Tullia d'Aragona
Encyclopedia
Tullia d'Aragona was a 16th century Italian courtesan
, author and philosopher in Venice
. She had one daughter, Penelope d'Aragona, born in 1535, and a son, Celio, by Silvestro Guiccardi.
Her work has recently been revived in the University of Chicago
's "The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe" series, which deals with texts from Renaissance
era female authors, as well as male advocates of women's emancipation from that era. More recently, an anthology of her poetry and prose has been reprinted.
, c. 1510. Her mother was lauded as "the most famous beauty of her day". Her father's identity is unknown, although it may have been Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona, who was himself the illegitimate grandson of Ferdinand I of Naples
.
Tullia was educated by the Cardinal and proved to be an infant prodigy
who amazed even her mother's 'guests'.
courtesans was not hampered by the fact that she was not considered physically attractive in a time when Renaissance Italy worshipped beauty, namely, petite, full-bodied blondes. Tall and curveless with large thin lips and a hooked nose, her physical shortcomings were apparently vastly and easily overcome by her intellect and cunning, such that men, both powerful and famous poets, fell in love with her and the general public treated her like a celebrity.
at age 18, she niche marketed herself as the "intellectual courtesan" and quickly rose to the top of the pile within 3 or 4 years. This not only included her ability to entertain, but a shrewd knowledge of fashion, choosing to eschew the excess of the time for signature simplicity.
She was often seen in the company of poets, like Sperone Speroni
. Available evidence suggests that Tullia was highly mobile and stayed in Bologna in 1529, where Pope Clement VII and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
were engaged in negotiations after the Sack of Rome in 1527.
In 1531, she hooked Filippo Strozzi
, a Florentine banking magnate who had been famous for crushing Italy's most beautiful courtesan, Camilla Pisana. However, Tullia ensnared him to such a degree that he shared state secrets with her and had to be recalled to Florence. Other lovers included Emilio Orsini, who founded a Tullia Society of six cavaliers who protected her honor.
In 1537, Tullia was living in Ferrara, as Battista Stambellino's correspondence to Isabella D'Este suggested. Ferrara was the capital of arts and culture and it was here that Tullia's skill for public relations was put to full swing. She conquered the city with extravagance, singing and sharp-tongued entertainment. Two of Italy's literary giants, Girolamo Muzio
and Ercole Bentivoglio both fell in love with her. Muzio wrote five ardent eclogues to her, naming her as "Thalia" while Bentivoglio went so far as to carve Tullia's name on every tree on the Po River. When she left Ferrara four years later, more than one man had attempted suicide for her.
In 1543, she is recorded to have married Silvestro Guiccardi of Ferrara, who may have later starved to death. She used her marriage to overcome sumptuary laws and residential restrictions on her career, dress and housing choices.
In 1545/6, Tullia fled civic unrest in Siena, and arrived in Florence, where she became an attendant at the court of Cosimo I de Medici, then Grand Duke of Tuscany. While there, she composed Dialogues on the Infinity of Love (1547), which is a Neo-Platonist assertion of women's sexual and emotional autonomy within exchanges of romantic love. During the preceding century, the Medici court had sponsored considerable revival of Neo-Platonist scholarship, particularly Marsilio Ficino
, who had also written on the nature of sexual desire and love from this perspective. At the same time, she wrote a series of sonnets that praised the attributes of prominent Florentine noblemen of her era, or celebrated contemporary literary figures. Her last known work, Il Meschino, is an epic poem, which related the experiences of a captive youth, Giarrino, who was enslaved and journeyed across Europe, Africa and Asia, as well as Purgatory
and Hell, trying to find his lost parents.
As an aging forty year-old with no claim to beauty, Tullia embarked on a successful campaign to ensure her current lifestyle. Her target was the intellectual king of Florenece, Benedetto Varchi
, whom she bombarded with flattering sonnets until he finally succumbed and was soon followed by the rest of the cultural elite. Tullia turned her home into a philosophical academy for the cognoscenti and continued to thrive as a 'serious writer.'
After this, Tullia returned to Rome from Florence, and little further is known about her life. She died in 1556. After her death, there were posthumous editions of her work in Italian, in 1552, 1694, 1864, 1912, 1974, 1975 and 1980. With the emergence of second-wave feminism
in the seventies and eighties, her creative and academic gifts found new devotees.
She was denounced twice to authorities, both times of which she escaped punishment through her often powerful and well-connected friends. The third time, she had to appeal to a Florentine duchess in order to be saved from disgrace.
Courtesan
A courtesan was originally a female courtier, which means a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person.In feudal society, the court was the centre of government as well as the residence of the monarch, and social and political life were often completely mixed together...
, author and philosopher in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...
. She had one daughter, Penelope d'Aragona, born in 1535, and a son, Celio, by Silvestro Guiccardi.
Her work has recently been revived in the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
's "The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe" series, which deals with texts from Renaissance
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
era female authors, as well as male advocates of women's emancipation from that era. More recently, an anthology of her poetry and prose has been reprinted.
Background
Tullia was born to a courtesan herself, Giulia Ferrarese, in RomeRome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
, c. 1510. Her mother was lauded as "the most famous beauty of her day". Her father's identity is unknown, although it may have been Cardinal Luigi d'Aragona, who was himself the illegitimate grandson of Ferdinand I of Naples
Ferdinand I of Naples
Ferdinand I , also called Don Ferrante, was the King of Naples from 1458 to 1494. He was the natural son of Alfonso V of Aragon by Giraldona Carlino.-Biography:...
.
Tullia was educated by the Cardinal and proved to be an infant prodigy
Child prodigy
A child prodigy is someone who, at an early age, masters one or more skills far beyond his or her level of maturity. One criterion for classifying prodigies is: a prodigy is a child, typically younger than 18 years old, who is performing at the level of a highly trained adult in a very demanding...
who amazed even her mother's 'guests'.
Appearance
Interestingly enough, Tullia's fame and success as the most celebrated of RenaissanceRenaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
courtesans was not hampered by the fact that she was not considered physically attractive in a time when Renaissance Italy worshipped beauty, namely, petite, full-bodied blondes. Tall and curveless with large thin lips and a hooked nose, her physical shortcomings were apparently vastly and easily overcome by her intellect and cunning, such that men, both powerful and famous poets, fell in love with her and the general public treated her like a celebrity.
Years in Rome
After the Cardinal's death in 1519, Tullia spent seven years in Siena, before she returned to Rome in 1526. Entering into the rampant world of prostitutionProstitution
Prostitution is the act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. The person who receives payment for sexual services is called a prostitute and the person who receives such services is known by a multitude of terms, including a "john". Prostitution is one of...
at age 18, she niche marketed herself as the "intellectual courtesan" and quickly rose to the top of the pile within 3 or 4 years. This not only included her ability to entertain, but a shrewd knowledge of fashion, choosing to eschew the excess of the time for signature simplicity.
She was often seen in the company of poets, like Sperone Speroni
Sperone Speroni
Sperone Speroni degli Alvarotti was an Italian Renaissance humanist, scholar and dramatist. He was one of the central members of Padua's literary academy Accademia degli Infiammati and wrote on both moral and literary matters.-Biography:...
. Available evidence suggests that Tullia was highly mobile and stayed in Bologna in 1529, where Pope Clement VII and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
were engaged in negotiations after the Sack of Rome in 1527.
In 1531, she hooked Filippo Strozzi
Filippo Strozzi the Younger
thumb|250px|A view of [[Palazzo Strozzi]] in Florence.Filippo Strozzi the Younger was an Italian condottiero and banker, the most famous member of the Florentine Strozzi family in the Renaissance.-Biography:...
, a Florentine banking magnate who had been famous for crushing Italy's most beautiful courtesan, Camilla Pisana. However, Tullia ensnared him to such a degree that he shared state secrets with her and had to be recalled to Florence. Other lovers included Emilio Orsini, who founded a Tullia Society of six cavaliers who protected her honor.
Years in Venice
At age thirty, Tullia moved to Venice, the most competitive stage in Europe with nearly 100,000 courtesans at that time. However, she prevailed once again and bagged the top poet in the city, Bernado Tasso.In 1537, Tullia was living in Ferrara, as Battista Stambellino's correspondence to Isabella D'Este suggested. Ferrara was the capital of arts and culture and it was here that Tullia's skill for public relations was put to full swing. She conquered the city with extravagance, singing and sharp-tongued entertainment. Two of Italy's literary giants, Girolamo Muzio
Girolamo Muzio
Girolamo Muzio or Mutio Justinopolitano was an Italian courtier, poet, and author in defence of the vernacular Italian language against Latin.-Works:...
and Ercole Bentivoglio both fell in love with her. Muzio wrote five ardent eclogues to her, naming her as "Thalia" while Bentivoglio went so far as to carve Tullia's name on every tree on the Po River. When she left Ferrara four years later, more than one man had attempted suicide for her.
In 1543, she is recorded to have married Silvestro Guiccardi of Ferrara, who may have later starved to death. She used her marriage to overcome sumptuary laws and residential restrictions on her career, dress and housing choices.
In 1545/6, Tullia fled civic unrest in Siena, and arrived in Florence, where she became an attendant at the court of Cosimo I de Medici, then Grand Duke of Tuscany. While there, she composed Dialogues on the Infinity of Love (1547), which is a Neo-Platonist assertion of women's sexual and emotional autonomy within exchanges of romantic love. During the preceding century, the Medici court had sponsored considerable revival of Neo-Platonist scholarship, particularly Marsilio Ficino
Marsilio Ficino
Marsilio Ficino was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin...
, who had also written on the nature of sexual desire and love from this perspective. At the same time, she wrote a series of sonnets that praised the attributes of prominent Florentine noblemen of her era, or celebrated contemporary literary figures. Her last known work, Il Meschino, is an epic poem, which related the experiences of a captive youth, Giarrino, who was enslaved and journeyed across Europe, Africa and Asia, as well as Purgatory
Purgatory
Purgatory is the condition or process of purification or temporary punishment in which, it is believed, the souls of those who die in a state of grace are made ready for Heaven...
and Hell, trying to find his lost parents.
As an aging forty year-old with no claim to beauty, Tullia embarked on a successful campaign to ensure her current lifestyle. Her target was the intellectual king of Florenece, Benedetto Varchi
Benedetto Varchi
Benedetto Varchi was an Italian humanist, a historian and poet.-Biography:Born in Florence to a family that had originated at Montevarchi, he frequented the neoplatonic academy that Bernardo Rucellai organized in his garden, the Orti Oricellari; there, in spite of the fact that Rucellai was...
, whom she bombarded with flattering sonnets until he finally succumbed and was soon followed by the rest of the cultural elite. Tullia turned her home into a philosophical academy for the cognoscenti and continued to thrive as a 'serious writer.'
After this, Tullia returned to Rome from Florence, and little further is known about her life. She died in 1556. After her death, there were posthumous editions of her work in Italian, in 1552, 1694, 1864, 1912, 1974, 1975 and 1980. With the emergence of second-wave feminism
Second-wave feminism
The Feminist Movement, or the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States refers to a period of feminist activity which began during the early 1960s and lasted through the early 1990s....
in the seventies and eighties, her creative and academic gifts found new devotees.
Critics
In a time when intellectual pursuits were confined to the male world and beauty was viewed as corresponding with inner goodness, Tullia was decried as a woman who desecrated aesthetic ideals and the limits of her gender and profession.She was denounced twice to authorities, both times of which she escaped punishment through her often powerful and well-connected friends. The third time, she had to appeal to a Florentine duchess in order to be saved from disgrace.
Sources
- Tullia d'Aragona: Dialogues on the Infinity of Love: Chicago: University of Chicago: 1997: ISBN 0-226-13639-6
- Julia Hairston: D'Aragona, Tullia: c1510-1556: An article in the database of Italian women writers hosted by the University of Chicago Library.
- Georgina Masson: "Tullia d'Aragona, Intellectual Courtesan" in G.Masson (ed)Courtesans of the Italian Renaissance: London: Secker and Warburg: 1975: 91-131: ISBN 0-436-27352-7
- Elizabeth A. Pallitto, "Laura's Laurels: Re-visioning Platonism and Petrarchism in the Philosophy and Poetry of Tullia d'Aragona," PhD Dissertation in Comparative Literature, City University of New York Graduate Center, 2002.
- Elizabeth A. Pallitto (trnsl/ed): "Sweet Fire: Tullia d'Aragona's Poetry of Dialogue and Selected Prose": George Braziller: 2006: ISBN 0-8076-1562-5
- Rinaldina Russell: "Tullia d'Aragona" in R.Russell (ed) Italian Women Writers: London: Greenwood: 1994: 26-34. ISBN 0-313-28347-8
- Sunshine for Women: Tullia d'Aragona: 1510-1556: Concise biographical account and excerpts from Dialogues of the Infinity of Love: