St. Florian Church, Hamtramck
Encyclopedia
St. Florian Church is a Roman Catholic Church at 2626 Poland Street in Hamtramck, Michigan
. The church was designed by Ralph Adams Cram
of the firm Cram and Ferguson
.
members whose families were immigrants from Poland
and settled in Hamtramck after Dodge
opened an automobile factory in 1910. Clergy are of the Ministry of the Society of Christ Fathers to Polish Migrants
,
By 1907, Ford, Dodge, and Packard plants were employing many Polish immigrants who settled in Hamtramck Township or in contiguous neighborhoods on what was then the northern edge of the city of Detroit. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
recognized the need for a church to serve Polish residents, and established the parish named for St. Florian, patron of Poland, in 1907. Services were initially held in a storefront.
The influx of Polish immigrants created a need for churches. The first Polish Catholic Church in Detroit was St. Albertus
(1872), followed by St. Florian (1907) in Hamtramck and six others in surrounding Detroit: Sweetest Heart of Mary
(1888); St. Casimir (1882); St. Francis of Assisi (1889); St. Josaphat
(1889); St. Stanislaus
(1890s); St. Hedwig (1903); and St. Hyacinth (1905).
Ground was broken for a church building in March 1908. The cornerstone was laid on July 12, 1908, and the dedication was held on January 10, 1909. As the congregation grew the original building quickly became inadequate. Parishioners amassed $500,000 (in pre-Depression
funds) to build a larger sanctuary.
Cram, who is best known for popularizing Gothic architecture in the United States
, was chosen to design the building. He created a magnificent modified English Gothic
structure that won an award from American Architect magazine in 1929.
Cram used modern construction techniques that included building on a steel frame and using bricks on the exterior.
Construction on the present edifice began in January 1926 and the church was consecrated on October 21, 1928. Nearly 5,000 people turned out for the dedication of the building. The cornerstone
is in both Latin and Polish.
In both its opulence and scale, it is a monumentally grand Polish Cathedral style
building. The church's spire
rises nearly 200 ft (61 m) above the street and was designed to stand in stark contrast to the smokestacks of Hamtramck's industrial environment. St. Florian is the tallest building in Hamtramck, and its silhouette is used in the city's logo
. The church is taller than the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
which houses the seat of the Detroit archdiocese. It seats 1,200 and the altar
was made in Italy
.
The award-winning opulence of St. Florian's is a reminder of the “humble structure” that preceded it; the prosperity and generosity of parishioners made possible construction of “one of the most attractive churches in the metropolis.” The front facade has a “broad Gothic Arch
flanked by twin spires
notable for the impression they give of lightness and delicateness.” Exceptional brickwork
is arrayed in a varied horizontal bands.
The interior consists of the nave of six bays topped by a rib vault
. The vault is blue with vines painted at the groins. The main aisle is flanked by two smaller aisles. At the Clerestory
level of each bay is a small rose window and on the sides are large stained glass windows. “The stained glass
work is striking and fitting.” The structure is dominated by an ornate rose window
above the organ loft. In each window flanking the nave
, the design uses images depicting a familiar narrative
story. One window includes the figure of Nicolaus Copernicus
, the astronomer who challenged the Catholic Church's traditional view that the earth is the center of the universe. The altar windows depict five Polish saints — Casimir, Florian, Hedwig, Hyacinth
and Stanislaus. The nave windows illustrate the joyful and glorious mysteries of the rosary
, and other vignettes from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
The 1928 Austin
electric
Pipe organ
Opus No. 1526 (3 manuals
and 26 ranks) was renovated and rededicated April 13, 2008.
Pastor Fr. Thomasz Sielicki noted that St. Florian had as many as seven priest
s and 3,000 students in the school during its heyday and that it kept many parishioners for their whole lives. "Many received all their sacraments from here," he said. "People are really very strongly connected to their church." The church currently has about 600 parishioners.
, celebrated Mass
at St. Florian.
The church also served as a backdrop for some scenes in the Theresa Connelly film Polish Wedding
.
Detroit City councilman (and former Mayor
) Kenneth Cockrel is a graduate of St. Florian's High School, which is now closed.
Consistent with being named for St. Florian – the patron saint of firefighters who is credited with saving Cracow, Poland from fire – for more than a decade the church has hosted an annual firefighters' mass on the first Saturday in May. This event is held in conjunction with the St. Florian Strawberry
festival.
In 2008, a Mass was celebrated on the Feast of Christ the King
to a standing-room-only crowd, Cardinal Adam Maida was the lead celebrant. His English homily
was followed by one in Polish by Fr. Tomasz Sielicki, S.Chr., Fr. Mirosław Frankowski's predecessor and now the order's general superior.
Cardinal Maida called the day a "historic and joyful occasion". He also called attention to the Felician Sisters
, who opened the parish’s elementary school 99 years ago and its high school in 1940. Additionally, he recognized the parishioners and lay organizations and "self-sacrificing lay faithful who have given of their time, their talent, and their treasure to maintain this great parish over the decades." The Cardinal also spoke about the visit of Pope John Paul II to Hamtramck in 1987.
At a Mass on November 23. 2009, the church celebrated its centenary.
In conjunction with the celebration, a Michigan Historical marker
was erected. Fr. Sielicki said it's important to recognize the parish's history especially since it will start celebrating its 100-year anniversary this Christmas. "We see in it recognition of our spiritual, cultural and social contribution of this parish to the life of Metro Detroit," he said. "It is for ourselves a reminder to do the same in the future." He added, "I think it will make our church even better known in the area."
The historical marker, Registered Site L2189, was erected in 2007 at Florian Street between Brombach and Latham Streets, in Hamtramck, Wayne County, Michigan
. The text indicates:
Saint Florian Church
The obverse of the marker states:
Saint Florian Historic District
Hamtramck, Michigan
Hamtramck is a city in Wayne County of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 22,423. Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park...
. The church was designed by Ralph Adams Cram
Ralph Adams Cram
Ralph Adams Cram FAIA, , was a prolific and influential American architect of collegiate and ecclesiastical buildings, often in the Gothic style. Cram & Ferguson and Cram, Goodhue & Ferguson are partnerships in which he worked.-Early life:Cram was born on December 16, 1863 at Hampton Falls, New...
of the firm Cram and Ferguson
HDB/Cram and Ferguson
HDB/Cram and Ferguson is an architectural firm operating in Boston, Massachusetts since the late 19th century. The original partnership was founded in 1889 by Ralph Adams Cram and Charles Francis Wentworth...
.
Parish
St. Florian's parish consists of predominantly PolishPoles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
members whose families were immigrants from Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
and settled in Hamtramck after Dodge
Dodge
Dodge is a United States-based brand of automobiles, minivans, and sport utility vehicles, manufactured and marketed by Chrysler Group LLC in more than 60 different countries and territories worldwide....
opened an automobile factory in 1910. Clergy are of the Ministry of the Society of Christ Fathers to Polish Migrants
Society of Christ Fathers
The Society of Christ Fathers for Poles Living Abroad - Roman Catholic Society of Apostolic Life founded by the then Primate of Poland, Cardinal August Hlond, in cooperation with Fr...
,
By 1907, Ford, Dodge, and Packard plants were employing many Polish immigrants who settled in Hamtramck Township or in contiguous neighborhoods on what was then the northern edge of the city of Detroit. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church covering the Michigan counties of Lapeer, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, and Wayne...
recognized the need for a church to serve Polish residents, and established the parish named for St. Florian, patron of Poland, in 1907. Services were initially held in a storefront.
The influx of Polish immigrants created a need for churches. The first Polish Catholic Church in Detroit was St. Albertus
St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church
St. Albertus Roman Catholic Church is a church located at 4231 St. Aubin Street in Detroit, Michigan in the Forest Park neighborhood area on the city's central East side...
(1872), followed by St. Florian (1907) in Hamtramck and six others in surrounding Detroit: Sweetest Heart of Mary
Sweetest Heart Of Mary Roman Catholic Church
Sweetest Heart of Mary Roman Catholic Church is located at 4440 Russell Street in Detroit, Michigan in the Forest Park neighborhood on the city's central East side. The Gothic Revival Cathedral styled Church is the largest of the Roman Catholic Churches in the City of Detroit...
(1888); St. Casimir (1882); St. Francis of Assisi (1889); St. Josaphat
St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic Church
St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church located at 715 E. Canfield Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1985.- History :...
(1889); St. Stanislaus
St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Church
The St. Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr Roman Catholic Church is a church located at 5818 Dubois Street in Detroit, Michigan. The church is now used by the Promise Land Missionary Baptist Church and the school is used by the Detroit Academy of Arts and Sciences. The church was listed on the...
(1890s); St. Hedwig (1903); and St. Hyacinth (1905).
Ground was broken for a church building in March 1908. The cornerstone was laid on July 12, 1908, and the dedication was held on January 10, 1909. As the congregation grew the original building quickly became inadequate. Parishioners amassed $500,000 (in pre-Depression
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s...
funds) to build a larger sanctuary.
The present church
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, was chosen to design the building. He created a magnificent modified English Gothic
Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
structure that won an award from American Architect magazine in 1929.
Cram used modern construction techniques that included building on a steel frame and using bricks on the exterior.
Construction on the present edifice began in January 1926 and the church was consecrated on October 21, 1928. Nearly 5,000 people turned out for the dedication of the building. The cornerstone
Cornerstone
The cornerstone concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation, important since all other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire structure.Over time a cornerstone became a ceremonial masonry stone, or...
is in both Latin and Polish.
In both its opulence and scale, it is a monumentally grand Polish Cathedral style
Polish Cathedral style
The Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England...
building. The church's spire
Spire
A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word is derived from the Old English word spir, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass....
rises nearly 200 ft (61 m) above the street and was designed to stand in stark contrast to the smokestacks of Hamtramck's industrial environment. St. Florian is the tallest building in Hamtramck, and its silhouette is used in the city's logo
Logo
A logo is a graphic mark or emblem commonly used by commercial enterprises, organizations and even individuals to aid and promote instant public recognition...
. The church is taller than the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament
The Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament is a decorated Gothic Revival style Roman Catholic cathedral church in the United States. It is the seat of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit...
which houses the seat of the Detroit archdiocese. It seats 1,200 and the altar
Altar
An altar is any structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes. Altars are usually found at shrines, and they can be located in temples, churches and other places of worship...
was made in Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
.
The award-winning opulence of St. Florian's is a reminder of the “humble structure” that preceded it; the prosperity and generosity of parishioners made possible construction of “one of the most attractive churches in the metropolis.” The front facade has a “broad Gothic Arch
Arch
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports a load. Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.-Technical aspects:The...
flanked by twin spires
Spires
Spires may refer to:* SPIRES, a database for publications in High-Energy Physics* Speyer , a city in Germany* The Spires, a commercial conference centre, operated out of Church House, Belfast by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland...
notable for the impression they give of lightness and delicateness.” Exceptional brickwork
Brickwork
Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar to build up brick structures such as walls. Brickwork is also used to finish corners, door, and window openings, etc...
is arrayed in a varied horizontal bands.
The interior consists of the nave of six bays topped by a rib vault
Rib vault
The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns; compare groin vault, an older form of vault construction...
. The vault is blue with vines painted at the groins. The main aisle is flanked by two smaller aisles. At the Clerestory
Clerestory
Clerestory is an architectural term that historically denoted an upper level of a Roman basilica or of the nave of a Romanesque or Gothic church, the walls of which rise above the rooflines of the lower aisles and are pierced with windows. In modern usage, clerestory refers to any high windows...
level of each bay is a small rose window and on the sides are large stained glass windows. “The stained glass
Stained glass
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works produced from it. Throughout its thousand-year history, the term has been applied almost exclusively to the windows of churches and other significant buildings...
work is striking and fitting.” The structure is dominated by an ornate rose window
Rose window
A Rose window is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery...
above the organ loft. In each window flanking the nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
, the design uses images depicting a familiar narrative
Narrative
A narrative is a constructive format that describes a sequence of non-fictional or fictional events. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to recount", and is related to the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled"...
story. One window includes the figure of Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
, the astronomer who challenged the Catholic Church's traditional view that the earth is the center of the universe. The altar windows depict five Polish saints — Casimir, Florian, Hedwig, Hyacinth
St. Hyacinth
St. Hyacinth or Saint Hyacinthe may refer to:* Hyacinth and Protus , Christian saints* Saint Hyacinth , Polish priest, canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 1594...
and Stanislaus. The nave windows illustrate the joyful and glorious mysteries of the rosary
Rosary
The rosary or "garland of roses" is a traditional Catholic devotion. The term denotes the prayer beads used to count the series of prayers that make up the rosary...
, and other vignettes from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
The 1928 Austin
Austin Organs, Inc.
Austin Organs, Inc. is a manufacturer of pipe organs based in Hartford, Connecticut. The company is one of the oldest continuously-operating organ manufacturers in the United States...
electric
Electronic organ
An electronic organ is an electronic keyboard instrument which was derived from the harmonium, pipe organ and theatre organ. Originally, it was designed to imitate the sound of pipe organs, theatre organs, band sounds, or orchestral sounds....
Pipe organ
Pipe organ
The pipe organ is a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurized air through pipes selected via a keyboard. Because each organ pipe produces a single pitch, the pipes are provided in sets called ranks, each of which has a common timbre and volume throughout the keyboard compass...
Opus No. 1526 (3 manuals
Manual (music)
A manual is a keyboard designed to be played with the hands on a pipe organ, harpsichord, clavichord, electronic organ, or synthesizer. The term "manual" is used with regard to any hand keyboard on these instruments to distinguish it from the pedalboard, which is a keyboard that the organist plays...
and 26 ranks) was renovated and rededicated April 13, 2008.
Pastor Fr. Thomasz Sielicki noted that St. Florian had as many as seven priest
Priest
A priest is a person authorized to perform the sacred rites of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities...
s and 3,000 students in the school during its heyday and that it kept many parishioners for their whole lives. "Many received all their sacraments from here," he said. "People are really very strongly connected to their church." The church currently has about 600 parishioners.
Noteworthy events
In 1969, the cardinal archbishop of Cracow, Poland, Karol Wojtyła, who later became Pope John Paul IIPope John Paul II
Blessed Pope John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtyła , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted ; only Pope Pius IX ...
, celebrated Mass
Mass (liturgy)
"Mass" is one of the names by which the sacrament of the Eucharist is called in the Roman Catholic Church: others are "Eucharist", the "Lord's Supper", the "Breaking of Bread", the "Eucharistic assembly ", the "memorial of the Lord's Passion and Resurrection", the "Holy Sacrifice", the "Holy and...
at St. Florian.
The church also served as a backdrop for some scenes in the Theresa Connelly film Polish Wedding
Polish Wedding
Polish Wedding is a 1998 comedy/drama film written and directed by Theresa Connelly.It was screened at the Sundance Film Festival on January 16, 1998 and at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 12...
.
Detroit City councilman (and former Mayor
Mayor
In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....
) Kenneth Cockrel is a graduate of St. Florian's High School, which is now closed.
Consistent with being named for St. Florian – the patron saint of firefighters who is credited with saving Cracow, Poland from fire – for more than a decade the church has hosted an annual firefighters' mass on the first Saturday in May. This event is held in conjunction with the St. Florian Strawberry
Strawberry
Fragaria is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits. Although it is commonly thought that strawberries get their name from straw being used as a mulch in cultivating the plants, the etymology of the word is uncertain. There...
festival.
In 2008, a Mass was celebrated on the Feast of Christ the King
Feast of Christ the King
The Feast of Christ the King is the last holy Sunday in the western liturgical calendar, celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church as well as many Anglicans, Lutherans, and other Mainline Protestants.-Origin and history in the Catholic Church:Pope Pius XI instituted the Feast of Christ the...
to a standing-room-only crowd, Cardinal Adam Maida was the lead celebrant. His English homily
Homily
A homily is a commentary that follows a reading of scripture. In Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran, and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a homily is usually given during Mass at the end of the Liturgy of the Word...
was followed by one in Polish by Fr. Tomasz Sielicki, S.Chr., Fr. Mirosław Frankowski's predecessor and now the order's general superior.
Cardinal Maida called the day a "historic and joyful occasion". He also called attention to the Felician Sisters
Felician Sisters
The Sisters of St. Felix of Cantalice, or Felician Sisters, are one branch of the Third Order of St. Francis. The active-contemplative order was founded in Warsaw, Poland, in 1855, by Sophia Truszkowska, and named for a shrine of St. Felix, a 16th century Franciscan saint especially devoted to...
, who opened the parish’s elementary school 99 years ago and its high school in 1940. Additionally, he recognized the parishioners and lay organizations and "self-sacrificing lay faithful who have given of their time, their talent, and their treasure to maintain this great parish over the decades." The Cardinal also spoke about the visit of Pope John Paul II to Hamtramck in 1987.
At a Mass on November 23. 2009, the church celebrated its centenary.
In conjunction with the celebration, a Michigan Historical marker
Historical marker
A historical marker or historic marker is an indicator such as a plaque or sign to commemorate an event or person of historic interest and to associate that point of interest with a specific locale one can visit.-Description:...
was erected. Fr. Sielicki said it's important to recognize the parish's history especially since it will start celebrating its 100-year anniversary this Christmas. "We see in it recognition of our spiritual, cultural and social contribution of this parish to the life of Metro Detroit," he said. "It is for ourselves a reminder to do the same in the future." He added, "I think it will make our church even better known in the area."
The historical marker, Registered Site L2189, was erected in 2007 at Florian Street between Brombach and Latham Streets, in Hamtramck, Wayne County, Michigan
Wayne County, Michigan
-History:Wayne County was one of the first counties formed when the Northwest Territory was organized. It was named for the American general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. It originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, as well as small sections that are now part of northern...
. The text indicates:
Saint Florian Church
Saint Florian Parish was founded in 1907 to serve the Detroit area's rapidly expanding Polish Catholic community. By the 1920s Saint Florian was the second largest Catholic parish in Detroit, and it required a larger church. The Reverend John Bonkowski hired Boston architect Ralph Adams Cram to design this building, inspired by the Gothic churches of the Middle AgesMiddle AgesThe Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
. The church's medieval style contrasted with the modern industrial community. Nowakowski and Sons of Hamtramck built the church, and the J.M. Kase Company made the stained glass in its New York Studio. The working-class parishioners sacrificed to build the church. In 1929 American Architect magazine named it the best new church in America.
The obverse of the marker states:
Saint Florian Historic District
The Saint Florian Historic District is roughly bounded by Holbrook, Joseph Campau [Avenue], Yemans, and Dequindre Streets. Incorporated as a village in 1901, Hamtramck experienced rapid growth when Eastern European immigrants came to work at nearby DodgeDodgeDodge is a United States-based brand of automobiles, minivans, and sport utility vehicles, manufactured and marketed by Chrysler Group LLC in more than 60 different countries and territories worldwide....
, Ford and PackardPackardPackard was an American luxury-type automobile marque built by the Packard Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, and later by the Studebaker-Packard Corporation of South Bend, Indiana...
automotiveAutomotive industryThe automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue....
plantsFactoryA factory or manufacturing plant is an industrial building where laborers manufacture goods or supervise machines processing one product into another. Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production...
. The village's population boomed from 3,559 in 1910 to 48,615 in 1920. In the shadow of the magnificent Saint Florian Church, modest houses occupy thirty-foot-wide lots. Platted in 1909 as Whitney's subdivision, the densely developed neighborhood was built in anticipation of an influx of workers to the Dodge Main factory that opened less than one mile from here in 1910. The district reflects the tightly knit Polish community that first lived here.
See also
- Archdiocese of Detroit
- Polish Cathedral stylePolish Cathedral styleThe Polish Cathedral architectural style is a North American genre of Catholic church architecture found throughout the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions as well as in parts of New England...
- St. Florian's CathedralSt. Florian's CathedralSt. Florian's Cathedral, more formally known as the Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel and St. Florian the Martyr , is a Catholic church and historical landmark at ul. Floriańska 3 in eastern Warsaw. The 75-meter towers of St...
Warsaw, Poland
Further reading
- Kowalski, Greg, Hamtramck: The Driven City (Arcadia Publishing) 160 pages. ISBN 0-7385-2380-1; ISBN 978-0-7385-2380-4.
- Serafino, Frank, (1983) West of Warsaw. Avenue Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-910977-00-5 ISBN 0-910977-00-3.
- St. Florian Parish, Hamtramck, Michigan, 1908-1983 Published in 1985, s.n. (Hamtramck, Mich) (English and Polish) 400 p. Open LibraryOpen LibraryOpen Library is an online project intended to create “one web page for every book ever published”. Open Library is a project of the non-profit Internet Archive and has been funded in part by a grant from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation.-Books for the blind and...
. - St. Florian 100th Anniversary Book