Richard N. Gardner
Encyclopedia
Richard Newton Gardner served as the United States Ambassador to Spain
and the United States Ambassador to Italy
. He is currently a professor
of law at Columbia Law School
.
, where he received an A.B.
in economics in 1948. He attended Yale Law School
, where he was the Note Editor for the Yale Law Journal
. After graduating from Yale in 1951, Gardner was a Rhodes Scholar, and received his Doctorate in economics from Oxford University in 1954.
as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs in 1961, a position he held until 1965, when he served as a senior adviser to the United States Ambassador to the United Nations
. After a year with the U.N., he served as a member of the President's Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy from 1970 to 1971. He served in various advisory positions in the U.N..
In 1977, he was appointed by President Carter
as U.S. Ambassador to Italy, a position he held until 1981. President Clinton
appointed Gardner as U.S. Ambassador to Spain, from 1993 to 1997. In 2000, he was a U.S. Public Delegate to the 55th U.N. General Assembly. He was a member of the Trilateral Commission
from 1974 to 2005.
, 1934 - New York
, 14 Jan. 2008), from 1956 until her death, and had two children: Nina Gardner Olivieri, lawyer and consultant currently living in Rome
, and Anthony Laurence Gardner, lawyer and former member of the staff of the National Security Council, currently working with Palamon Capital in London
.
The late Mrs. Gardner spent her early years in Venice
, where her family had lived since the 16th century, and emigrated to the US with her parents in 1939 to escape anti-semitic persecution in Fascist Italy. She graduated from Sidwell Friends School
and Bryn Mawr College
, was a journalist for an Italian television network and wrote a column for the Italian weekly magazine "Chi".
While living in Washington D.C. in the 1960s, the Gardners were next-door neighbors and close friends to future US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright
and her then-husband, journalist Joseph Medill Patterson Albright
.
the bottom up rather than from the top down. It will look like
a great "booming, buzzing confusion," to use William James'
famous description of reality, but an end run around national
sovereignty, eroding it piece by piece, will accomplish much
more than the old-fashioned frontal assault. Of course, for political
as well as administrative reasons, some of these specialized
arrangements should be brought into an appropriate relationship
with the central institutions of the U.N. system, but the main
thing is that the essential functions be performed." Richard N. Gardner "The Hard Road to World Order" Foreign Affairs 1974
United States Ambassador to Spain
-Ambassadors:*John Jay**Appointed: September 29, 1779**Title: Minister Plenipotentiary**Presented credentials:**Terminated mission: ~May 20, 1782*William Carmichael**Appointed: April 20, 1790**Title: Chargé d'Affaires...
and the United States Ambassador to Italy
United States Ambassador to Italy
Since 1840, the United States has had diplomatic representation in the Italian Republic and its predecessor nation, the Kingdom of Italy, with a break in relations from 1941 to 1944 while Italy and the U.S. were at war during World War II. The U.S. Mission to Italy is headed by the Embassy of the...
. He is currently a professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of law at Columbia Law School
Columbia Law School
Columbia Law School, founded in 1858, is one of the oldest and most prestigious law schools in the United States. A member of the Ivy League, Columbia Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Columbia University in New York City. It offers the J.D., LL.M., and J.S.D. degrees in...
.
Education
Gardner attended HarvardHarvard College
Harvard College, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is one of two schools within Harvard University granting undergraduate degrees...
, where he received an A.B.
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
in economics in 1948. He attended Yale Law School
Yale Law School
Yale Law School, or YLS, is the law school of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Established in 1824, it offers the J.D., LL.M., J.S.D. and M.S.L. degrees in law. It also hosts visiting scholars, visiting researchers and a number of legal research centers...
, where he was the Note Editor for the Yale Law Journal
Yale Law Journal
The Yale Law Journal is a student-run law review affiliated with the Yale Law School. Published continuously since 1891, it is the most widely known of the eight law reviews published by students at Yale Law School...
. After graduating from Yale in 1951, Gardner was a Rhodes Scholar, and received his Doctorate in economics from Oxford University in 1954.
Professional career
Gardner practiced law for three years in New York after finishing his doctorate at Oxford. He joined the Columbia faculty in 1957. He was appointed by President KennedyJohn F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963....
as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs in 1961, a position he held until 1965, when he served as a senior adviser to the United States Ambassador to the United Nations
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is more formally known as the "Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of Ambassador...
. After a year with the U.N., he served as a member of the President's Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy from 1970 to 1971. He served in various advisory positions in the U.N..
In 1977, he was appointed by President Carter
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office...
as U.S. Ambassador to Italy, a position he held until 1981. President Clinton
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation...
appointed Gardner as U.S. Ambassador to Spain, from 1993 to 1997. In 2000, he was a U.S. Public Delegate to the 55th U.N. General Assembly. He was a member of the Trilateral Commission
Trilateral Commission
The Trilateral Commission is a non-governmental, non-partisan discussion group founded by David Rockefeller in July 1973 to foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europe and Japan.-History:...
from 1974 to 2005.
Family life
Gardner was married with Danielle L. Gardner, born Danielle Almeida Luzzatto (GenoaGenoa
Genoa |Ligurian]] Zena ; Latin and, archaically, English Genua) is a city and an important seaport in northern Italy, the capital of the Province of Genoa and of the region of Liguria....
, 1934 - New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, 14 Jan. 2008), from 1956 until her death, and had two children: Nina Gardner Olivieri, lawyer and consultant currently living in Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
, and Anthony Laurence Gardner, lawyer and former member of the staff of the National Security Council, currently working with Palamon Capital in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
.
The late Mrs. Gardner spent her early years in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
, where her family had lived since the 16th century, and emigrated to the US with her parents in 1939 to escape anti-semitic persecution in Fascist Italy. She graduated from Sidwell Friends School
Sidwell Friends School
Sidwell Friends School is a Quaker private school located in Bethesda, Maryland and Washington, D.C., offering pre-kindergarten through secondary school classes. Founded in 1883 by Thomas Sidwell, its motto is "Eluceat omnibus lux" , alluding to the Quaker concept of inner light...
and Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr College is a women's liberal arts college located in Bryn Mawr, a community in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, ten miles west of Philadelphia. The name "Bryn Mawr" means "big hill" in Welsh....
, was a journalist for an Italian television network and wrote a column for the Italian weekly magazine "Chi".
While living in Washington D.C. in the 1960s, the Gardners were next-door neighbors and close friends to future US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Korbelová Albright is the first woman to become a United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by U.S. President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99–0...
and her then-husband, journalist Joseph Medill Patterson Albright
Joseph Medill Patterson Albright
-Biography:Albright is the scion of a media empire, the grandson and namesake of Joseph Medill Patterson, founder of the New York Daily News who had rivaled William Randolph Hearst in the 1930s. His great-great grandfather, Joseph Medill, owned the Chicago Tribune and had been elected mayor of...
.
Quotations
"In short, the "house of world order" will have to be built fromthe bottom up rather than from the top down. It will look like
a great "booming, buzzing confusion," to use William James'
famous description of reality, but an end run around national
sovereignty, eroding it piece by piece, will accomplish much
more than the old-fashioned frontal assault. Of course, for political
as well as administrative reasons, some of these specialized
arrangements should be brought into an appropriate relationship
with the central institutions of the U.N. system, but the main
thing is that the essential functions be performed." Richard N. Gardner "The Hard Road to World Order" Foreign Affairs 1974