Ostrów Lubelski
Encyclopedia
Ostrów Lubelski ' is a town in Gmina Ostrów Lubelski
in Lubartów County
, Lublin Voivodeship
in Poland
. Within the territory of the town
and commune
there are three lakes. These are Miejskie Lake, Kleszczów Lake and Czarne Lake. The commune
is a typically agricultural area. It is constituted by 1,009 farm
s and 167 plots of ground.
The majority of farm
s are not concentrated on one particular kind of production
, some specialise in cattle breeding for export
, poultry breeding (geese
, duck
s) and pig breeding. Climate
and water
supplies are favourable for agriculture
. In addition to grain, farms also grow herbs (thyme
, lovage
, camomile and mallow
) and oil plants.
On January 25, 1548 King
Sigismund the Old granted a foundation privilege to Ostrów along with a privilege of hereditary office to Wacław Grzymała, a nobleman. At that time the area of Ostrów stretched over 1985 hectare
s. Ostrów became a royal town, holding a right to organise Saturday fairs and collecting duty on the road from Lublin
to Parczew
. The fact that it was located on the Polish-Lithuanian route was advantageous for the development of trade and consequently the town
.
In 1565 the population of Ostrów numbered about 1800 inhabitants, mostly Poles
. It was one of the five most densely populated towns in the Lublin Voivodeship
at that time. Apart from Lublin
, Kazimierz
was another town with bigger population than Ostrów. Łuków and Parczew
had nearly the same number of inhabitants. In 1589 in order to increase the colonisation King
Sigismund III granted Ostrów a right to organise three fairs a week. In spite of that, the importance of Ostrów decreased in the following decade. Polish-Ukrainian wars, the Swedish Flood as well as numerous conflicts and the greed of starosties resulted in a considerable deterioration of the town. The devastation of Ostrów by the troops of Moszkowski, Capitain of Horse, in 1657 was one of major factors contributing to its collapse.
The number of population decreased to 300 people. The period of rule by Electors of Saxony
witnessed further degradation of the town
, in particular the years 1712-1717, when its inhabitants were forced to bear the expense of maintaining troops, although Ostrów was never a battlefield. This situation resulted in the mass exodus
of its inhabitants. In 1718 the population of Ostrów numbered only 20.
During the Partition period an administrative status of Ostrów altered several times. It functioned as a royal town until 1864, when the Russia
n government
renamed it into a settlers commune
. In 1923 a part of Tyśmienica commune
was annexed to Ostrów commune
. The commune
population numbered over 8000 people in 1923. During the First World War Ostrów was completely devastated and its population decreased to 2100 inhabitants. The Germans, who occupied it for four years, (1914–1918) did not permit to rebuild it. The census of 1919 recorded 4648 people. At that time Ostrów was a village
commune
. After Poland
regained its independence
in 1918, the inhabitants of Ostrów pronounced their plea for Ostrów to regain its status as a town
.
On the strength of the Decree
of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Thugutt, by the terms of the Resolution of the Executive Seym of July 22, 1919, by the Decree
of the State Commander of February 4, 1919 Ostrów became a town
. Municipal administration was formed. The first election
to the Town Council
was carried out in 1920 and Aleksander Samulik became a mayor
of Ostrów. In the same year Ostrów was completely devastated and robbed by the Bolsheviks, depriving its inhabitants of all their property. The town suffered from the aftermath of the German
-Russia
n war.
Even a church was not saved. To commemorate this occasion bullets were built in the church walls. The period between the First World War and the Second World War is a period of prosperity. Ostrów was rebuilt and developed (concrete pavements along town squares, a bridge over Tyśmienica river, a school, community house, fourteen new streets). At that time Ostrów was much overpopulated.
In 1928 fire destroyed its buildings. In 1930 there lived 4879 people, including a high percentage of the Jewish population.
The Poles
were mostly peasants, whereas the Jews
took up crafts and trade. The cultural and economic development of Ostrów was terminated by an outbreak of the Second World War.
Gmina Ostrów Lubelski
Gmina Ostrów Lubelski is an urban-rural gmina in Lubartów County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Ostrów Lubelski, which lies approximately east of Lubartów and north-east of the regional capital Lublin.The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total...
in Lubartów County
Lubartów County
Lubartów County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Lubartów, which lies north of...
, Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship
- Administrative division :Lublin Voivodeship is divided into 24 counties : 4 city counties and 20 land counties. These are further divided into 213 gminas....
in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
. Within the territory of the town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
and commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
there are three lakes. These are Miejskie Lake, Kleszczów Lake and Czarne Lake. The commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
is a typically agricultural area. It is constituted by 1,009 farm
Farm
A farm is an area of land, or, for aquaculture, lake, river or sea, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food , fibres and, increasingly, fuel. It is the basic production facility in food production. Farms may be owned and operated by a single...
s and 167 plots of ground.
The majority of farm
Farm
A farm is an area of land, or, for aquaculture, lake, river or sea, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food , fibres and, increasingly, fuel. It is the basic production facility in food production. Farms may be owned and operated by a single...
s are not concentrated on one particular kind of production
Production, costs, and pricing
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to industrial organization:Industrial organization – describes the behavior of firms in the marketplace with regard to production, pricing, employment and other decisions...
, some specialise in cattle breeding for export
Export
The term export is derived from the conceptual meaning as to ship the goods and services out of the port of a country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an "exporter" who is based in the country of export whereas the overseas based buyer is referred to as an "importer"...
, poultry breeding (geese
Goose
The word goose is the English name for a group of waterfowl, belonging to the family Anatidae. This family also includes swans, most of which are larger than true geese, and ducks, which are smaller....
, duck
Duck
Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the Anatidae family of birds, which also includes swans and geese. The ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the Anatidae family; they do not represent a monophyletic group but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered...
s) and pig breeding. Climate
Climate
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods...
and water
Water
Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
supplies are favourable for agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
. In addition to grain, farms also grow herbs (thyme
Thyme
Thyme is a culinary and medicinal herb of the genus Thymus.-History:Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing it was a source of courage...
, lovage
Lovage
Lovage is a tall perennial plant, the sole species in the genus Levisticum, in the family Apiaceae, subfamily Apioideae, tribe Apieae.-Distribution:...
, camomile and mallow
Malva
Malva is a genus of about 25–30 species of herbaceous annual, biennial, and perennial plants in the family Malvaceae , one of several closely related genera in the family to bear the common English name mallow. The genus is widespread throughout the temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of...
) and oil plants.
History
"Ostrów" derives from a Slavic word meaning "island".On January 25, 1548 King
King
- Centers of population :* King, Ontario, CanadaIn USA:* King, Indiana* King, North Carolina* King, Lincoln County, Wisconsin* King, Waupaca County, Wisconsin* King County, Washington- Moving-image works :Television:...
Sigismund the Old granted a foundation privilege to Ostrów along with a privilege of hereditary office to Wacław Grzymała, a nobleman. At that time the area of Ostrów stretched over 1985 hectare
Hectare
The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres , and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2...
s. Ostrów became a royal town, holding a right to organise Saturday fairs and collecting duty on the road from Lublin
Lublin
Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river...
to Parczew
Parczew
Parczew is a town in eastern Poland, with a population of 10,281 . Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship , previously in Biała Podlaska Voivodeship . It is the capital of Parczew County.-History:...
. The fact that it was located on the Polish-Lithuanian route was advantageous for the development of trade and consequently the town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
.
In 1565 the population of Ostrów numbered about 1800 inhabitants, mostly Poles
Poles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
. It was one of the five most densely populated towns in the Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin Voivodeship
- Administrative division :Lublin Voivodeship is divided into 24 counties : 4 city counties and 20 land counties. These are further divided into 213 gminas....
at that time. Apart from Lublin
Lublin
Lublin is the ninth largest city in Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 350,392 . Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula river...
, Kazimierz
Kazimierz
Kazimierz is a historical district of Kraków , best known for being home to a Jewish community from the 14th century until the Second World War.-Early history:...
was another town with bigger population than Ostrów. Łuków and Parczew
Parczew
Parczew is a town in eastern Poland, with a population of 10,281 . Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship , previously in Biała Podlaska Voivodeship . It is the capital of Parczew County.-History:...
had nearly the same number of inhabitants. In 1589 in order to increase the colonisation King
King
- Centers of population :* King, Ontario, CanadaIn USA:* King, Indiana* King, North Carolina* King, Lincoln County, Wisconsin* King, Waupaca County, Wisconsin* King County, Washington- Moving-image works :Television:...
Sigismund III granted Ostrów a right to organise three fairs a week. In spite of that, the importance of Ostrów decreased in the following decade. Polish-Ukrainian wars, the Swedish Flood as well as numerous conflicts and the greed of starosties resulted in a considerable deterioration of the town. The devastation of Ostrów by the troops of Moszkowski, Capitain of Horse, in 1657 was one of major factors contributing to its collapse.
The number of population decreased to 300 people. The period of rule by Electors of Saxony
Electorate of Saxony
The Electorate of Saxony , sometimes referred to as Upper Saxony, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire. It was established when Emperor Charles IV raised the Ascanian duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg to the status of an Electorate by the Golden Bull of 1356...
witnessed further degradation of the town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
, in particular the years 1712-1717, when its inhabitants were forced to bear the expense of maintaining troops, although Ostrów was never a battlefield. This situation resulted in the mass exodus
Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving one's country or region to settle in another. It is the same as immigration but from the perspective of the country of origin. Human movement before the establishment of political boundaries or within one state is termed migration. There are many reasons why people...
of its inhabitants. In 1718 the population of Ostrów numbered only 20.
During the Partition period an administrative status of Ostrów altered several times. It functioned as a royal town until 1864, when the Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n government
Government
Government refers to the legislators, administrators, and arbitrators in the administrative bureaucracy who control a state at a given time, and to the system of government by which they are organized...
renamed it into a settlers commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
. In 1923 a part of Tyśmienica commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
was annexed to Ostrów commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
. The commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
population numbered over 8000 people in 1923. During the First World War Ostrów was completely devastated and its population decreased to 2100 inhabitants. The Germans, who occupied it for four years, (1914–1918) did not permit to rebuild it. The census of 1919 recorded 4648 people. At that time Ostrów was a village
Village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...
commune
Gmina
The gmina is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland at its lowest uniform level. It is often translated as "commune" or "municipality." As of 2010 there were 2,479 gminas throughout the country...
. After Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
regained its independence
Independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory....
in 1918, the inhabitants of Ostrów pronounced their plea for Ostrów to regain its status as a town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
.
On the strength of the Decree
Decree
A decree is a rule of law issued by a head of state , according to certain procedures . It has the force of law...
of the Minister of Internal Affairs, Thugutt, by the terms of the Resolution of the Executive Seym of July 22, 1919, by the Decree
Decree
A decree is a rule of law issued by a head of state , according to certain procedures . It has the force of law...
of the State Commander of February 4, 1919 Ostrów became a town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
. Municipal administration was formed. The first election
Election
An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy operates since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the...
to the Town Council
Town council
A town council is a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or civil parishes. A council may serve as both the representative and executive branch....
was carried out in 1920 and Aleksander Samulik became a mayor
Mayor
In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....
of Ostrów. In the same year Ostrów was completely devastated and robbed by the Bolsheviks, depriving its inhabitants of all their property. The town suffered from the aftermath of the German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
-Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n war.
Even a church was not saved. To commemorate this occasion bullets were built in the church walls. The period between the First World War and the Second World War is a period of prosperity. Ostrów was rebuilt and developed (concrete pavements along town squares, a bridge over Tyśmienica river, a school, community house, fourteen new streets). At that time Ostrów was much overpopulated.
In 1928 fire destroyed its buildings. In 1930 there lived 4879 people, including a high percentage of the Jewish population.
The Poles
Poles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
were mostly peasants, whereas the Jews
Jews
The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
took up crafts and trade. The cultural and economic development of Ostrów was terminated by an outbreak of the Second World War.