the final two legs of the U.S. Triple Crown races in 1991 and was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse. Out of the mare Count on Bonnie, his sire was Woodman, a Champion 2-year-old colt in Ireland who was a son of the...

     (1991) (at current distance of 1⅛ miles)


Most wins by an owner:
  • 5 - Golden Chance Farm (1977, 1978, 1980 (2))


Most wins by a jockey
Jockey
A jockey is an athlete who rides horses in horse racing or steeplechase racing, primarily as a profession. The word also applies to camel riders in camel racing.-Etymology:...

:
  • 5 - Pat Day
    Pat Day
    Patrick Alan "Pat" Day is an American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991...

     (1984, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992)


Most wins by a trainer
Horse trainer
In horse racing, a trainer prepares a horse for races, with responsibility for exercising it, getting it race-ready and determining which races it should enter...

:
  • 7 - William E. Adams (1977 (2), 1978 (2), 1979, 1980 (2))

Winners of the Spiral Stakes since 1972

Year
Winner
Age
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Distance
(Miles)
Time Grade
2011 Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom (horse)
Animal Kingdom by the Brazilian-bred Leroidesanimaux out of the German mare Dalicia is a Thoroughbred race horse, notable for winning the 137th Kentucky Derby. The race was run on May 7, 2011 before a record crowd of 164,858...

3 Alan Garcia
Alan Garcia (jockey)
Alan Garcia is a thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He was Peru's leading apprentice jockey in 2003 and in that same year he began racing in the United States at the Meadowlands Racetrack where he was also the leading apprentice. His father and grandfather were both jockeys in Peru...

H. Graham Motion
H. Graham Motion
H. Graham Motion is an American horse trainer, notable for his work with 2011 Kentucky Derby winner Animal Kingdom and Better Talk Now. Motion started out training and winning with his own Thoroughbred horses at age 29, his first win was with Bounding Daisy in March 1993 at Laurel Park...

Team Valor
Team Valor
Team Valor Stable LLC is an American Thoroughbred horse racing stable based in Versailles, Kentucky. It was founded by Barry Irwin and Jeff Siegel who create partnerships with racing enthusiasts to race Thoroughbred horses at major racing venues, primarily in North America.In early July 2007,...

1-1/8 1:52.32 III
2010 Dean's Kitten 3 Cornelio Velasquez
Cornelio Velásquez
Cornelio H. Velásquez is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing. He was introduced to horse racing at age fifteen by trainer Carlos Salazar Guardia in his native Panama and enrolled in the national jockey school...

Michael J. Maker
Michael J. Maker
Michael J. Maker is an American trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses. The son of a trainer, he learned the business from his father then set up his own public stable in 1991. In 1993 he went to work as an assistant to U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer D...

Ken and Sarah Ramsey 1-1/8 1:50.59 II
2009 Hold Me Back 3 Kent Desormeaux
Kent Desormeaux
Kent Jason Desormeaux is an American thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey who holds the U.S. record for most races won in a single year, 1989.-Brief biography:...

William I. Mott WinStar Farm
WinStar Farm
WinStar Farm is an American Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing farm near Versailles, Kentucky. Formerly known as Prestonwood Farm, it was owned by Houston, Texas oilmen Jack, Art, and J. R...

1-1/8 1:49.63 II
2008 Adriano 3 Edgar Prado H. Graham Motion
H. Graham Motion
H. Graham Motion is an American horse trainer, notable for his work with 2011 Kentucky Derby winner Animal Kingdom and Better Talk Now. Motion started out training and winning with his own Thoroughbred horses at age 29, his first win was with Bounding Daisy in March 1993 at Laurel Park...

Courtlandt Farms 1-1/8 1:50.20 II
2007 Hard Spun
Hard Spun
Hard Spun is an American Thoroughbred racehorse that finished second in the 2007 Kentucky Derby. He is from one of the last crops of three-time leading sire in North America Danzig. Hard Spun is owned by Wilmington, Delaware automobile dealer Richard C...

3 Mario G. Pino
Mario G. Pino
Mario G. Pino is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing. Raised on a farm, he began his riding career in 1978 at Delaware Park in Wilmington...

J. Larry Jones
J. Larry Jones
J. Larry Jones is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer. A former commercial farmer, he embarked on a career as a professional trainer in 1982....

Fox Hill Farms Inc. 1-1/8 1:49.41 II
2006 With A City
With A City
With A City was a thoroughbred horse. As a foal of 2003, he was a possible contender for the Triple Crown in 2006. But With A City contracted a mysterious illness at Trackside Louisville on Thursday April 20, 2006....

3 Brice Blanc
Brice Blanc
Brice Blanc is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing.Blanc attended a jockey's apprentice school in his native France then, encouraged by trainer Ben Cecil, in October 1993 emigrated to the United States where he settled in Southern California and began racing at area tracks...

Michael J. Maker
Michael J. Maker
Michael J. Maker is an American trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses. The son of a trainer, he learned the business from his father then set up his own public stable in 1991. In 1993 he went to work as an assistant to U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer D...

Equirace.com 1-1/8 1:51.11 II
2005 Flower Alley
Flower Alley
Flower Alley, foaled on May 7, 2002, is an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was bred at Bona Terra Farms by George Brunacini who was killed in the August 27, 2006 crash of Comair Flight 5191 at Blue Grass Airport in Lexington, Kentucky....

3 Jorge Chavez
Jorge Chávez
Jorge Chávez Dartnell , also known as Géo Chávez, was a Franco – Peruvian aviator. At a young age, he achieved fame for his aeronautical feats...

Todd A. Pletcher Melnyk Racing Stables
Eugene Melnyk
Eugene Melnyk is a Ukrainian Canadian businessman who now resides in Barbados. He is the current owner, governor, and chairman of the Ottawa Senators professional ice hockey club of the National Hockey League . He also owns the Mississauga St. Michael's Majors junior-age ice hockey club...

1-1/8 1:50.33 II
2004 Sinister G 3 Paul Toscano John Toscano, Jr. John T. Toscano III et al. 1-1/8 1:50.71 II
2003 New York Hero 3 Norberto Arroyo, Jr. Jennifer Pedersen Paraneck Stable 1-1/8 1:50.68 II
2002 Perfect Drift
Perfect Drift
Perfect Drift, is an American thoroughbred gelding racehorse. He is sired by the leading stud, Dynaformer, out of the Naskra mare, Nice Gal....

3 Ed Delahoussaye
Eddie Delahoussaye
Edward J. Delahoussaye is a retired American Thoroughbred jockey from New Iberia, Louisiana.He began his career in 1968 and ten years later became the top American jockey with 384 wins...

Murray W. Johnson Stonecrest Farm 1-1/8 1:48.83 II
2001 Balto Star 3 Mark Guidry
Mark Guidry
Mark Guidry is a retired American jockey.He began his riding career in Thoroughbred horse racing in his native Louisiana in 1974 where he remained until 1986 when he went to race in Illinois. He was the leading jockey at Hawthorne Race Course seven times, Sportsman's Park nine times, and two...

Todd A. Pletcher Anstu Stable 1-1/8 1:47.23 II
2000 Globalize 3 Francisco Torres Jerry Hollendorfer
Jerry Hollendorfer
Jerry Hollendorfer is an American Thoroughbred racehorse owner and trainer. He has the most wins in the history of Northern California race horse trainers....

Howard Litt et al. 1-1/8 1:49.16 II
1999 Stephen Got Even 3 Shane Sellers
Shane Sellers
Shane Jude Sellers is an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. At age eleven, he began working around horses and in 1983 rode his first winner at Evangeline Downs....

Nick Zito
Nick Zito
Nicholas Philip "Nick" Zito is an American Thoroughbred horse trainer.Zito began his career as a hot walker and worked his way up to a groom, to an assistant trainer, and to a trainer...

Stephen Hilbert 1-1/8 1:49.03 II
1998 Event of the Year 3 Russell Baze
Russell Baze
Russell Avery Baze is a horse racing jockey. He holds the record for the most race wins in North American horse racing history, and is a member of the United States Racing Hall of Fame....

Jerry Hollendorfer
Jerry Hollendorfer
Jerry Hollendorfer is an American Thoroughbred racehorse owner and trainer. He has the most wins in the history of Northern California race horse trainers....

Golden Eagle Farm 1-1/8 1:47.00 II
1997 Concerto 3 Carlos Marquez, Jr. John J. Tammaro III Kinsman Stable
Kinsman Stable
Kinsman Stable is the nom de course for the American Thoroughbred racing stable of George Steinbrenner, best known as the owner of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball team...

1-1/8 1:48.20 II
1996 Roar 3 Mike E. Smith C. R. McGaughey III Claiborne
Claiborne Farm
Claiborne Farm is a thoroughbred Horse breeding operation in near Paris, Kentucky. It was established in 1910, by Arthur B. Hancock, owner of Ellerslie Farm in Albemarle County, Virginia, and has been operated by members of his family ever since.-Owners:...

/Dilschneider
1-1/8 1:49.60 II
1995 Serena's Song 3 Corey Nakatani
Corey Nakatani
Corey S. Nakatani is an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey. He got his big break in 1990 when he rode Itsallgreektome to win big stakes races.Nakatani currently resides at Belmont Park...

D. Wayne Lukas
D. Wayne Lukas
Darrell Wayne Lukas is a former educator who became one of the most successful horse trainers in American Thoroughbred horse racing history and a U.S...

Bob & Beverly Lewis 1-1/8 1:49.60 II
1994 Polar Expedition 3 Curt Bourque
Curt Bourque
Curt C. Bourque is an American jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing. He began his riding career in 1984 at Evangeline Downs in Lafayette, Louisiana and won his first race later that year at Jefferson Downs Racetrack....

Hugh H. Robertson James Cody 1-1/8 1:49.00 II
1993 Prairie Bayou
Prairie Bayou
Prairie Bayou was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse owned and bred by Loblolly Stable of Lake Hamilton, Arkansas. Named for a bayou between Little Rock and Hot Springs in Arkansas, he was sired by Little Missouri and out of the mare Whiffling...

3 Chris McCarron
Chris McCarron
Christopher John "Chris" McCarron is a retired American thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey. He is currently working as a racing analyst for TVG Network....

Thomas Bohannan
Thomas Bohannan
Thomas K. Bohannan is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer. He grew up in Lexington, Kentucky and as a young man became a hotwalker, groom, and racing stable foreman. In 1989 he became the private trainer for the successful Loblolly Stable of Lake Hamilton, Arkansas.With Loblolly, Tom...

Loblolly Stable
Loblolly Stable
Loblolly Stable was a Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing stable in Lake Hamilton, Arkansas owned by businessman John Ed Anthony and his former wife Mary Lynn. The stable's first top runner was Cox's Ridge who won important races in 1977 and 1978 and went on to become an excellent sire...

1-1/8 1:50.80 II
1992 Lil E. Tee
Lil E. Tee
Lil E. Tee was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who in 1992 scored one of the biggest upsets in the history of the Kentucky Derby.-Background:...

3 Pat Day
Pat Day
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day is an American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991...

Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1-1/8 1:53.40 II
1991 Hansel
Hansel (horse)
Hansel is an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the final two legs of the U.S. Triple Crown races in 1991 and was voted the Eclipse Award for Outstanding 3-Year-Old Male Horse. Out of the mare Count on Bonnie, his sire was Woodman, a Champion 2-year-old colt in Ireland who was a son of the...

3 Jerry D. Bailey Frank L. Brothers
Frank L. Brothers
Frank L. Brothers is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer who in 1991 won two of the three U.S. Triple Crown races...

Lazy Lane Farm 1-1/8 1:46.60 II
1990 Summer Squall
Summer Squall
Summer Squall is an American thoroughbred Stallion racehorse. He was sired by Storm Bird, who in turn was a son of 1964 U.S. Champion 3-Yr-Old Colt Northern Dancer, "one of the most influential sires in Thoroughbred history." His dam was Weekend Surprise, a daughter of the great U.S. Triple Crown...

3 Pat Day
Pat Day
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day is an American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991...

Neil J. Howard
Neil J. Howard
Neil J. Howard is an American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer.Howard began working for a racing stable in 1969 and went on to spend seven years as an assistant and stable foreman to future Hall of Fame trainer MacKenzie Miller before going out on his own in 1979.With Summer Squall, in 1990 Neil...

Dogwood Stable
Dogwood Stable
Dogwood Stable is an American Thoroughbred racehorse partnership founded in 1969 by W. Cothran "Cot" Campbell of Aiken, South Carolina.The pioneers of thoroughbred partnerships, the operation's stated policy is to acquire moderately priced, young horses...

1-1/8 1:49.40 II
1989 Western Playboy 3 Pat Day
Pat Day
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day is an American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991...

Harvey L. Vanier
Harvey L. Vanier
Harvey L. Vanier is a trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses. With his wife Nancy Aiken-Vanier, they own and breed racehorses on their Fairberry Farm in Waterloo, Illinois.-References:* *...

Nancy Vanier
Harvey L. Vanier
Harvey L. Vanier is a trainer of Thoroughbred racehorses. With his wife Nancy Aiken-Vanier, they own and breed racehorses on their Fairberry Farm in Waterloo, Illinois.-References:* *...

1-1/8 1:49.00 II
1988 Kingpost 3 Eugene Sipus, Jr. Dianne Carpenter Mark Warner 1-1/8 1:50.80 II
1987 J. T.'s Pet 3 Pat Day
Pat Day
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day is an American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991...

Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1-1/16 1:42.80 II
1986 Broad Brush
Broad Brush
Broad Brush was an American thoroughbred racehorse foaled in Maryland. He was out of the Hoist The Flag mare, Hay Patcher, by the Hall of Fame stallion, Ack Ack.Bred and owned by Robert E. Meyerhoff, and trained by Richard W...

3 Vince Bracciale, Jr. Richard Small Robert E. Meyerhoff 1-1/16 1:44.20 II
1985 Banner Bob 3 Keith Allen Jerome Sarner, Jr. Sharon & W. J. Walsh 1-1/16 1:42.00 II
1984 At The Threshold 3 Pat Day
Pat Day
Patrick Alan "Pat" Day is an American jockey. He is a four-time winner of the Eclipse Award for Outstanding Jockey and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1991...

Lynn S. Whiting W. Cal Partee 1-1/16 1:42.80 II
1983 Marfa 3 Jorge Velasquez
Jorge Velasquez
Jorge Velásquez is a thoroughbred horse racing Hall of Fame jockey.Jorge Velasquez career in thoroughbred racing began in his native Panama but as a teenager moved to the United States...

D. Wayne Lukas
D. Wayne Lukas
Darrell Wayne Lukas is a former educator who became one of the most successful horse trainers in American Thoroughbred horse racing history and a U.S...

Beal/French, Jr./Lukas
D. Wayne Lukas
Darrell Wayne Lukas is a former educator who became one of the most successful horse trainers in American Thoroughbred horse racing history and a U.S...

1-1/16 1:42.40 II
1982 Good N' Dusty 3 Michael Moran Jasper Adams Larry R. Lehman 1-1/16 1:44.60 II
1981 Mythical Ruler 3 Kevin Wirth Fred Wirth Price & Risen 1 mile 1:38.00 II
1980 # Spruce Needles 3 Mark Sellers William E. Adams Golden Chance Farm 1 mile 1:36.20 II
1980 # Major Run 3 Mark Sellers William E. Adams Golden Chance Farm 1 mile 1:37.60 II
1979 Lot O' Gold 3 Don Brumfield
Don Brumfield
Donald Alan Brumfield is a retired American jockey from Kentucky.During his thirty-five year career, Brumfield won 4,573 races in 33,222 rides. He retired from racing in 1989. Brumfield was the "track all-time leading rider in terms of races won " at Churchill Downs, where he won 16 riding titles...

William E. Adams Frederick E. Lehmann 1 mile 1:37.60 II
1978 # Raymond Earl 3 Julio Espinoza William E. Adams Robert N. Lehmann 1 mile 1:38.80 II
1978 # Five Star General 3 Julio Espinoza William E. Adams Golden Chance Farm 1 mile 1:37.80 II
1977 # Bob's Dusty 3 Julio Espinoza William E. Adams Robert N. Lehmann 1 mile 1:38.80 II
1977 # Smiley's Dream 3 W. Destefona William E. Adams Golden Chance Farm 1 mile 1:39.40 II
1976 Inca Roca 3 William Nemeti A. T. Skinner C. Jarrell 1 mile 1:37.40 II
1975 Ambassador's Image 3 E. Snell D. Ball Donamire Farm 1 mile 1:38.40 II
1975 Naughty Jake 3 German Vasquez Jake Bachelor Mildred Bachelor 1 mile 1:40.00 II
1974 # King of Rome 3 Keith Wirth Fred Wirth Fred Wirth 1 mile 1:45.40 II
1974 # Aglorite 3 Keith Wirth Fred Wirth A. Risen Jr. 1 mile 1:44.60 II
1973 # Jacks Chevron 3 Mickey Solomone C. C. Patrick C. C. Patrick 1 mile 1:41.00 II
1973 # Bootlegger's Pet 3 Kerry Wirth Carl Sitgraves W. Hines/C. Sitgraves 1 mile 1:42.00 II
1972 Big Dot 3 Jim Murchison James Eckrosh E. Lowrence 1 mile 1:38.80


A # indicates that the race was run in two divisions in 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, and 1980.

See also

  • Lane's End Stakes top three finishers and starters
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK