Lelia J. Robinson
Encyclopedia
Lelia J. Robinson was the first woman to be admitted to the bar and practice in the courts of Massachusetts
in 1882.
in 1878. Other women had enrolled as law students at Boston University before Robinson, but all of them failed to complete their legal education. She was the first woman to graduate from Boston University School of Law, in 1881. She graduated, cum laude, as number four in her class out of 32 students.
on June 1881 by Chief Justice Horace Gray
. Massachusetts had never permitted a woman to practice law before her. Robinson took up the matter with the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, which allowed her to draft a brief in support of her argument in favor of women practicing law. While waiting for her admittance to the bar, Robinson had her own legal business with male lawyers to conduct her cases in the court. She was not even permitted to present her oral argument for bar admittance on her own behalf.
There was a general fear in the late nineteenth century that allowing a woman to practice law would lead to their right to suffrage
(a right that was not granted until 1920 ), and a disturbance of the current social order. The court eventually unanimously denied her petition, claiming that existing law set no precedent for allowing women to practice in the courts, and that the legislature’s failure to expressly provide that women could become members of the bar was further support of that opinion.
Unfazed, Robinson took her fight to the legislature. She drafted a bill that would authorize women to take the bar exam and practice law in the court and garnered support. Robinson argued that the word "citizen" in the Massachusetts Bar statute was a gender neutral term and that Massachusetts should follow the direction of fourteen other states that had admitted women to the bar. She argued that "as a citizen, under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, her privileges and immunities could not be abridged, and thus she was entitled to take the bar examination just like her male colleagues". The Massachusetts legislature reversed the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruling and passed the bill, announcing: “The best administration of justice may be most safely secured by allowing the representation of all classes of the people in courts of justice.”
Following the passage of the bill, Robinson took and passed the bar exam in 1882 and became the first woman to be admitted to the bar and practice in the courts of Massachusetts. Robinson also helped to draft and pass a Massachusetts bill allowing women to take depositions and administer oaths.
, in 1884 where society was much more receptive to women in the law. Robinson was the first woman in Washington to argue a case to a jury and to argue in front of a jury consisting of both men and women. She wrote a few major publications, including a book on divorce law titled “The Law of Husband and Wife.” She took various surveys about women in the law, compiling information on their professional and personal lives, constantly pushing for gender equality in the profession. Lelia J. Robinson died at the age of 41, in 1891, leaving behind a remarkable impact on our legal history. In a paper published shortly before her death, she imparted these final words to future generations: “[I]n time, sooner or later, the lawyer everywhere who deserves success and can both work and wait to win it, is sure to achieve it, -the woman no less than the man.”
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
in 1882.
Early life
Lelia J. Robinson was born in 1850 to a white, middle class family in Boston, Massachusetts. Robinson married at seventeen years old, after completing her public education, and worked as a journalist in Boston for ten years. After Robinson divorced her husband in 1877 for adultery, the only acceptable grounds for divorce at that time, she decided to pursue a legal career in effort to support herself at the age of twenty-eight.Education
Robinson enrolled as a student at Boston University School of LawBoston University School of Law
Boston University School of Law is the law school affiliated with Boston University, and is ranked #22 among American law schools by US News and World Report magazine. It is the second-oldest law school in Massachusetts and one of the first law schools in the country to admit students regardless...
in 1878. Other women had enrolled as law students at Boston University before Robinson, but all of them failed to complete their legal education. She was the first woman to graduate from Boston University School of Law, in 1881. She graduated, cum laude, as number four in her class out of 32 students.
Admittance to the Bar
After graduating from law school, Robinson was denied admission to the Massachusetts Bar in Suffolk CountySuffolk County, Massachusetts
Suffolk County has no land border with Plymouth County to its southeast, but the two counties share a water boundary in the middle of Massachusetts Bay.-National protected areas:*Boston African American National Historic Site...
on June 1881 by Chief Justice Horace Gray
Horace Gray
Horace Gray was an American jurist who ultimately served on the United States Supreme Court. He was active in public service and a great philanthropist to the City of Boston.-Early life:...
. Massachusetts had never permitted a woman to practice law before her. Robinson took up the matter with the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, which allowed her to draft a brief in support of her argument in favor of women practicing law. While waiting for her admittance to the bar, Robinson had her own legal business with male lawyers to conduct her cases in the court. She was not even permitted to present her oral argument for bar admittance on her own behalf.
There was a general fear in the late nineteenth century that allowing a woman to practice law would lead to their right to suffrage
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
(a right that was not granted until 1920 ), and a disturbance of the current social order. The court eventually unanimously denied her petition, claiming that existing law set no precedent for allowing women to practice in the courts, and that the legislature’s failure to expressly provide that women could become members of the bar was further support of that opinion.
Unfazed, Robinson took her fight to the legislature. She drafted a bill that would authorize women to take the bar exam and practice law in the court and garnered support. Robinson argued that the word "citizen" in the Massachusetts Bar statute was a gender neutral term and that Massachusetts should follow the direction of fourteen other states that had admitted women to the bar. She argued that "as a citizen, under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, her privileges and immunities could not be abridged, and thus she was entitled to take the bar examination just like her male colleagues". The Massachusetts legislature reversed the Supreme Court of Massachusetts ruling and passed the bill, announcing: “The best administration of justice may be most safely secured by allowing the representation of all classes of the people in courts of justice.”
Following the passage of the bill, Robinson took and passed the bar exam in 1882 and became the first woman to be admitted to the bar and practice in the courts of Massachusetts. Robinson also helped to draft and pass a Massachusetts bill allowing women to take depositions and administer oaths.
Legal career
Robinson went on to have her own private legal practice, and moved to Seattle, WashingtonSeattle, Washington
Seattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
, in 1884 where society was much more receptive to women in the law. Robinson was the first woman in Washington to argue a case to a jury and to argue in front of a jury consisting of both men and women. She wrote a few major publications, including a book on divorce law titled “The Law of Husband and Wife.” She took various surveys about women in the law, compiling information on their professional and personal lives, constantly pushing for gender equality in the profession. Lelia J. Robinson died at the age of 41, in 1891, leaving behind a remarkable impact on our legal history. In a paper published shortly before her death, she imparted these final words to future generations: “[I]n time, sooner or later, the lawyer everywhere who deserves success and can both work and wait to win it, is sure to achieve it, -the woman no less than the man.”