Örüg Temür Khan
Encyclopedia
Örüg Temür or Gulichi (Chinese
: ) was a Mongol leader who temporarily throned himself Khan
of the Mongols in the early 15th century. He might be the same person, Ugechi Khashikha (Chinese
: ) who appeared in Mongolian history. Khashikha means prince or duke in Tungusic languages
. According to René Grousset
and Henry H.Howorth, he was a leader of the Oirats
, particularly Torguud clan. Various sources tell us that Örüg Temür was descended from either Ariq Böke
or Genghis Khan's younger brothers, Hasar and Temüge
. Some scholars say that he was apparently a descendant of Ogedai
. Thus, it is still unclear whether he was an Oirat or Genghisid.
Elbeg Khan (1400–1402) appointed Bahamu (Batlai, Mahamu, Muhamud) ruler of the Four Oirats
after he had mistakenly executed his father Taifu. The Khagan's decision made the Oirat leader Gulichi (or Orug Temur?) disappointed. Gulichi and Bahamu organized the plot to kill Elbeg and succeeded; the former seized the family and property of the late Khagan. Gulichi became the new Khan in 1402, and abolished the name Yuan Dynasty
. Gulichi appointed Arughtai
of the Asud
chingsang
of Eastern Mongolia. According to the Ming annals, he might have nominated a Tatar Khan.
Gulichi and his principal retainer, Arughtai, rejected Yongle Emperor
's overtures to establish tributary relationship with the Mongolians. They also poisoned Engke-Temur (Энхтөмөр), prince of the Chagatayid
Hami, who allied with the Ming.
However, he was defeated by Öljei Temür Khan
, the Borjigin
monarch, in 1403. In 1408, his former chingsang and noyan
Arughtai killed him after a conflict erupted between them. He was succeeded by his son Esekhu (died 1425).
Chinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
: ) was a Mongol leader who temporarily throned himself Khan
Khan (title)
Khan is an originally Altaic and subsequently Central Asian title for a sovereign or military ruler, widely used by medieval nomadic Turko-Mongol tribes living to the north of China. 'Khan' is also seen as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289...
of the Mongols in the early 15th century. He might be the same person, Ugechi Khashikha (Chinese
Chinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
: ) who appeared in Mongolian history. Khashikha means prince or duke in Tungusic languages
Tungusic languages
The Tungusic languages form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic peoples. Many Tungusic languages are endangered, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain...
. According to René Grousset
René Grousset
René Grousset was a French historian, curator of both the Cernuschi and Guimet Museums in Paris, and a member of the prestigious Académie française...
and Henry H.Howorth, he was a leader of the Oirats
Oirats
Oirats are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal...
, particularly Torguud clan. Various sources tell us that Örüg Temür was descended from either Ariq Böke
Ariq Boke
Ariq Böke , the components of his name also spelled Arigh, Arik, Bukha, Buka , was the youngest son of Tolui , a son of Genghis Khan. After the death of his brother the Great Khan Mongke, Ariq Boke briefly took power while his brothers Kublai and Hulagu were absent...
or Genghis Khan's younger brothers, Hasar and Temüge
Temüge
Temüge was the youngest full-brother of Genghis Khan. As the youngest sibling, Temüge and his mother, by Mongol traditions, were allotted the most land and people by Genghis Khan during his coronation...
. Some scholars say that he was apparently a descendant of Ogedai
House of Ogedei
The House of Ogedei, sometimes called the Ogedeids were an influential family of Mongol Borjigin from the 12th to 14th centuries. They were descended from Ogedei Khan , a son of Genghis Khan who had become his father's successor, second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Ogedei continued the...
. Thus, it is still unclear whether he was an Oirat or Genghisid.
Elbeg Khan (1400–1402) appointed Bahamu (Batlai, Mahamu, Muhamud) ruler of the Four Oirats
Four Oirats
The Four Oirats or the Alliance of the Four Oirat tribes was the confederation of the Oirat tribes, which marked the rise of the Western Mongols in Mongolian history.Despite the universal currency of the term Four Oirats among Eastern Mongols and Oirats and numerous explanations by...
after he had mistakenly executed his father Taifu. The Khagan's decision made the Oirat leader Gulichi (or Orug Temur?) disappointed. Gulichi and Bahamu organized the plot to kill Elbeg and succeeded; the former seized the family and property of the late Khagan. Gulichi became the new Khan in 1402, and abolished the name Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...
. Gulichi appointed Arughtai
Arughtai
Arughtai, also known as Alutai , was a chingsang of the Mongol Dynasty, who fought against the Yongle Emperor of Ming Dynasty China and the Four Oirats....
of the Asud
Asud
Asud were a guard and military group of Alani origin. The Mongol clan Asud is the plural of As, the Arabic name for the Alans.After the Mongol invasion of Rus, many Alans submitted to the Mongol Empire. Some of them resisted the Golden Horde longer. Many warriors moved from Northern Caucasia to...
chingsang
Mongolian nobility
The Mongolian nobility arose in the 10-12th centuries, became prominent in the 13th century, and essentially governed Mongolia until the early 20th century....
of Eastern Mongolia. According to the Ming annals, he might have nominated a Tatar Khan.
Gulichi and his principal retainer, Arughtai, rejected Yongle Emperor
Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor , born Zhu Di , was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China from 1402 to 1424. His Chinese era name Yongle means "Perpetual Happiness".He was the Prince of Yan , possessing a heavy military base in Beiping...
's overtures to establish tributary relationship with the Mongolians. They also poisoned Engke-Temur (Энхтөмөр), prince of the Chagatayid
Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate was a Turko-Mongol khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of the Great Khan Genghis Khan, and his descendents and successors...
Hami, who allied with the Ming.
However, he was defeated by Öljei Temür Khan
Öljei Temür Khan
Öljei Temür Khan was the Mongol khan of the Northern Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia. He was a son of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and younger brother of Gün Temür Khan...
, the Borjigin
Borjigin
Borjigin , also known as the Altan urug , were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors....
monarch, in 1403. In 1408, his former chingsang and noyan
Noyan
Noyan, noyon was a title of authority in the Mongol Empire and later periods...
Arughtai killed him after a conflict erupted between them. He was succeeded by his son Esekhu (died 1425).