Primer Congreso Constituyente del Perú de 1822
Encyclopedia
The Primer Congreso Constituyente del Perú de 1822 (Constituent Congress of Peru of 1822) was the first institution chosen democratically in Peru. After the proclamation of the independence of Peru
, in the ex-capital of the virreinato of Peru, Lima, on July 28, 1821, general José de San Martín
and Matorras, assumed the political military control of the free departments of Peru, under the Protector's title, to saying of the decree of August 3, 1821. Peru had been divided in two parts, military man
and administratively:
1. It files, the north and a sector of the center of the country were in hands of the patriots.
2. The south saw, the center and the Cusco, they were in realistic hands.
Then, the Protector's title was changed into that of Protector of the Freedom of Peru. The protectorate, it lasted one year and 17 days and politician had the following achievements – administrative:
1. Beginning of an administrative autonomous diet after three centuries of colonialism.
2. Possibility that the people chooses the system that more was convenient to the national interests.
3. The symbols of the homeland: the first flag and the national anthem.
4. The national currency, fiduciary sign of free economic power
.
5. The initiation of economic relations with other countries of the world.
6. The acquisition of the first ships of war for his national square, in order to defend the acquired sovereignty, which was put supervised by viceadmiral AP Jorge Martín Guise.
7. The basic organization of his military force
, to protect the internal and external safety.
8. The determination of his own educational accomplishments with the foundation of the first Normal School
, as well as the first public schools of free Peru.
9. The first attempt of rescuing, of valuing and of spreading the national culture by means of the creation of the National Library.
The Protectorate
, in good romance, was a dictatorship and it based on a Statute that had the following characteristics:
1. The statute of government was a corresponding emergency norm, provisionally, to a revolutionary situation for an emergent State, which had conquered his partial independence and which was trying to reach it.
2. In his declarative beginning it was of liberal court, because it was including the defense of the rights of the man, which had inspired the French revolution
and the North American independence
.
3. The territorial organization of the independent state based on the system departamentalista.
4. The High Chamber of Justice replaced to the Real Hearing of the virreinato and assumed the juridical and political functions of the country.
5. It proposed to create a Council of State
, which would help the Protector in his government formed by several members, between whom 3 Creole counts and a Marquess would be Inca.
Other dispositions that the Protectorate of St Martin fulfilled, were:
1. In a frankly conservative measurement, St Martin respected all the qualifications of the colonial nobility, changing the denomination of Qualifications of Castile into the Qualifications of Peru.
2. The Patriotic Society of Lima remained founded, with the intention of defending the restoration of a monarchical Peruvian diet, to which St Martin was partial, but, in the practice, his members advocated the republican system.
3. The Order of the Sun was created to recognize the work of the most distinguished Peruvians and to give them a status similar to that of the Qualifications of Peru.
4. A special commission integrated by Juan García
of the River and Diego Paroissien, travelled to Europe by order of St Martin, to look a prince who was coming to Peru as king. These two personages went out of Peru in December, 1821 and arrived to London in September, 1822, epoch in which it was finishing the Protectorate of St Martin.
5. The first members of the office sanmartiniano were: Juan del Río (Colombian), the Secretary of State; Bernardo de Monteagudo (Argentinian), the minister of War
and Marina and Hipólito Unánue (Peruvian), the Secretary of the Treasury
.
6. Prefect of Lima was nominated colonel José de la Riva Agüero
and Sánchez Boquete.
Independence of Peru
The Peruvian War of Independence was a series of military conflicts beginning in 1809 that culminated in the proclamation of the independence of Peru by José de San Martín on July 28, 1821. During the previous decade Peru had been a stronghold for royalists, who fought those in favor of...
, in the ex-capital of the virreinato of Peru, Lima, on July 28, 1821, general José de San Martín
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín, known simply as Don José de San Martín , was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes , he left his mother country at the...
and Matorras, assumed the political military control of the free departments of Peru, under the Protector's title, to saying of the decree of August 3, 1821. Peru had been divided in two parts, military man
Military man
A military man may be:*A soldier; or*A number of stock characters, including:**The Miles Gloriosus ; or**Il Capitano, also known as "Captain Fracasse" or "The Spanish Captain", a commedia dell'arte figure....
and administratively:
1. It files, the north and a sector of the center of the country were in hands of the patriots.
2. The south saw, the center and the Cusco, they were in realistic hands.
Then, the Protector's title was changed into that of Protector of the Freedom of Peru. The protectorate, it lasted one year and 17 days and politician had the following achievements – administrative:
1. Beginning of an administrative autonomous diet after three centuries of colonialism.
2. Possibility that the people chooses the system that more was convenient to the national interests.
3. The symbols of the homeland: the first flag and the national anthem.
4. The national currency, fiduciary sign of free economic power
Economic power
There is no agreed-upon definition of power in economics. At least five definitions of power have been used:*Purchasing power, i.e., the ability of any amount of money to buy goods and services. Those with more assets, or, more correctly, net worth, have more power of this sort...
.
5. The initiation of economic relations with other countries of the world.
6. The acquisition of the first ships of war for his national square, in order to defend the acquired sovereignty, which was put supervised by viceadmiral AP Jorge Martín Guise.
7. The basic organization of his military force
Military
A military is an organization authorized by its greater society to use lethal force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or perceived threats. The military may have additional functions of use to its greater society, such as advancing a political agenda e.g...
, to protect the internal and external safety.
8. The determination of his own educational accomplishments with the foundation of the first Normal School
Normal school
A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name...
, as well as the first public schools of free Peru.
9. The first attempt of rescuing, of valuing and of spreading the national culture by means of the creation of the National Library.
The Protectorate
The Protectorate
In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653–1659 during which the Commonwealth of England was governed by a Lord Protector.-Background:...
, in good romance, was a dictatorship and it based on a Statute that had the following characteristics:
1. The statute of government was a corresponding emergency norm, provisionally, to a revolutionary situation for an emergent State, which had conquered his partial independence and which was trying to reach it.
2. In his declarative beginning it was of liberal court, because it was including the defense of the rights of the man, which had inspired the French revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
and the North American independence
American Revolution
The American Revolution was the political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century in which thirteen colonies in North America joined together to break free from the British Empire, combining to become the United States of America...
.
3. The territorial organization of the independent state based on the system departamentalista.
4. The High Chamber of Justice replaced to the Real Hearing of the virreinato and assumed the juridical and political functions of the country.
5. It proposed to create a Council of State
Council of State
The Council of State is a unique governmental body in a country or subdivision thereoff, though its nature may range from the formal name for the cabinet to a non-executive advisory body surrounding a head of state. It is sometimes regarded as the equivalent of a privy council.-Modern:*Belgian...
, which would help the Protector in his government formed by several members, between whom 3 Creole counts and a Marquess would be Inca.
Other dispositions that the Protectorate of St Martin fulfilled, were:
1. In a frankly conservative measurement, St Martin respected all the qualifications of the colonial nobility, changing the denomination of Qualifications of Castile into the Qualifications of Peru.
2. The Patriotic Society of Lima remained founded, with the intention of defending the restoration of a monarchical Peruvian diet, to which St Martin was partial, but, in the practice, his members advocated the republican system.
3. The Order of the Sun was created to recognize the work of the most distinguished Peruvians and to give them a status similar to that of the Qualifications of Peru.
4. A special commission integrated by Juan García
Juan Garcia
Juan Garcia* Juan Tyrone Garcia, Famous Mexican Marial Artist and actor* Juan M. Garcia, U.S. politician, Texas State Representative* Juan Garcia Abrego drug lord, Gulf Cartel* Juan García Esquivel , Mexican band leader...
of the River and Diego Paroissien, travelled to Europe by order of St Martin, to look a prince who was coming to Peru as king. These two personages went out of Peru in December, 1821 and arrived to London in September, 1822, epoch in which it was finishing the Protectorate of St Martin.
5. The first members of the office sanmartiniano were: Juan del Río (Colombian), the Secretary of State; Bernardo de Monteagudo (Argentinian), the minister of War
Defence minister
A defence minister is a person in a cabinet position in charge of a Ministry of Defence, which regulates the armed forces in some sovereign nations...
and Marina and Hipólito Unánue (Peruvian), the Secretary of the Treasury
United States Secretary of the Treasury
The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, which is concerned with financial and monetary matters, and, until 2003, also with some issues of national security and defense. This position in the Federal Government of the United...
.
6. Prefect of Lima was nominated colonel José de la Riva Agüero
José de la Riva Agüero
José Mariano de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete Marquess De Montealegre de Aulestia was a Peruvian soldier, politician, historian and twice President of Peru....
and Sánchez Boquete.