28th Operations Group
Encyclopedia
The 28th Operations Group (28 OG) is the flying component of the United States Air Force
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947 under the National Security Act of...

 28th Bomb Wing
28th Bomb Wing
The 28th Bomb Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Combat Command Twelfth Air Force. It is stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota...

, stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base
Ellsworth Air Force Base
Ellsworth Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately northeast of Rapid City, South Dakota just north of Box Elder, South Dakota....

, South Dakota
South Dakota
South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over...

.

The 28 OG controls two B-1B Lancer bomb squadrons, and provides combat-ready aircrews to project global power anytime in support of the Combatant Commander's objectives.

The group carries the lineage and history of the World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

 28th Bombardment Group, which was one of the primary units assigned to Eleventh Air Force
Eleventh Air Force
The Eleventh Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces . It is headquartered at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska....

 during the Aleutian Campaign. The group helped force the withdrawal of Japanese ships that attacked Dutch Harbor in June 1942, and flew missions against Kiska
Kiska
Kiska is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska located at . It is about long and varies in width from - Discovery :...

 until the Japanese evacuated that island in August 1943.

In the postwar era, the 28th Bombardment Group was one of the first USAAF units assigned to the Strategic Air Command
Strategic Air Command
The Strategic Air Command was both a Major Command of the United States Air Force and a "specified command" of the United States Department of Defense. SAC was the operational establishment in charge of America's land-based strategic bomber aircraft and land-based intercontinental ballistic...

 on 4 August 1946, prior to the establishment of the United States Air Force
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on September 18, 1947 under the National Security Act of...

. The group being activated as a redesignation of the 449th Bombardment Group due to the Air Force's policy of retaining only low-numbered groups on active duty after the war.
The group was inactivated in 1952 when the parent wing adopted the Tri-Deputate organization and assigned all of the groups squadrons directly to the wing.

Reactivated as the 28th Operations Group in 1991 when the 28th Bomb Wing adopted the USAF Objective organization plan.

Units

  • 28th Operations Support Squadron
  • 34th Bomb Squadron
    34th Bomb Squadron
    The 34th Bomb Squadron is part of the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It operates B-1 Lancer aircraft providing strategic bombing capability.-Mission:...

     EL – Red Tail Stripe "T-Birds"
  • 37th Bomb Squadron
    37th Bomb Squadron
    The 37th Bomb Squadron is part of the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It operates B-1 Lancer aircraft providing strategic bombing capability.-History:...

     EL – Yellow Tail Stripe


The 34th and the 37th Bomb Squadrons carry the legacy of the 1942 Doolittle Raid
Doolittle Raid
The Doolittle Raid, on 18 April 1942, was the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese Home Islands during World War II. By demonstrating that Japan itself was vulnerable to American air attack, it provided a vital morale boost and opportunity for U.S. retaliation after the...

ers. The raiders were drawn from the 95th, 34th, 37th Bombardment Squadrons and the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron of the 17th Bombardment Group.

World War II

Organized in February 1940 after outbreak of World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

 in Europe. Moved to Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...

 one year later, where it trained for Arctic warfare
Arctic warfare
Arctic warfare or winter warfare is a term used to describe armed conflict that takes place in an exceptionally cold weather, usually in snowy and icy terrain, sometimes on ice-covered bodies of water...

 and served to defend the territory after Japan attacked the United States at the end of 1941.

The group helped force the withdrawal of Japanese ships that attacked Dutch Harbor in June 1942, flew missions against occupied Kiska
Kiska
Kiska is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska located at . It is about long and varies in width from - Discovery :...

 until the Japanese evacuated that island in August 1943, bombed and strafed enemy shipping, harbor facilities, canneries, fisheries, and military installations in the Kurils, and flew photographic reconnaissance missions. Earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for attacks on the Kurils that caused Japan to divert some of her air power to that northern area, weakening Japanese opposition to Allied forces to the south, April 1944 – August 1945. Flew its last World War II bombing mission on 13 August 1945, but continued reconnaissance operations in the Kurils into September 1945.

Inactivated in October 1945, but activated a few months later in Nebraska
Nebraska
Nebraska is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River....

. Received B-29 Superfortress
B-29 Superfortress
The B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing that was flown primarily by the United States Air Forces in late-World War II and through the Korean War. The B-29 was one of the largest aircraft to see service during World War II...

es and personnel from inactivated 449th Bombardment Group
449th Air Expeditionary Group
The 449th Air Expeditionary Group is a provisional United States Air Force unit assigned to the 17th Air Force supporting United States Africa Command. It was last known to be stationed at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti....

. Reassigned to Elmendorf AAF, Alaska
Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...

 for six months of post-war arctic operations in Alaska.

Cold War

On 3 May 1947, the group and its subordinate units relocated to Rapid City Army Air Field (later Ellsworth AFB) and awaited the activation of the new headquarters to which they would soon be assigned: the 28th Bombardment Wing.

The 28th Bomb Wing was established on 28 July 1947 under the "Hobson Plan", which was designed to streamline the peacetime forces after World War II. The wing existed only on paper until 15 August 1947 when SAC organized it under the 15th Air Force. Upon its activation, the wing included the 28 Bombardment Group (Heavy), 28th Airdrome Group (now Support Group), 28th Maintenance and Supply Group (Now Logistics Group), 28th Station Medical Group, and the 612th Army Air Forces Band.

On 12 July 1948, in its first of many name changes, SAC activated the organization as the 28th Bombardment Wing, Medium. Just one week later, the wing deployed the entire 28th Bombardment Group and its 77th, 717th, and 718th Bombardment Squadrons (BS) to England for a 90 day B-29 show-of-force mission during the Soviet blockade of Berlin. The wing flew the B-29 until 1950 and maintained proficiency in heavy global bombardment.

Shortly after additional runway improvements, in July 1949, the 28 BMW began conversion from B-29s to the RB-36 Peacemaker. In April 1950 the Air Staff reassigned the base from 15th Air Force to 8th Air Force. With the change in aircraft also came a modified mission: global strategic reconnaissance with bombardment as a secondary tasking. The wing’s name changed again in April 1950, this time to the 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, Heavy. Meanwhile intermediate command assignments changed from the 15th to the 8th Air Force. In May 1951 the wing flew a record setting B-36 training mission lasting 41 hours without refueling. In June 1952, SAC inactivated the old 28th BG and assigned its squadrons directly under the 28 BW as part of the Tri-Deputate Organization.

Lineage

  • Established as 28th Composite Group on 22 December 1939
Activated on 1 February 1940
Redesignated 28th Bombardment Group (Composite) on 11 December 1943
Inactivated on 20 October 1945
  • Redesignated 28th Bombardment Group, Very Heavy on 15 July 1946
Organized and activated, on 4 August 1946 from the personnel and equipment of the 449th Bombardment Group (Inactivated)
Redesignated: 28th Bombardment Group, Medium on 28 May 1948
Redesignated: 28th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 16 May 1949
Redesignated: 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Group on 1 April 1950
Redesignated: 28th Strategic Reconnaissance Group, Heavy on 16 July 1950
Inactivated on 16 June 1952
  • Redesignated: 28th Bombardment Group, Heavy on 31 July 1985 (Remained inactive)
  • Redesignated: 28th Operations Group on 29 August 1991
Activated on 1 September 1991.

Assignments

  • 1st Wing (later, 1st Bombardment Wing)
    1st Bombardment Wing (World War II)
    The 1st Bombardment Wing is an inactive United States Army Air Force unit. It was the first wing formed in the reorganized United States Army Air Service, created in August 1919 to control three groups patrolling the border with Mexico after revolution broke out there. Its last assignment was with...

    , 1 February 1940
  • Alaska Defense Command, 23 February 1941
Attached to: Air Field Forces, Alaska Defense Command, 21 May-16 October 1941
Attached to: Air Force, Alaska Defense Command, 17 October 1941 – 14 January 1942
  • Alaskan (later, 11th; Eleventh) Air Force, 15 January 1942
Attached to Provisional XI Bomber Command, c. 5 February 1942 – 18 March 1943
  • XI Bomber Command
    XI Bomber Command
    The XI Bomber Command is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Eleventh Air Force, stationed at Shemya Army Air Base, Alaska...

    , 19 March 1943
  • Eleventh Air Force
    Eleventh Air Force
    The Eleventh Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces . It is headquartered at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska....

    , 31 March 1944 – 20 October 1945
  • Fifteenth Air Force
    Fifteenth Air Force
    The Fifteenth Expeditionary Mobility Task Force is one of two EMTFs assigned to the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command . It is headquartered at Travis Air Force Base, California....

    , 4 August 1946
Attached to Alaskan Air Command
Alaskan Air Command
Alaskan Air Command is an inactive United States Air Force Major Command. Established in 1945 under the United States Army Air Forces, its mission was to organize and administer the air defense system of Alaska, exercise direct control of all active measures, and coordinate all passive means of...

, 20 October 1946–

  • Strategic Air Command
    Strategic Air Command
    The Strategic Air Command was both a Major Command of the United States Air Force and a "specified command" of the United States Department of Defense. SAC was the operational establishment in charge of America's land-based strategic bomber aircraft and land-based intercontinental ballistic...

    , 1 January 1947
Remained attached to Alaskan Air Command
Alaskan Air Command
Alaskan Air Command is an inactive United States Air Force Major Command. Established in 1945 under the United States Army Air Forces, its mission was to organize and administer the air defense system of Alaska, exercise direct control of all active measures, and coordinate all passive means of...

 to 3 February 1947
  • Alaskan Air Command
    Alaskan Air Command
    Alaskan Air Command is an inactive United States Air Force Major Command. Established in 1945 under the United States Army Air Forces, its mission was to organize and administer the air defense system of Alaska, exercise direct control of all active measures, and coordinate all passive means of...

    , 4 February 1947
  • Fifteenth Air Force
    Fifteenth Air Force
    The Fifteenth Expeditionary Mobility Task Force is one of two EMTFs assigned to the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command . It is headquartered at Travis Air Force Base, California....

    , 10 March 1947
  • 28th Bombardment (later, 28th Strategic Reconnaissance) Wing
    28th Bomb Wing
    The 28th Bomb Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Combat Command Twelfth Air Force. It is stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota...

    , 15 August 1947 – 16 June 1952
Attached to 3d Air Division, 19 July-18 October 1948
  • 28th Wing (later, 28th Bomb Wing)
    28th Bomb Wing
    The 28th Bomb Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Combat Command Twelfth Air Force. It is stationed at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota...

    , 1 September 1991–present


Components

  • 4th Airborne Command and Control: 1 September 1991 – 30 September 1992
  • 28th Air Refueling Squadron
    28th Air Refueling Squadron
    The 28th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It was last known to be assigned to the 40th Air Expeditionary Group. Diego Garcia Air Base, British Indian Ocean Territory...

    : 1 September 1991 – 1 June 1992

  • 34th Bomb Squadron
    34th Bomb Squadron
    The 34th Bomb Squadron is part of the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It operates B-1 Lancer aircraft providing strategic bombing capability.-Mission:...

    : 19 September 2002–present
  • 37th Bombardment (later, 37th Bomb) Squadron
    37th Bomb Squadron
    The 37th Bomb Squadron is part of the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It operates B-1 Lancer aircraft providing strategic bombing capability.-History:...

    : 1 February 1940 – 23 April 1941; 1 September 1991–present
  • 77th Bombardment (later, 77th Strategic Reconnaissance; 77th Bomb) Squadron: 2 January 1942 – 20 October 1945; 4 August 1946-16 June 1952 (detached 10 February 1951 – 16 June 1952); 1 September 1991-31 March 1995; 1 April 1997 – 19 September 2002.

  • 11th Pursuit (later, 11th Fighter) Squadron
    11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
    The 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 343d Fighter Group, stationed at Duluth Airport, Minnesota...

    : 2 February – 7 June 1942
  • 18th Pursuit (later, 18th Fighter) Squadron
    18th Aggressor Squadron
    The 18th Aggressor Squadron is a subordinate unit of the 354th Fighter Wing based at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska, and flies the Block 30 General Dynamics F-16C/D aircraft.-History:...

    : 24 February 1941 – 7 June 1942
  • 34th Pursuit Squadron
    34th Pursuit Squadron
    The 34th Pursuit Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was wiped out in the Battle of the Philippines . The survivors fought as infantry during Battle of Bataan and after their surrender, were subjected to the Bataan Death March, although some did escape to Australia. The unit...

    : 1 February-30 November 1940

  • 21st Bombardment Squadron
    21st Bombardment Squadron
    The 21st Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 501st Bombardment Group, based at Northwest Field, Guam in the Mariana Islands. It was inactivated on 10 June 1946....

    : attached 9 January 1942-c. 19 September 1943
  • 36th Bombardment squadron
    36th Bombardment Squadron
    The 36th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the United States Air Forces in Europe, based at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey...

    : 1 February 1940 – 19 October 1943
  • 73d Bombardment Squadron
    73d Bombardment Squadron (World War II)
    The 73d Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the Second Air Force, stationed at Pyote Army Air Base, Texas. It was inactivated on 1 November 1943.-History:...

    : 3 May 1941 – 6 October 1943
  • 404th Bombardment Squadron: attached c. 12 July-c. 20 September 1942, assigned c. 21 September 1942 – 20 October 1945
  • 406th Bombardment Squadron
    906th Air Refueling Squadron
    The 906th Air Refueling Squadron is part of the 375th Air Mobility Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.-Mission:The 906 ARS operates the KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft conducting aerial refueling missions.-History:...

    : attached c. June 1942-c. October 1943

  • 717th Bombardment (later, 717th Strategic Reconnaissance) Squadron
    717th Bombardment Squadron
    The 717th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 4245th Strategic Wing, stationed at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas. It was inactivated on 1 February 1963.-History:...

    : 4 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 (detached 10 February 1951 – 16 June 1952)
  • 718th Bombardment (later, 718th Strategic Reconnaissance) Squadron
    718th Bombardment Squadron
    The 718th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last was assigned to the 4128th Strategic Wing, stationed at Amarillo Air Force Base, Texas. It was inactivated on 1 February 1963.-History:...

    : 4 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 (detached 10 February 1951 – 16 June 1952).

Stations

  • March Field, California, 1 February 1940
  • Moffett Field, California, 10 December 1940 – 12 February 1941
  • Elmendorf Field, Alaska (Territory)
    Alaska
    Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...

    , 23 February 1941
  • Adak Army Airfield, Aleutian Islands, 14 March 1943
  • Shemya Army Air Base, Aleutian Islands, 26 February 1944 – 20 October 1945
  • Grand Island Army Airfield
    Grand Island Army Airfield
    Grand Island Army Airfield was a United States Army Air Forces airfield which operated from 1942 to 1946. After its closure, the base was reopened as Central Nebraska Regional Airport.-History:...

    , Nebraska
    Nebraska
    Nebraska is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River....

    , 4 August-6 October 1946
  • Elmendorf Field, Alaska (Territory)
    Alaska
    Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...

    , 20 October 1946 – 25 April 1947

  • Rapid City AAB (later, Rapid City Afld; Rapid City AFB), South Dakota
    South Dakota
    South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over...

    , 3 May 1947 – 16 June 1952
Deployed at RAF Scampton
RAF Scampton
Royal Air Force Station Scampton is a Royal Air Force station situated north of Lincoln in England, near the village of Scampton, on the site of an old First World War landing field.-First World War:...

, England, 19 July-19 October 1948
  • Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota
    South Dakota
    South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over...

    , 1 September 1991–present
Deploys to: Diego Garcia
Diego Garcia
Diego Garcia is a tropical, footprint-shaped coral atoll located south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean at 7 degrees, 26 minutes south latitude. It is part of the British Indian Ocean Territory [BIOT] and is positioned at 72°23' east longitude....

 for Air Expeditionary duty, 11 September 2001–present


Aircraft

  • B-18 Bolo
    B-18 Bolo
    The Douglas B-18 Bolo was a United States Army Air Corps and Royal Canadian Air Force bomber of the late 1930s and early 1940s. The Bolo was built by Douglas Aircraft Company and based on its DC-2 and was developed to replace the Martin B-10....

    , 1940–1943
  • P-36 Hawk
    P-36 Hawk
    The Curtiss P-36 Hawk, also known as the Curtiss Hawk Model 75, was an American-designed and built fighter aircraft of the 1930s and 40s. A contemporary of both the Hawker Hurricane and Messerschmitt Bf 109, it was one of the first of a new generation of combat aircraft—a sleek monoplane design...

    , 1940, 1941–1942
  • B-25 Mitchell
    B-25 Mitchell
    The North American B-25 Mitchell was an American twin-engined medium bomber manufactured by North American Aviation. It was used by many Allied air forces, in every theater of World War II, as well as many other air forces after the war ended, and saw service across four decades.The B-25 was named...

    , 1941–1945
  • Curtiss P-40
    Curtiss P-40
    The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk was an American single-engine, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss P-36 Hawk which reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production and operational...

    , 1941–1942
  • A-29 Hudson, 1942–1943
  • B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1943
  • B-24 Liberator
    B-24 Liberator
    The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was an American heavy bomber, designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, California. It was known within the company as the Model 32, and a small number of early models were sold under the name LB-30, for Land Bomber...

    , 1942–1945
  • AT-23/B-26/TB-26 Invader
    B-26 Marauder
    The Martin B-26 Marauder was a World War II twin-engine medium bomber built by the Glenn L. Martin Company. First used in the Pacific Theater in early 1942, it was also used in the Mediterranean Theater and in Western Europe....

    , 1942–1943, 1944–1945
  • LB-30 Liberator
    B-24 Liberator
    The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was an American heavy bomber, designed by Consolidated Aircraft of San Diego, California. It was known within the company as the Model 32, and a small number of early models were sold under the name LB-30, for Land Bomber...

    , 1942

  • RB-34 Ventura
    Lockheed Ventura
    The Lockheed Ventura was a bomber and patrol aircraft of World War II, used by United States and British Commonwealth forces in several guises...

    , 1944
  • B-29 Superfortress
    B-29 Superfortress
    The B-29 Superfortress is a four-engine propeller-driven heavy bomber designed by Boeing that was flown primarily by the United States Air Forces in late-World War II and through the Korean War. The B-29 was one of the largest aircraft to see service during World War II...

    , 1946–1950; RB-29, 1950
  • B-36D Peacemaker, 1949–1950; RB-36D (24), June 1950–1951 (Seven B-36Bs were converted to RB-36D); 10 later converted to GRB-36D (FICON). Several RB-36D aircraft temporarily assigned to 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron
    91st Network Warfare Squadron
    The 91st Network Warfare Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit, currently assigned to the 67th Network Warfare Wing at Kelly Annex, part of Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.-Overview:...

     for duty during Korean War
    Korean War
    The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...

    .
  • B-1, 1991–present
  • KC-135, 1991–1992
  • EC-135, 1991–1992


External links

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