A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
Encyclopedia
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (published by the University of Chicago Press
and often referred to simply as Turabian), is a style guide
for writing and formatting research papers (such as the arrangement and punctuation of footnote
s and bibliographies
). The style described in this book is commonly known as Turabian style.
The 7th edition, published on April 15, 2007 (U.S.) and May 10, 2007 (UK), "has undergone its most extensive revision … to reflect the recommendations of the fifteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style
and to present an expanded array of source types and updated examples, including guidance on citing electronic sources" .
According to the publisher, prior to this edition, Turabian's Manual "sold more than seven million copies since it was first published in 1937."
, Gregory Colomb and Joseph M. Williams
—authors of The Craft of Research
—and the University of Chicago Press
Editorial Staff. The contributors "preserve Turabian’s clear and practical advice while fully embracing the new modes of research, writing, and source citation brought about by the age of the Internet."
, who developed it for the University of Chicago
.
Except for a few minor differences, Turabian style is the same as The Chicago Manual of Style
. However, while The Chicago Manual of Style focuses on providing guidelines for publishing in general, Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations focuses on providing guidelines for student papers, theses and dissertations.
In some aspects (sometimes only minor punctuation details), however, Turabian differs from the styles that are developed and published in style guide
s by professional scholarly organizations, such as MLA style and APA style
.
The most recent version of Turabian (7th ed.), like MLA style and APA style, and also like the most recent edition of The Chicago Manual of Style
(Chicago style), enables use of footnotes and/or endnotes
in combination with parenthetical referencing
; for comparison, see, for example, MLA style "content notes". According to the description of the 7th edition, Turabian's Manual "presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and parenthetical citations–reference list style (or reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, with slight modifications for the needs of student writers."
Turabian's key contrast with the APA style is that it was developed specifically for the purpose of being used in papers written for a class and not for publication, whereas APA was originally developed by the American Psychological Association
for use in writing intended for publication in professional journals, although college writing course textbooks (e.g., those published by Bedford-St. Martin's
) present APA style as the documentation style to use for student research papers in the social sciences
and related fields.
Whereas the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
is directed to high-school and college and university undergraduate students (and their teachers), and the MLA Style Manual
is directed to more advanced graduate students, scholars and professional writers, Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is directed to both levels of students who are writing graduate-level (M.A. and Ph.D.) theses and dissertations as well as undergraduate research papers.
Some academic journals in musicology
, history
, art history
, women's studies
and theology
require use of Chicago style or the Turabian style for published articles in them. After articles are submitted for consideration (which may require another set of style guidelines at that time, usually the prevailing format of the discipline [MLA or APA]), the journals generally send their specific publishing house style sheets for authors to follow in preparing the accepted articles for final publication, indicating what published style guide is to be followed.
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals, including Critical Inquiry, and a wide array of...
and often referred to simply as Turabian), is a style guide
Style guide
A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field...
for writing and formatting research papers (such as the arrangement and punctuation of footnote
Footnote
A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the text, or both...
s and bibliographies
Bibliography
Bibliography , as a practice, is the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology...
). The style described in this book is commonly known as Turabian style.
The 7th edition, published on April 15, 2007 (U.S.) and May 10, 2007 (UK), "has undergone its most extensive revision … to reflect the recommendations of the fifteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 16 editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing...
and to present an expanded array of source types and updated examples, including guidance on citing electronic sources" .
According to the publisher, prior to this edition, Turabian's Manual "sold more than seven million copies since it was first published in 1937."
New features of the 7th edition
This edition of Turabian's Manual was revised by Wayne C. BoothWayne C. Booth
Wayne Clayson Booth was an American literary critic. He was the George M. Pullman Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in English Language & Literature and the College at the University of Chicago...
, Gregory Colomb and Joseph M. Williams
Joseph M. Williams
Joseph M. Williams was a professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at the University of Chicago.Williams began as a researcher of English language...
—authors of The Craft of Research
The Craft of Research
The Craft of Research is a book by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The book aims to provide a basic overview of how to research, from the process of selecting a topic and gathering sources to the process of writing results. The book has gone through three editions, and...
—and the University of Chicago Press
University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals, including Critical Inquiry, and a wide array of...
Editorial Staff. The contributors "preserve Turabian’s clear and practical advice while fully embracing the new modes of research, writing, and source citation brought about by the age of the Internet."
Turabian style
"Turabian style" is named after the book's original author, Kate L. TurabianKate L. Turabian
Kate Larimore Turabian was an American educator who is best known for her book A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. In 2007 the University of Chicago Press published the 7th edition of the book...
, who developed it for the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois, USA. It was founded by the American Baptist Education Society with a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller and incorporated in 1890...
.
Except for a few minor differences, Turabian style is the same as The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 16 editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing...
. However, while The Chicago Manual of Style focuses on providing guidelines for publishing in general, Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations focuses on providing guidelines for student papers, theses and dissertations.
In some aspects (sometimes only minor punctuation details), however, Turabian differs from the styles that are developed and published in style guide
Style guide
A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization or field...
s by professional scholarly organizations, such as MLA style and APA style
APA style
American Psychological Association Style is a set of rules that authors use when submitting papers for publications in APA journals. The APA states that they were developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and to "move the idea...
.
The most recent version of Turabian (7th ed.), like MLA style and APA style, and also like the most recent edition of The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 16 editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing...
(Chicago style), enables use of footnotes and/or endnotes
Footnote
A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the text, or both...
in combination with parenthetical referencing
Parenthetical referencing
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, is a citation style in which partial citations are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the text, either within or after a sentence, as opposed to the footnote style...
; for comparison, see, for example, MLA style "content notes". According to the description of the 7th edition, Turabian's Manual "presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and parenthetical citations–reference list style (or reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, with slight modifications for the needs of student writers."
Turabian's key contrast with the APA style is that it was developed specifically for the purpose of being used in papers written for a class and not for publication, whereas APA was originally developed by the American Psychological Association
American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States. It is the world's largest association of psychologists with around 154,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. The APA...
for use in writing intended for publication in professional journals, although college writing course textbooks (e.g., those published by Bedford-St. Martin's
Bedford-St. Martin's
' is a United States publishing company, specializing in college humanities textbooks. Bedford/St. Martin's is part of the Bedford, Freeman, and Worth Publishing group owned by the Stuttgart, Germany-based Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Editorial offices are located in Boston and New...
) present APA style as the documentation style to use for student research papers in the social sciences
Social sciences
Social science is the field of study concerned with society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences usually exclusive of the administrative or managerial sciences...
and related fields.
Whereas the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a publication of the Modern Language Association of America, based on The MLA Style Manual...
is directed to high-school and college and university undergraduate students (and their teachers), and the MLA Style Manual
The MLA Style Manual
The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing is the third edition of The MLA Style Manual, first published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985...
is directed to more advanced graduate students, scholars and professional writers, Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is directed to both levels of students who are writing graduate-level (M.A. and Ph.D.) theses and dissertations as well as undergraduate research papers.
Some academic journals in musicology
Musicology
Musicology is the scholarly study of music. The word is used in narrow, broad and intermediate senses. In the narrow sense, musicology is confined to the music history of Western culture...
, history
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
, art history
Art history
Art history has historically been understood as the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and style...
, women's studies
Women's studies
Women's studies, also known as feminist studies, is an interdisciplinary academic field which explores politics, society and history from an intersectional, multicultural women's perspective...
and theology
Theology
Theology is the systematic and rational study of religion and its influences and of the nature of religious truths, or the learned profession acquired by completing specialized training in religious studies, usually at a university or school of divinity or seminary.-Definition:Augustine of Hippo...
require use of Chicago style or the Turabian style for published articles in them. After articles are submitted for consideration (which may require another set of style guidelines at that time, usually the prevailing format of the discipline [MLA or APA]), the journals generally send their specific publishing house style sheets for authors to follow in preparing the accepted articles for final publication, indicating what published style guide is to be followed.
External links
- A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers – Dedicated book site at the University of Chicago PressUniversity of Chicago PressThe University of Chicago Press is the largest university press in the United States. It is operated by the University of Chicago and publishes a wide variety of academic titles, including The Chicago Manual of Style, dozens of academic journals, including Critical Inquiry, and a wide array of...
; includes "Who was Kate Turabian?" and "Turabian Quick Guide" and other related links. - The Chicago Manual of Style Online
- BibMe Bibliography Generator
- "Turabian Citation Style Guide" at The Ohio State UniversityOhio State UniversityThe Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State, is a public research university located in Columbus, Ohio. It was originally founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and is currently the third largest university campus in the United States...
Library.