Raymond IV of Pallars Jussà
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Raymond IV was the Count of Pallars Jussà from 1047 until his death in 1098. He was the son and successor of Raymond III and Ermessenda. His reign was characterised by ceaseless wars and litigations with his cousins Artau I
and Artau II of Pallars Sobirà
, yet it was transformative in the history of Pallars through the new modes for the exercise of comital power that it saw introduced. The viscounties of Pallars Jussà during the time of Raymond IV were Vilamur, Bellera, and Orcau.
Early in his reign Raymond exacted a collective oath from the general public, claiming to rely on precedent established earlier that century by his father Raymond III and uncle William II of Pallars Sobirà. His action in fact harkened back to the original public function of the count during Carolingian
times. He renewed the collective oath a second time at a later date.
In 1055 Raymond married Valença, daughter of Arnau Mir de Tost
, and granted him four castles as a pledge to keep the oaths he had sworn for her hand. She acted alongside him in many of his charters and conventions. In 1056–1057 Raymond and Valença ceded their "power" (potestas) over the castle of Orcau to Ramon Mir and his wife Maria. In 1088 they renewed the concession to Ramon Mir's son Tedball Ramon. This and other actions like it have led to the opinion that Raymond was weak in relation to his vassals. In fact, he was forced out of power at one point, but had regained it by the early 1070s.
There is a rather large and well-preserved series of records for the reign of Raymond IV largely because he pioneered the use of written conventions for the making of agreements in Pallars. In this he was helped along by the same scribe who had at times served his father since 1040 and who had worked at the court of his father-in-law Arnau Mir de Tost for some time, Vidal.
In 1064 Raymond and Artau I reached their first agreement (convenientia, "convention"), which saw a castle pass to Raymond as a pledge for future negotiations. A second agreement of 30 May 1067 saw Artau cede the monastery of Santa Maria de Lavaix to Raymond and quitclaim several villages (villae). Around 1080 a series of conventions were made between Raymond and either Artau I or II (the elder died around 1081). As a guarantee for the process, Raymond granted the potestas of the castle of Talarn
to two of his chief magnates, Pere Ramon I d'Erill and Mir Guirreta II de Bellera, while Artau granted the same of his castle of Salás
to two of his men, Guillem Guitard de Vallferrera and Ramon Bernat. Both castles stood not far apart on opposite sides of the Noguera Pallaresa
where it defined the border of the two counties. The final settlement and exchange of castles took place in the presence of Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon. On 20 July 1094 Raymond commended (as fiefs) Llimiana
and Mur
to Artau II and granted him (as allods) Castellet
, Claverol, and Vall d'Escós.
In September 1097 Raymond received the baiulia (protection) and receptum (payment) of Castellet from Ramon Mir and Ramon Arnau. Whether Castellet had been reclaimed by treaty or by force from Artau II is unknown. On another front Raymond was an adversary of the Ermengol III of Urgell
, who had been his father's erstwhile enemy and was his father-in-law's suzerain and frequent rival. He was unable, however, to prevent the Conca de Tremp from being annexed by Urgell.
Raymond did take part in the Reconquista
. He promised the vills (villae) and castles (castelli) of the Vallferrera (Val Ferrera) to Orset (Orseth) and Drogo (Drocho) after their reconquest.
Raymond had three sons by Valença: Pere Ramon, Arnau Ramon
, and Bernat Ramon. The eldest two succeeded him and ruled jointly until around 1112, when they were succeeded by their brother Bernat, who ruled until 1124. Ramon and Valença also had a daughter named Loreto.
Artau I of Pallars Sobirà
Artau I was the Count of Pallars Sobirà from 1049 until his death in or around 1081. His reign was characterised by ceaseless wars and litigations with his more powerful cousin and neighbour Raymond IV of Pallars Jussà....
and Artau II of Pallars Sobirà
Artau II of Pallars Sobirà
Artau II , the Count of Pallars Sobirà from 1081 until his death c.1115, was active in the Reconquista and sometimes referred to himself as comes et marchio , because he governed a frontier district...
, yet it was transformative in the history of Pallars through the new modes for the exercise of comital power that it saw introduced. The viscounties of Pallars Jussà during the time of Raymond IV were Vilamur, Bellera, and Orcau.
Early in his reign Raymond exacted a collective oath from the general public, claiming to rely on precedent established earlier that century by his father Raymond III and uncle William II of Pallars Sobirà. His action in fact harkened back to the original public function of the count during Carolingian
Carolingian
The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family with origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the...
times. He renewed the collective oath a second time at a later date.
In 1055 Raymond married Valença, daughter of Arnau Mir de Tost
Arnau Mir de Tost
Arnau Mir de Tost was a Catalan nobleman of Urgell, the lord of Llordà and viscount of Àger, a major figure in the eleventh-century Reconquista in Catalonia...
, and granted him four castles as a pledge to keep the oaths he had sworn for her hand. She acted alongside him in many of his charters and conventions. In 1056–1057 Raymond and Valença ceded their "power" (potestas) over the castle of Orcau to Ramon Mir and his wife Maria. In 1088 they renewed the concession to Ramon Mir's son Tedball Ramon. This and other actions like it have led to the opinion that Raymond was weak in relation to his vassals. In fact, he was forced out of power at one point, but had regained it by the early 1070s.
There is a rather large and well-preserved series of records for the reign of Raymond IV largely because he pioneered the use of written conventions for the making of agreements in Pallars. In this he was helped along by the same scribe who had at times served his father since 1040 and who had worked at the court of his father-in-law Arnau Mir de Tost for some time, Vidal.
In 1064 Raymond and Artau I reached their first agreement (convenientia, "convention"), which saw a castle pass to Raymond as a pledge for future negotiations. A second agreement of 30 May 1067 saw Artau cede the monastery of Santa Maria de Lavaix to Raymond and quitclaim several villages (villae). Around 1080 a series of conventions were made between Raymond and either Artau I or II (the elder died around 1081). As a guarantee for the process, Raymond granted the potestas of the castle of Talarn
Talarn
Talarn is a municipality in the comarca of the Pallars Jussà in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated in the centre of the Tremp basin, on the Noguera Pallaresa river below the Sant Antoni reservoir. It is the site of a hydroelectric power station and of a training school of the Spanish army...
to two of his chief magnates, Pere Ramon I d'Erill and Mir Guirreta II de Bellera, while Artau granted the same of his castle of Salás
Salas
Salas is a town and concejo in the Principality of Asturias. It lies on the road from San Sebastián to Santiago de Compostela, and on a small subtributary of the river Narcea...
to two of his men, Guillem Guitard de Vallferrera and Ramon Bernat. Both castles stood not far apart on opposite sides of the Noguera Pallaresa
Noguera Pallaresa
The Noguera Pallaresa is a river in Catalonia, Spain. Its source is at Era Font d'era Noguereta in the municipality of Naut Aran at an elevation of about 2000 m and barely a hundred meters from those of the Garonne...
where it defined the border of the two counties. The final settlement and exchange of castles took place in the presence of Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon. On 20 July 1094 Raymond commended (as fiefs) Llimiana
Llimiana
Llimiana is a village in the province of Lleida and autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain.-References:...
and Mur
Mur
Mur may refer to:* Mur River , a river in Central Europe* Mur, Switzerland, a commune in Vaud and Avenches* Mur, a large village south of Novi Pazar, Serbia* Mur, part of the village of Murzasichle, Poland...
to Artau II and granted him (as allods) Castellet
Castellet
Castellet is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.-Geography:The river Calavon forms all of the commune's northern border. Castellet is situated above the Cote d'Azur on a hill.-References:*...
, Claverol, and Vall d'Escós.
In September 1097 Raymond received the baiulia (protection) and receptum (payment) of Castellet from Ramon Mir and Ramon Arnau. Whether Castellet had been reclaimed by treaty or by force from Artau II is unknown. On another front Raymond was an adversary of the Ermengol III of Urgell
Ermengol III of Urgell
Ermengol III , called el de Barbastre, was the Count of Urgell from 1038 to his death. He was the son of Ermengol II and Constance, daughter of the Count of Besalú....
, who had been his father's erstwhile enemy and was his father-in-law's suzerain and frequent rival. He was unable, however, to prevent the Conca de Tremp from being annexed by Urgell.
Raymond did take part in the Reconquista
Reconquista
The Reconquista was a period of almost 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms succeeded in retaking the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula broadly known as Al-Andalus...
. He promised the vills (villae) and castles (castelli) of the Vallferrera (Val Ferrera) to Orset (Orseth) and Drogo (Drocho) after their reconquest.
Raymond had three sons by Valença: Pere Ramon, Arnau Ramon
Arnau Ramon of Pallars Jussà
Arnau Ramon was the Count of Pallars Jussà from 1098 until his death. He was the second son of Ramon IV and co-ruled with his elder brother Pere Ramon until the latter's death in 1111. After this he was succeeded by his younger brother Bernat Ramon...
, and Bernat Ramon. The eldest two succeeded him and ruled jointly until around 1112, when they were succeeded by their brother Bernat, who ruled until 1124. Ramon and Valença also had a daughter named Loreto.