Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era
Encyclopedia
This is a list of the non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era. In Islam
, the Ṣaḥābah
( "companions") were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
. This form is plural; the singular is Ṣaḥābi (fem. Sahabiyyah). A list of the best-known companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
, the Ṣaḥābah
Sahaba
In Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...
( "companions") were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Muhammad
Muhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
. This form is plural; the singular is Ṣaḥābi (fem. Sahabiyyah). A list of the best-known companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad
Salaf
A Salaf is an early Muslim of the first three generations of proponents of the religion.-First generation:* See: List of SahabaThe Salaf are the first generation of Muslims, which included Muhammad's companions and followers at the time....
Arabian peninsula
- Abu 'AfakAbu 'AfakAbu 'Afak was a Jewish poet who lived in the Hijaz region . Abu 'Afak did not convert to Islam and was vocal about his opposition to Muhammad...
– Jewish poetPoetA poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary... - Asma bint MarwanAsma bint MarwanʻAṣmāʼ bint Marwān was a female member of the Ummayad clan who lived in Medina in 7th century Arabia.The story of her death by command of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, after she bitterly opposed him with poetry and provoked other pagans to commit violence against him, can be found in the sīra...
– female poet who lived in Hijaz - Sallam ibn Abu al-HuqayqSallam ibn Abu al-HuqayqSalām bin Abī 'l-Huqayq was a Jewish poet of early 7th century Arabia who helped the tribes who were fighting Muhammad.He was killed in the Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik. He composed satirical verses about Muhammad and other early Muslim leaders...
- MusaylimahMusaylimahMusaylimah or Maslamah bin Ḥabīb was one of a series of men who claimed to be a prophet around the same time as Muhammad. He is viewed as a false prophet by traditional accounts, and frequently referred to by the epithet "the Liar" .-Biography:...
– known as "the Liar", self-proclaimed prophetProphetIn religion, a prophet, from the Greek word προφήτης profitis meaning "foreteller", is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and serves as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people...
Mecca
- Akhnas ibn ShariqAkhnas ibn ShariqAkhnas ibn Shariq al-Thaqifi or Abi al-Hakam ibn Akhnas ibn Sharif ath-Thaqafi was a contemporary to Muhammad and one of the leaders of Mecca .-Muhammad's visit to Ta'if — 619:...
— SurahSuraA sura is a division of the Qur'an, often referred to as a chapter. The term chapter is sometimes avoided, as the suras are of unequal length; the shortest sura has only three ayat while the longest contains 286 ayat...
Al-Humaza - Waraqah ibn NawfalWaraqah ibn NawfalWaraka Ibn Nawfal was the parental cousin of Khadija, the first wife of the prophet Muhammad, and was also the son of Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf's half brother Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf...
— Khadijah bint KhuwaylidKhadijah bint KhuwaylidKhadījah bint Khuwaylid or Khadījah al-Kubra was the first wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad and Fatimah bint Za'idah and belonged to the clan of Banu Asad. She is important in Islam as Muhammad's first wife, and one of the "mothers of the believers"...
s Christian cousin - Hisham ibn al-MughirahHisham ibn al-MughirahHisham ibn al-Mughirah was from the Banu Makhzum sub-clan of the Quraish tribe and was also one of Muhammad's contemporaries.He was the son of Mughirah ibn Abd-Allah, one of the Leaders of Quraish. His brother was Walid ibn al-Mughira, he was the uncle of the famous Muslim general Khalid ibn...
— unclear if he became a sahabaSahabaIn Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet... - Abu Lahab ibn abd al-Muttalib — often abbreviated as Abu Lahab
- Amr ibn HishamAmr ibn Hisham‘Amr ibn Hishām , better known as Abu al-Hakam, was one of the Meccan pagan Quraysh leaders, known for his hostility against and persecution of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the early Muslims in Mecca....
— also known as Abu Jahl, killed in the Battle of BadrBattle of BadrThe Battle of Badr , fought Saturday, March 13, 624 AD in the Hejaz region of western Arabia , was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish in Mecca... - As ibn Sa'id — one of the leaders of the Quraish, killed in the Battle of Badr
- Hakam ibn Al-Aas
- Mughira ibn Abd-Allah — father of Walid ibn Mughira and one of the leaders of the Quraish
- Nawfal ibn KhuwaylidNawfal ibn KhuwaylidNawfal ibn Khuwaylid was one of the Non-Muslims who interacted with Muhammad.-Biography:He was nicknamed the "lion of the Quraysh" and at one time he bound Abu Bakr and Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah with a rope...
— one of the leaders of the Quraish, killed in the battle of Badr - Siba'a ibn Abd al-Uzza — Umm AnmaarUmm AnmaarUmm Anmaar was a woman of the Banu Khuza'a clan that met the sahaba of Muhammad. She bought Khabbab ibn al-Aratt. She and her brother Siba'a ibn Abd al-Uzza tortured Khabbab ibn al-Aratt....
's brother - Ubayd-Allah ibn JahshUbayd-Allah ibn JahshUbayd-Allah ibn Jahsh was the brother of Zaynab bint Jahsh, Hammanah bint Jahsh and Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh. He is one of the four monotheistic hanifs mentioned by Ibn Ishaq. The others being Waraqah ibn Nawfal, Uthman ibn Huwarith and Zayd ibn Amr....
— converted to ChristianChristianA Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the Canonical gospels and the letters of the New Testament...
ity - Ubay ibn KhalafUbay ibn Khalaf-Biography:He paid his ransom after Badr, but was killed by Muhammad himself with a spear in the Battle of Uhud . Verse was revealed in this occasion-See also:*Non-Muslims who interacted with Muslims during Muhammad's era...
— famously mocked the prophet by blowing the dust of dried bones in his face - Umayah ibn KhalafUmayah ibn KhalafUmayyah ibn Khalaf ibn Safwan was a Meccan Arab, a leading member of the Quraish and head of the of Bani Jumah. He was an opponent of the Muslims led by Muhammad and is best known as the master of Bilal ibn Ribah, a slave he tortured for converting to Islam....
— head of the of Bani Lou'ai, master and torturer of Bilal ibn RibahBilal ibn RibahBilal ibn Rabah or Bilal al-Habashi was an Ethiopian born in Mecca in the late 6th century, sometime between 578 and 582.The Islamic prophet Muhammad chose a former African slave Bilal as his muezzin, effectively making him the first muezzin of the Islamic faith... - Umm AnmaarUmm AnmaarUmm Anmaar was a woman of the Banu Khuza'a clan that met the sahaba of Muhammad. She bought Khabbab ibn al-Aratt. She and her brother Siba'a ibn Abd al-Uzza tortured Khabbab ibn al-Aratt....
— the woman that bought Khabbab ibn al-ArattKhabbab ibn al-ArattKhabbab ibn al-Aratt was a boy from Najd, from the tribe of Banu Tamim.He was among the first ten persons to convert to Islam and was a sahabi .-Early life:Khabbab was from the Banu Tamim clan in Najd.... - Umm JamilUmm JamilUmm Jamil bint Harb was the wife of Abu Lahab, an enemy of Muhammed and the sister of Abu Sufyan. She is mentioned in chapter 111 of the Quran....
— Abu Lahab's wife - Utba ibn Rabi'ahUtba ibn Rabi'ahUtbah ibn Rabi'ah was one of the prominent Leaders of Quraish during the era of Muhammad.-Family:Utba's father was Rabi'ah ibn Abd Shams. Utba's daughter, Hind bint Utbah, married Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, another of the Leaders of the Quraish and Muhammad's arch-enemy...
— one of the leaders of the Quraish, killed in the battle of Badr - Uqba ibn Abi Mohit —
- Walid ibn Mughira — father of Khalid ibn al-WalidKhalid ibn al-WalidKhālid ibn al-Walīd also known as Sayf Allāh al-Maslūl , was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is noted for his military tactics and prowess, commanding the forces of Medina and those of his immediate successors of the Rashidun Caliphate; Abu Bakr and Umar...
- Walid ibn UtbaWalid ibn UtbaWalid ibn Utbah was the son of Utba ibn Rabi'ah and brother of Hind bint Utbah of the Quraysh. He was a fierce Meccan warrior who was killed by Ali in the traditional 3 champions' combat duel on the day of the Battle of Badr before the full battle began...
— the champion of Quraish, killed by Ali ibn Abu Talib in the battle of Badr - Amr ibn Abd al-WudAmr ibn Abd al-WudAmr ibn Abd al-Wud was a champion of Quraish, killed by Ali in the Battle of the Trench .-References:...
— killed by AliAli' |Ramaḍān]], 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661).His father's name was Abu Talib. Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam...
in the battle of the trenchBattle of the TrenchThe Battle of the Trench also known as Battle of Ahzab, Battle of the Confederates and Siege of Medina , was a fortnight-long siege of Yathrib by Arab and Jewish tribes. The strength of the confederate armies is estimated around 10,000 men with six hundred horses and some camels, while the...
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Banu Nadir
- Sallam ibn Abu al-HuqayqSallam ibn Abu al-HuqayqSalām bin Abī 'l-Huqayq was a Jewish poet of early 7th century Arabia who helped the tribes who were fighting Muhammad.He was killed in the Expedition of 'Abdullah ibn 'Atik. He composed satirical verses about Muhammad and other early Muslim leaders...
- Huyayy ibn AkhtabHuyayy ibn AkhtabHuyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia.-Family:Huyayy ibn Akhtab had a daughter with Barra bint Samawal: Safiyya bint Huyayy. Barra bint Samawal was from distinguished Arabian Jewish family...
— one of the chiefs of Banu NadirBanu NadirThe Banu Nadir were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia until the 7th century at the oasis of Yathrib . The tribe challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina. and planned along with allied nomads to attack Muhammad and were expelled from Medina as a result. The Banu Nadir then planned the... - Ka'b ibn al-AshrafKa'b ibn al-AshrafKa'b ibn al-Ashraf was a chief of the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir and a poet, who plotted with Quraysh and a group of Jews to fight against Muslims and assassinate the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was assassinated by Muslims on the order of Muhammad before he could carry out his plans...
— one of the chiefs of Banu NadirBanu NadirThe Banu Nadir were a Jewish tribe who lived in northern Arabia until the 7th century at the oasis of Yathrib . The tribe challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina. and planned along with allied nomads to attack Muhammad and were expelled from Medina as a result. The Banu Nadir then planned the... - Usayr ibn ZarimUsayr ibn ZarimUsayr ibn Zarim was the war chief of the Banu Nadir, who succeeded Abu al-Rafi ibn Abu al-Huqayq upon his death.It has been recorded by one source that Usayr also approached the Ghatafan and rumors spread that he intended to attack the "capital of Muhammad"....
- Kinana ibn al-RabiKinana ibn al-RabiKinana ibn al-Rabi was a Jewish leader of seventh-century Arabia and an opponent of Muhammad; son of the poet al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq. Ibn al-Rabi' was killed during early Muslim clashes with the Banu Nadir.-Biography:...
Other countries
- Harith GassaniHarith GassaniHarith bin Abi Shamir Al-Gassani was an Arab Christian governor of Sham which was in the domain of the Byzantine Empire. He was a contemporary of the prophet Muhammad and King of Damascus now in modern day Syria. He received a letter from Muhammad where he was invited to Islam...
– GovernorGovernorA governor is a governing official, usually the executive of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state...
of SyriaSyriaSyria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.... - HeracliusHeracliusHeraclius was Byzantine Emperor from 610 to 641.He was responsible for introducing Greek as the empire's official language. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.Heraclius'...
– Byzantine Emperor, 610 to 641 - Khosrau II of Persia – kingMonarchA monarch is the person who heads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and occasionally rules for life or until abdication...
of Persia, 590 to 628 - al-Mundhir bin Sawa – ruler of BahrainBahrain' , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,214,705, including 235,108 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.Bahrain is...
- MuqawqisMuqawqisAl-Muqawqis is mentioned in Islamic history as a ruler of Egypt, who corresponded with the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is often identified with Cyrus, Patriarch of Alexandria, who administered Egypt on behalf of the Byzantine Empire. However, this identification is challenged as being based on...
- ruler of EgyptEgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world... - Ashama ibn AbjarAshama ibn AbjarAccording to Arabic sources, Aṣḥama ibn Abjar was Emperor or al-Najashi of Aksum at the time of Muhammad, and gave refuge to several Muslims in the Kingdom of Aksum. The term "al-Najashi" has the variant al-Negashi; it corresponds to the ancient Aksumite title Negus, with the variant Negash...
The Negus (Emperor) of Abyssinia – spoke with the Muslims who made the Migration to AbyssiniaMigration to AbyssiniaThe migration known as the first Hijarat was made in two groups totalling more than a hundred persons. According to Islamic tradition, eleven male and five female Sahabah, the Muslims who originally converged in Mecca, sought refuge from Quraysh persecution in the Kingdom of Aksum in of in the...
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See also
- Arabian tribes that interacted with MuhammadArabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad-Introduction:The most prominent of such Arabian tribes were the Banu Quraish which were in turn divided into several sub-clans. The Qur'aish sub-clan of Banu Hashim was the clan of Muhammad, while their sister sub-clan, the Banu Abd-Shams became known as his most staunch enemies...
- Jewish tribes of ArabiaJewish tribes of ArabiaThe Arab Jewish tribes are the Arab tribes professing the Jewish faith that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before and during the advent of Islam. It is not always clear whether they were originally Israelite in ancestry, genealogically Arab tribes that converted to Judaism, or a mixture of both...
- SahabaSahabaIn Islam, the ' were the companions, disciples, scribes and family of the Islamic prophet...
- SalafSalafA Salaf is an early Muslim of the first three generations of proponents of the religion.-First generation:* See: List of SahabaThe Salaf are the first generation of Muslims, which included Muhammad's companions and followers at the time....
- Emperor Gaozong of TangEmperor Gaozong of TangEmperor Gaozong of Tang , personal name Li Zhi , was the third emperor of the Tang Dynasty in China, ruling from 649 to 683...
- built China's first mosqueMosqueA mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. The word is likely to have entered the English language through French , from Portuguese , from Spanish , and from Berber , ultimately originating in — . The Arabic word masjid literally means a place of prostration...
and spoke with an envoy headed by Sa`ad ibn Abi Waqqas