Protein:HSD11B1
Encyclopedia
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is an NADPH-dependent enzyme
highly expressed in key metabolic tissues including liver
, adipose tissue, and the central nervous system
.
In these tissues, HSD11B1 reduces cortisone
to the active hormone cortisol
that activates glucocorticoid receptor
s.
It is inhibited by carbenoxolone
, a drug typically used in the treatment of peptic ulcer
s.
The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol
to the inactive metabolite
cortisone
. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity
, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance
in children. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...
highly expressed in key metabolic tissues including liver
Liver
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
, adipose tissue, and the central nervous system
Central nervous system
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
.
In these tissues, HSD11B1 reduces cortisone
Cortisone
Cortisone is a steroid hormone. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. In chemical structure, it is a corticosteroid closely related to corticosterone. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally,...
to the active hormone cortisol
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat,...
that activates glucocorticoid receptor
Glucocorticoid receptor
The glucocorticoid receptor also known as NR3C1 is the receptor to which cortisol and other glucocorticoids bind....
s.
It is inhibited by carbenoxolone
Carbenoxolone
Carbenoxolone, a synthetic derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, is a licensed drug for oesophageal ulceration and inflammation. Other uses include treatment of oral and perioral lesions....
, a drug typically used in the treatment of peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcer
A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease, is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. It is defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm...
s.
The protein encoded by this gene is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the stress hormone cortisol
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, more specifically a glucocorticoid, produced by the adrenal gland. It is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucocorticoids. Its primary functions are to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis; suppress the immune system; and aid in fat,...
to the inactive metabolite
Metabolite
Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. The term metabolite is usually restricted to small molecules. A primary metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. Alcohol is an example of a primary metabolite produced in large-scale by industrial...
cortisone
Cortisone
Cortisone is a steroid hormone. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. In chemical structure, it is a corticosteroid closely related to corticosterone. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered intravenously, orally,...
. In addition, the encoded protein can catalyze the reverse reaction, the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. Too much cortisol can lead to central obesity
Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems...
, and a particular variation in this gene has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance
Insulin resistance
Insulin resistance is a physiological condition where the natural hormone insulin becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars. The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects, depending on dietary conditions. Certain cell types...
in children. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.