Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva
Encyclopedia
Pedro de Toledo y Leiva, 1st Marquis of Mancera (c. 1585 -1654), was a Spanish
nobleman
general, colonial administrator, and diplomat who served as Viceroy of Galicia and Peru
from December 18, 1639 to September 20, 1648.
raised his title from Lord to Marquis of Mancera
in 1623. Thereafter he served eight years as governor and captain general of Galicia. He was named viceroy of Peru in 1639, at the age of 54.
, whom later became viceroy of New Spain
(1664–73).
As viceroy, the Marquis introduced the papel sellado (literally, sealed paper). He expanded the naval forces and fortified the ports of Valdivia
, Valparaíso
, Arica
and Callao
. In Callao he ordered the construction of a 4-km-long wall, which was completed in 1647. Mancera island at the mouth of the Valdivia River
is named after him.
He organized literary discussion parties, tertulia
s a formalized kind of official salon
. In these was introduced the mancerina, a ceramic or silver saucer with a framework for holding a jícara, or chocolate cup. The manufacture of mancerinas later became an industry in the Spanish towns of Manises
and Talavera
.
At the end of his term as viceroy, Álvarez de Toledo returned to Spain. He died in Madrid in 1654.
By Luisa Feijóo de Novoa:
By María Luisa de Salazar:
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
nobleman
Spanish nobility
Spanish nobles are persons who possess the legal status of hereditary nobility according to the laws and traditions of the Spanish monarchy. A system of titles and honours of Spain and of the former kingdoms that constitute it comprise the Spanish nobility...
general, colonial administrator, and diplomat who served as Viceroy of Galicia and Peru
Viceroyalty of Peru
Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima...
from December 18, 1639 to September 20, 1648.
Early life
Pedro de Toledo was the son of Don Luis de Toledo, 4th Lord of Mancera, and of his second wife Isabel de Leiva. He served with the Spanish armies in Italy, rising to the rank of lieutenant general in the royal galleys of Sicily. King Philip IV of SpainPhilip IV of Spain
Philip IV was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal until 1640...
raised his title from Lord to Marquis of Mancera
Mancera de Arriba
Mancera de Arriba is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2006 census , the municipality has a population of 110 inhabitants....
in 1623. Thereafter he served eight years as governor and captain general of Galicia. He was named viceroy of Peru in 1639, at the age of 54.
As Viceroy of Peru
Pedro de Toledo traveled to Peru with his son, Antonio Sebastián de ToledoAntonio Sebastián de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Mancera
Antonio Sebastián de Toledo Molina y Salazar, 2nd Marquis of Mancera, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish nobleman and diplomat who served as Viceroy of New Spain from October 15, 1664 to December 8, 1673.-Early life:...
, whom later became viceroy of New Spain
New Spain
New Spain, formally called the Viceroyalty of New Spain , was a viceroyalty of the Spanish colonial empire, comprising primarily territories in what was known then as 'América Septentrional' or North America. Its capital was Mexico City, formerly Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire...
(1664–73).
As viceroy, the Marquis introduced the papel sellado (literally, sealed paper). He expanded the naval forces and fortified the ports of Valdivia
Valdivia, Chile
Valdivia is a city and commune in southern Chile administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder Pedro de Valdivia and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia and Cau-Cau Rivers, approximately east of the coastal towns of Corral and Niebla...
, Valparaíso
Valparaíso
Valparaíso is a city and commune of Chile, center of its third largest conurbation and one of the country's most important seaports and an increasing cultural center in the Southwest Pacific hemisphere. The city is the capital of the Valparaíso Province and the Valparaíso Region...
, Arica
Arica
Arica is a city in northern Chile. "Arica" may also refer to:Places* Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile* Arica Airport , Chile* Arica, Amazonas, town in Colombia* Rio Aricá-açu, tributary of the Cuiabá River south of Cuiabá, BrazilOther...
and Callao
Callao
Callao is the largest and most important port in Peru. The city is coterminous with the Constitutional Province of Callao, the only province of the Callao Region. Callao is located west of Lima, the country's capital, and is part of the Lima Metropolitan Area, a large metropolis that holds almost...
. In Callao he ordered the construction of a 4-km-long wall, which was completed in 1647. Mancera island at the mouth of the Valdivia River
Valdivia River
The Valdivia River or Río Valdivia, as it is known locally, is a major river in southern Chile. It is the continuation of the Calle-Calle River, from the point where it meets the Cau-Cau River in the city of Valdivia. The Valdivia river ends in Corral Bay, on the Pacific coast. Other tributaries...
is named after him.
He organized literary discussion parties, tertulia
Tertulia
A tertulia is a social gathering with literary or artistic overtones, especially in Iberia or Latin America. The word is originally Spanish, and has only moderate currency in English, in describing Latin cultural contexts....
s a formalized kind of official salon
Salon (gathering)
A salon is a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring host, held partly to amuse one another and partly to refine taste and increase their knowledge of the participants through conversation. These gatherings often consciously followed Horace's definition of the aims of poetry, "either to...
. In these was introduced the mancerina, a ceramic or silver saucer with a framework for holding a jícara, or chocolate cup. The manufacture of mancerinas later became an industry in the Spanish towns of Manises
Manises
Manises is a municipality in the comarca of Horta Oest in the Valencian Community, Spain. Located in the province of Valencia, it had 30,508 inhabitants in 2009 and is famous for its pottery and house in the municipality the Valencia Airport....
and Talavera
Talavera de la Reina (Toledo)
Talavera de la Reina is a city and municipality in the western part of the province of Toledo, which in turn is part of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha, Spain...
.
At the end of his term as viceroy, Álvarez de Toledo returned to Spain. He died in Madrid in 1654.
Descendants
The Marquis married for the first time with Luisa Feijóo de Novoa y Zamudio, with whom he had one daughter. In 1621 he married for a second time with María Luisa de Salazar y Enríquez de Navarra, 3rd Lady of El Mármol, with whom he had another two children.By Luisa Feijóo de Novoa:
- Francisca María de Toledo, 2nd Marchioness of Belvis, married Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 2nd Count of Gondomar
- Pedro Sarmiento, 3rd Marquis of ManceraPedro Sarmiento, 3rd Marquis of ManceraPedro Sarmiento, 3rd Marquis of Mancera and Count of Gondomar, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish nobleman.He was the son of Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 2nd Count of Gondomar and of Francisca María de Toledo.-Descendants:...
By María Luisa de Salazar:
- Antonio Sebastián de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of ManceraAntonio Sebastián de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of ManceraAntonio Sebastián de Toledo Molina y Salazar, 2nd Marquis of Mancera, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish nobleman and diplomat who served as Viceroy of New Spain from October 15, 1664 to December 8, 1673.-Early life:...
- Antonia María de Toledo, married Pedro Garcés, 14th Count of Priego
Ancestry
External links
Short biography from Encarta Some information about his marriage Papel sellado- Information on mancerinas, with photos