A. R. Pillai
Encyclopedia
Ayyappan Pillai Raman Pillai (1880–1938), also known as A. Raman Pillai or A. R. Pillai, was an Indian expatriate who worked for India's freedom in Germany, journalist, writer and a book publisher
in Göttingen in Germany
.
. A. R. Pillai’s mother, Narayani Pillai Kaaliyamma Pillai, niece (maternal cousin’s daughter) of the famous Easwara Pillai Vicharippukar, was a member of an aristocratic and affluent Hindu (Nair) matriarchal/matrilineal joint family. The family lived in a large complex of buildings known as Punnackal, situated on the western side of Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple
inside the Fort, Thiruvananthapuram
. The house had been built for Easwara Pillai Vicharippukaar, the celebrated doyen of Kathakali actors of Valia Kottaaram Kathakali Yogam of 19th century Travancore State and Palace household manager/chamberlain (Palliyara Vicharippukaar) in the Travancore Palace, by his patron and master, Uthram Thirunaal MarthandaVarma, the then ruler of the State and younger brother of his ppredecessor ruler and famous royal music composer, Maharaja Swati Thirunaal.
Punnackal at the time of A. R. Pillai’s birth was still a joint family (Tharavaad) with the eldest male member on the matrilineal side heading the family and taking care of its members and looking after its properties. The joint family had two other branches (sub-Tharavaads), one in Piralakkode, a village off Neyyattinkara, and the other at Nadayara, a village off Varkala, with the main branch and the two rural branches having separate Kaaranavans (heads of family).
Raman Pillai had two sisters; his elder sister, named Kaaliyamma Pillai Narayani Pillai alias Gowri Amma, and younger sister, named Kaaliyamma Pillai Lakshmi Pillai alias Kunjulakshmi Amma. As the only male member of his generation in the Punnackal family, Kochuraman, as he was fondly called by his mother, and Ramooppy by his uncles and elder sister, was the darling of the family.
Pillai was a social activist and used to organize many social functions among his community in collaboration with literary luminaries like C. V. Raman Pillai
and cultural activities involving the city’s socio-cultural elite. He took an active part in convening and organizing the first all-Kerala Nair
Maha Sammelanam in Thiruvananthapuram. He also became a Member of the Royal Asiatic Society
(M.R.A.S.).
Pillai gave up his studies after high school matriculation and took to book-selling as a career; he set up an English bookshop, the first such in Thiruvananthapuram, by the side of the main thoroughfare of the city; he used to import English books of every kind from publishers like Blackies & Co. and Longmans Green & Co., etc. in the U.K. and also Western musical instruments. Having grown up as a socially prominent and notable youth, A. R Pillai (then 24) sought the hand of B. Gouri Amma (then 12), eldest daughter of C. V. Raman Pillai
, the greatest Malayalam novelist, pioneer Malayalam dramatist, newspaper journalist/editor and social activist. Four years after his marriage, A. R. Pillai had to close down his bookshop following a tiff with M. Rajaraja Varma, the then Education Secretary of the erstwhile Travancore Government. Varma totally refused to include any of the large number of English books imported by Pillai from England in the list of textbooks prescribed for the schools in the State. Consequently A. R. Pillai had to face severe financial problems and wind up his business venture.
in April 1914 and joined the University there to complete his work. Then, unluckily for Pillai, the First World War broke out, with Germany attacking Britain, France, etc., in 1914 and Pillai got stranded in Göttingen and could not go back to Edinburgh, submit the Working Plan and secure his B.Sc. degree in Forestry and then return to Trivandrum. A.R.Pillai, even though he did not then have a basic university degree, was, however, allowed to register and work for Ph.D. in the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Göttingen and also of the University of Giessen
by the University authorities (see below copies of the official sanction from the Universities). But he was able to complete only two courses for the Ph.D degree when the situation brought about by the First World War, which began in October 1914 and lasted till November 1918 came in the way; the monthly remittances of money to A.R.Pillai by his maternal uncle (the head of his matriarchal family, Punnackal) and letters from his mother in Punnackal and his wife and children and his father-in-law, C.V.Raman Pillai, at Rosscote in Thiruvananthapuram, were stopped from August 1914 by the British authorities, Pillai being in their enemy country, thereby putting him in a terrible quandary and pitiable plight of having no money even for his daily food.
, eldest brother of Sarojini Naidu
, Bhupendranath Datta, younger brother of Narendranath DuttaSwami Vivekananda
, M. Prabhakar, Raja Mahendra Pratap
, and the renowned expatriate Champakaraman Pillai
, from Thiruvananthapuram. Chempakaraman Pillai wrote I am extremely pleased of your broadminded patriotic sentiments. I did not know you as such until I made your personal acquaintance. A. R. Pillai along with all these compatriots was imprisoned by the German Government on the ground that they were British subjects. However, they were later released when the few Indians there together formed the India Independence Committee in Berlin under the chairmanship of Virendranath Chattopadhyaya (referred, in short, as Chatto). I assure you I have a great regard for you and a sincere feeling of comradeship especially since we are in the same boat. Please keep us informed of your literary activities.... We must carry out the idea of a book on the National Movement on the lines I suggested wrote Chatto. On the request of the India Independence Committee, A. R. Pillai regularly wrote and published articles condemning British Imperialism
and canvassing support for India’s struggle for freedom (see copies of letters below). He had also corresponded with veteran freedom fighters of other countries like Sir Roger Casement
of Ireland, then under British rule, trying to make common cause for India’s freedom struggle abroad. Sir Roger in his letter to A.R. Pillai said I can do more than thank you warmly for your letter and express my sincere and deep respect for all like you who set their country’s cause above self interest.
During the War, A. R. Pillai wrote several articles in German newspapers and gave lectures in various places in Germany, at various universities and other institutions, on Indian history, culture and architecture. Bhupendranath Datta of the India Independence Committee wrote We want brochures on economic, political, social, religious, etc. , showing how British rule is injuring and hindering the development of the Indian people on the above-mentioned lines. Of course the books or booklets will be published in the name of the Committee . Among them was an article in Westermanns Monatshefte of December 1914 which called for German support for the Indian struggle for freedom under the title, Indien Und Die Europaische Krisis (India and the European Crisis- in translation - Ref.: the book, India and the Germans, by Walter Leifer, Shakuntala Publishing House, 1971, Page 281). Some of these articles and the texts of the lectures were later brought out in book form; eight of these books are listed in the Authors’ Catalogue in the Library of the University of Göttingen. One of these books is entitled Deutschland- Indiens Hoffnung (Germany – India’s Hope - in translation). He also wrote and published articles on various aspects of life in Germany like Education in Germany, etc., in the then famous Indian magazine, The Modern Review, of Calcutta.
When on February 21, 1918 the Bund der Freunde Indiens (Union of Friends of India) was founded in Berlin for the spreading of knowledge about India, A. R. Pillai along with other prominent Indians including Chempakaraman Pillai, Bhupendranath Dutta
, Mahendra Pratap and Naik and Germans like Admiral Recke, Hermann von Staden and L. Viereck joined the Bund. The first public activity of this new organization was a reception held in honour of Raja Mahendra Pratap, “the most colourful Indian personality then in Germany” (also called “The Marco Polo of the East”) on April 13, 1918. In a letter to A.R. Pillai, Mahendra Pratap wrote I am glad to hear that you are doing a useful service both to your country and mankind at large since the literary service to science is beneficial all round. I am also trying my best to serve our mutual cause according to my light. When the World War ended in the defeat of Germany and its allies, the Indian Independence Committee of Berlin wrote to A.R. Pillai (see letters below), saying that the Committee could not thereafter give him any financial aid or support to continue living in Germany and that he had to fend for himself. The British even after the War continued to prevent any letters or money from his home reaching him or his letters reaching anyone in India, considering him as an enemy of the British Crown
; they would not also allow him to return to India unless he recanted and apologized which he considered shameful and would not do.
A. R. Pillai then wanted to complete his course of studies for Ph. D. at the University of Göttingen; however, his straitened circumstances forced him to discontinue his studies and work for earning his livelihood there. Thus he set up a business firm in partnership with a few German friends for selling and publishing books; this firm was called Firma A. R. Pillai & Co., A. G., Göttingen.
Soon, however, some of his German partners fell out with him and he had to approach the judiciary there but he lost the case. Thereupon he founded another company called A. Raman Pillai, Export-Buchhandlung, Göttingen, and imported books from publishers and booksellers all over the world and also published books in German. A prestigious tome in German that his firm published is mentioned in his reply to his father-in-law, C. V. Raman Pillai, who asked him to come back to India. After tackling enormous agonizing problems in giving up his firm and getting a fresh passport from the British after undertaking not to involve in local politics in India and not to correspond with Germany any more, A. R. Pillai could return to Trivandrum only in October 1926, four and a half years after C. V.’s death on March 21, 1922.
On his return to Trivandrum after 18 years abroad, A. R. Pillai was kept under surveillance and spied by the British for quite some time at Rosscote where he lived with his wife and children. (Rosscote is the house built by C. V. and named after his Guru, John Ross, a Scotsman and the first Principal of H.H.The Maharaja’s College - now called the University College
- in Trivandrum). He was denied the headship of the undivided matriarchal family, which was his due, and access to the family properties.
He resumed his social activities in Trivandrum. He was on the executive of the All India Exhibition, Fair and Amusement Park in 1934 and all the annual Sree Chitra Exhibitions before and after. In fact, in all these exhibitions, he did the lay-out and gardening and designed the Ravanan Kotta. He then gradually began to correspond with well-known automobile manufacturing and other business firms in Germany and other European countries with a view to start his own business firm in Thiruvananthapuram. Pillai acquired the sole agency for the sale of Mercedes Benz cars in South India, but before he could formally launch his firm and execute the order for the limousine, the Second World War broke out. Within a few months, A.R. Pillai died at the age of 58; he lived only for 12 years after coming back home. He was survived by his wife Gouri Amma, and five children, Thankamma, Kesavan Nair, Rosscote Krishna Pillai, Suseela Bai and Padmanabhan Nair.
Publishing
Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of literature or information—the activity of making information available to the general public...
in Göttingen in Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
.
Early life
Pillai was born as the only son of Padmanabha Pillai, a Govt. School Inspector, who hailed from the then South TravancoreTravancore
Kingdom of Travancore was a former Hindu feudal kingdom and Indian Princely State with its capital at Padmanabhapuram or Trivandrum ruled by the Travancore Royal Family. The Kingdom of Travancore comprised most of modern day southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district, and the southernmost parts of...
. A. R. Pillai’s mother, Narayani Pillai Kaaliyamma Pillai, niece (maternal cousin’s daughter) of the famous Easwara Pillai Vicharippukar, was a member of an aristocratic and affluent Hindu (Nair) matriarchal/matrilineal joint family. The family lived in a large complex of buildings known as Punnackal, situated on the western side of Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple
Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple
Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu located in Thiruvananthapuram, India. The shrine is currently run by a trust headed by the royal family of Travancore. The temple is one of 108 Divya Desams – principal centres of worship of the deity in Vaishnavism...
inside the Fort, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram , formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland...
. The house had been built for Easwara Pillai Vicharippukaar, the celebrated doyen of Kathakali actors of Valia Kottaaram Kathakali Yogam of 19th century Travancore State and Palace household manager/chamberlain (Palliyara Vicharippukaar) in the Travancore Palace, by his patron and master, Uthram Thirunaal MarthandaVarma, the then ruler of the State and younger brother of his ppredecessor ruler and famous royal music composer, Maharaja Swati Thirunaal.
Punnackal at the time of A. R. Pillai’s birth was still a joint family (Tharavaad) with the eldest male member on the matrilineal side heading the family and taking care of its members and looking after its properties. The joint family had two other branches (sub-Tharavaads), one in Piralakkode, a village off Neyyattinkara, and the other at Nadayara, a village off Varkala, with the main branch and the two rural branches having separate Kaaranavans (heads of family).
Raman Pillai had two sisters; his elder sister, named Kaaliyamma Pillai Narayani Pillai alias Gowri Amma, and younger sister, named Kaaliyamma Pillai Lakshmi Pillai alias Kunjulakshmi Amma. As the only male member of his generation in the Punnackal family, Kochuraman, as he was fondly called by his mother, and Ramooppy by his uncles and elder sister, was the darling of the family.
Pillai was a social activist and used to organize many social functions among his community in collaboration with literary luminaries like C. V. Raman Pillai
C. V. Raman Pillai
Cannankara Velayudhan Raman Pillai was one of the great Indian novelists and playwrights and the greatest novelist and pioneering playwright and journalist in Malayalam...
and cultural activities involving the city’s socio-cultural elite. He took an active part in convening and organizing the first all-Kerala Nair
Nair
Nair , also known as Nayar , refers to "not a unitary group but a named category of castes", which historically embody several castes and many subdivisions, not all of whom bore the Nair title. These people historically live in the present-day Indian state of Kerala...
Maha Sammelanam in Thiruvananthapuram. He also became a Member of the Royal Asiatic Society
Royal Asiatic Society
The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland was established, according to its Royal Charter of 11 August 1824, to further "the investigation of subjects connected with and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia." From its incorporation the Society...
(M.R.A.S.).
Pillai gave up his studies after high school matriculation and took to book-selling as a career; he set up an English bookshop, the first such in Thiruvananthapuram, by the side of the main thoroughfare of the city; he used to import English books of every kind from publishers like Blackies & Co. and Longmans Green & Co., etc. in the U.K. and also Western musical instruments. Having grown up as a socially prominent and notable youth, A. R Pillai (then 24) sought the hand of B. Gouri Amma (then 12), eldest daughter of C. V. Raman Pillai
C. V. Raman Pillai
Cannankara Velayudhan Raman Pillai was one of the great Indian novelists and playwrights and the greatest novelist and pioneering playwright and journalist in Malayalam...
, the greatest Malayalam novelist, pioneer Malayalam dramatist, newspaper journalist/editor and social activist. Four years after his marriage, A. R. Pillai had to close down his bookshop following a tiff with M. Rajaraja Varma, the then Education Secretary of the erstwhile Travancore Government. Varma totally refused to include any of the large number of English books imported by Pillai from England in the list of textbooks prescribed for the schools in the State. Consequently A. R. Pillai had to face severe financial problems and wind up his business venture.
In Europe
Pillai then decided to pursue higher studies and seek better avenues of employment. He left for Europe in May 1909 and joined the four-year B.Sc. degree course in Forestry of the Edinburgh University. After completing the four-year B.Sc. course in Forestry of the Edinburgh University and finishing the written examinations, went to Germany in October 1913 for preparing a Working Plan on the Black Forest as a part of the B.Sc. course. He spent eight months at the Black Forest and then went to GöttingenGöttingen
Göttingen is a university town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. The Leine river runs through the town. In 2006 the population was 129,686.-General information:...
in April 1914 and joined the University there to complete his work. Then, unluckily for Pillai, the First World War broke out, with Germany attacking Britain, France, etc., in 1914 and Pillai got stranded in Göttingen and could not go back to Edinburgh, submit the Working Plan and secure his B.Sc. degree in Forestry and then return to Trivandrum. A.R.Pillai, even though he did not then have a basic university degree, was, however, allowed to register and work for Ph.D. in the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Göttingen and also of the University of Giessen
University of Giessen
The University of Giessen is officially called the Justus Liebig University Giessen after its most famous faculty member, Justus von Liebig, the founder of modern agricultural chemistry and inventor of artificial fertiliser.-History:The University of Gießen is among the oldest institutions of...
by the University authorities (see below copies of the official sanction from the Universities). But he was able to complete only two courses for the Ph.D degree when the situation brought about by the First World War, which began in October 1914 and lasted till November 1918 came in the way; the monthly remittances of money to A.R.Pillai by his maternal uncle (the head of his matriarchal family, Punnackal) and letters from his mother in Punnackal and his wife and children and his father-in-law, C.V.Raman Pillai, at Rosscote in Thiruvananthapuram, were stopped from August 1914 by the British authorities, Pillai being in their enemy country, thereby putting him in a terrible quandary and pitiable plight of having no money even for his daily food.
Indian Independence Committee
Pillai then established close contacts with the few Indians in Germany including Virendranath ChattopadhyayaVirendranath Chattopadhyaya
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya alias Chatto was a prominent Hindu Indian revolutionary who aimed to overthrow the British Raj in India by using violence as a tool...
, eldest brother of Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu
Sarojini Naidu , also known by the sobriquet The Nightingale of India, was a child prodigy, Indian independence activist and poet...
, Bhupendranath Datta, younger brother of Narendranath DuttaSwami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda , born Narendranath Dutta , was the chief disciple of the 19th century mystic Ramakrishna Paramahansa and the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission...
, M. Prabhakar, Raja Mahendra Pratap
Raja Mahendra Pratap
Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh was a freedom fighter, journalist, writer and revolutionary social reformist of India. He was popularly known as the Aryan Peshwa. He was born in Thenua gotra Jat Hindu princely family of state of Mursan in Hathras District of Uttar Pradesh on 1 December 1886. He was...
, and the renowned expatriate Champakaraman Pillai
Champakaraman Pillai
Chempakaraman Pillai was an Indian revolutionary during the Indian Independence Movement, who went abroad to organise an army to declare war against the British for India's freedom.-Early life:...
, from Thiruvananthapuram. Chempakaraman Pillai wrote I am extremely pleased of your broadminded patriotic sentiments. I did not know you as such until I made your personal acquaintance. A. R. Pillai along with all these compatriots was imprisoned by the German Government on the ground that they were British subjects. However, they were later released when the few Indians there together formed the India Independence Committee in Berlin under the chairmanship of Virendranath Chattopadhyaya (referred, in short, as Chatto). I assure you I have a great regard for you and a sincere feeling of comradeship especially since we are in the same boat. Please keep us informed of your literary activities.... We must carry out the idea of a book on the National Movement on the lines I suggested wrote Chatto. On the request of the India Independence Committee, A. R. Pillai regularly wrote and published articles condemning British Imperialism
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...
and canvassing support for India’s struggle for freedom (see copies of letters below). He had also corresponded with veteran freedom fighters of other countries like Sir Roger Casement
Roger Casement
Roger David Casement —Sir Roger Casement CMG between 1911 and shortly before his execution for treason, when he was stripped of his British honours—was an Irish patriot, poet, revolutionary, and nationalist....
of Ireland, then under British rule, trying to make common cause for India’s freedom struggle abroad. Sir Roger in his letter to A.R. Pillai said I can do more than thank you warmly for your letter and express my sincere and deep respect for all like you who set their country’s cause above self interest.
During the War, A. R. Pillai wrote several articles in German newspapers and gave lectures in various places in Germany, at various universities and other institutions, on Indian history, culture and architecture. Bhupendranath Datta of the India Independence Committee wrote We want brochures on economic, political, social, religious, etc. , showing how British rule is injuring and hindering the development of the Indian people on the above-mentioned lines. Of course the books or booklets will be published in the name of the Committee . Among them was an article in Westermanns Monatshefte of December 1914 which called for German support for the Indian struggle for freedom under the title, Indien Und Die Europaische Krisis (India and the European Crisis- in translation - Ref.: the book, India and the Germans, by Walter Leifer, Shakuntala Publishing House, 1971, Page 281). Some of these articles and the texts of the lectures were later brought out in book form; eight of these books are listed in the Authors’ Catalogue in the Library of the University of Göttingen. One of these books is entitled Deutschland- Indiens Hoffnung (Germany – India’s Hope - in translation). He also wrote and published articles on various aspects of life in Germany like Education in Germany, etc., in the then famous Indian magazine, The Modern Review, of Calcutta.
When on February 21, 1918 the Bund der Freunde Indiens (Union of Friends of India) was founded in Berlin for the spreading of knowledge about India, A. R. Pillai along with other prominent Indians including Chempakaraman Pillai, Bhupendranath Dutta
Bhupendranath Dutta
Dr. Bhupendranath Dutta was a famous Indian revolutionary and later a noted Sociologist. In is youth, he was closely associated with the Jugantar movement, serving as the editor of Jugantar Patrika till his arrest and imprisonment in 1907. In his later revolutionary career, he was privy to the...
, Mahendra Pratap and Naik and Germans like Admiral Recke, Hermann von Staden and L. Viereck joined the Bund. The first public activity of this new organization was a reception held in honour of Raja Mahendra Pratap, “the most colourful Indian personality then in Germany” (also called “The Marco Polo of the East”) on April 13, 1918. In a letter to A.R. Pillai, Mahendra Pratap wrote I am glad to hear that you are doing a useful service both to your country and mankind at large since the literary service to science is beneficial all round. I am also trying my best to serve our mutual cause according to my light. When the World War ended in the defeat of Germany and its allies, the Indian Independence Committee of Berlin wrote to A.R. Pillai (see letters below), saying that the Committee could not thereafter give him any financial aid or support to continue living in Germany and that he had to fend for himself. The British even after the War continued to prevent any letters or money from his home reaching him or his letters reaching anyone in India, considering him as an enemy of the British Crown
British monarchy
The monarchy of the United Kingdom is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories. The present monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, has reigned since 6 February 1952. She and her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties...
; they would not also allow him to return to India unless he recanted and apologized which he considered shameful and would not do.
A. R. Pillai then wanted to complete his course of studies for Ph. D. at the University of Göttingen; however, his straitened circumstances forced him to discontinue his studies and work for earning his livelihood there. Thus he set up a business firm in partnership with a few German friends for selling and publishing books; this firm was called Firma A. R. Pillai & Co., A. G., Göttingen.
Soon, however, some of his German partners fell out with him and he had to approach the judiciary there but he lost the case. Thereupon he founded another company called A. Raman Pillai, Export-Buchhandlung, Göttingen, and imported books from publishers and booksellers all over the world and also published books in German. A prestigious tome in German that his firm published is mentioned in his reply to his father-in-law, C. V. Raman Pillai, who asked him to come back to India. After tackling enormous agonizing problems in giving up his firm and getting a fresh passport from the British after undertaking not to involve in local politics in India and not to correspond with Germany any more, A. R. Pillai could return to Trivandrum only in October 1926, four and a half years after C. V.’s death on March 21, 1922.
On his return to Trivandrum after 18 years abroad, A. R. Pillai was kept under surveillance and spied by the British for quite some time at Rosscote where he lived with his wife and children. (Rosscote is the house built by C. V. and named after his Guru, John Ross, a Scotsman and the first Principal of H.H.The Maharaja’s College - now called the University College
University College Trivandrum
His Highness Maharaja's University College, Trivandrum is a constituent college of the University of Kerala, based primarily in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the Indian state of Kerala.-Geography and Location:...
- in Trivandrum). He was denied the headship of the undivided matriarchal family, which was his due, and access to the family properties.
He resumed his social activities in Trivandrum. He was on the executive of the All India Exhibition, Fair and Amusement Park in 1934 and all the annual Sree Chitra Exhibitions before and after. In fact, in all these exhibitions, he did the lay-out and gardening and designed the Ravanan Kotta. He then gradually began to correspond with well-known automobile manufacturing and other business firms in Germany and other European countries with a view to start his own business firm in Thiruvananthapuram. Pillai acquired the sole agency for the sale of Mercedes Benz cars in South India, but before he could formally launch his firm and execute the order for the limousine, the Second World War broke out. Within a few months, A.R. Pillai died at the age of 58; he lived only for 12 years after coming back home. He was survived by his wife Gouri Amma, and five children, Thankamma, Kesavan Nair, Rosscote Krishna Pillai, Suseela Bai and Padmanabhan Nair.