Abansky District
Encyclopedia
Abansky District is an administrative and municipal district (raion
), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai
, Russia
. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai
and borders with Boguchansky District
in the north, Irkutsk Oblast
in the east, Nizhneingashsky District
in the southeast, Ilansky District
in the south, Kansky District
in the southwest, Dzerzhinsky District
in the west, and Taseyevsky District
in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 9511.1 square kilometres (3,672.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Aban. Population: 26,783 (2002 Census
);
and taiga
zones. It stretches for 124 kilometres (77.1 mi) from west to east and for 120 kilometres (74.6 mi) from north to south.
Abansky District is characterized by a diversity of its population. Many people voluntarily migrated to this area, but some were exiled here as well. During the 18th–19th centuries, the area was a common destination for exiled insurgents and revolutionaries, including Poles
and the Decembrists
. Most, however, migrated here voluntarily in the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolutionary events of 1905 and as a result of the agrarian reforms
by Pyotr Stolypin
.
Migrants typically traveled by rail and arrived in big groups to Kansk
. From there, they transported by horses to Aban. The majority of the farms and villages in the area appeared in the first two or three decades of the 20th century.
Various ethnic groups tended to stick together for the reasons of common language, traditions, customs, and religious beliefs. This led to the establishment of villages populated mostly by the members of a single ethnic group; for example, Sterlitamak was predominantly Tatar
, Vostok was a village of the Chuvash people
, while Dolzhenko and Vorobyovka were populated by the Mordvins.
The second wave of migrants rushed in in the late 1920s, as the area was subject to collectivization
on a lesser scale than other regions of the country. New migrants usually moved with their fellow countrymen who had already been well-settled in the area and were able to provide the newcomers with support and assistance. The aspiration to "stick together" further strengthened and unified already tight ethnic communities. Even after settling in, people continued to speak their native language and maintained their customs and traditions, passing them on to the new generations. However, they also had to master Russian
, as it was the language of communication between various ethnic groups and the language of the government.
Various ethnic communities lived in peace and friendship, respecting each other's customs and sharing the best practices and experiences. Eventually, over time, the cultures blended together, creating a group which is now described by the term "Siberians".
After World War II
, many people exiled here started families; many remained to live and work in the district.
In the 1960s, Aban became a destination for people exiled from the big cities under the "Decree of 1961"—people were sent here for their religious beliefs, for drunkenness, and for parasitism. As a result, the social composition of the population changed significantly. While the 1930s–1940s saw an influx of educated people and intellectuals sent here for political reasons, a significant portion of the exiles of the 1960s consisted of the people genuinely unwilling to work and "re-educated" by means of forcing them to work on forest plots. Five commandants were assigned to Abansky District to oversee the forced labor.
The villages of Machino, Tagashi, Noshino, and Beryozovka housed Germans
who were deported here after the end of World War II. The deported Germans were required to register with the local commandant twice a month and were prohibited from leaving their assigned residences. Many Germans were separated from their families, and only in the 1980s they were allowed to leave.
and forestry
, at 55.6%, comprise the largest share of the district's economy, followed by the wholesale and retail trade and auto maintenance (18%).
Abansky District is one of the top agricultural districts in the krai in terms of production volume. The district specializes in grain crops and their processing. Animal husbandry
specializes in pig
- and cattle
-breeding.
The district is rich in timber and coal reserves.
Thirty-four per cent of children between ages one and eleven are covered by the pre-school educational system.
Medicinal lake Plakhino (Borovoye) is located in the district.
Raion
A raion is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet countries. The term, which is from French rayon 'honeycomb, department,' describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district"...
), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai
Krasnoyarsk Krai is a federal subject of Russia . It is the second largest federal subject after the Sakha Republic, and Russia's largest krai, occupying an area of , which is 13% of the country's total territory. The administrative center of the krai is the city of Krasnoyarsk...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai
Krai
Krai or kray was a type of an administrative division in the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, and is one of the types of the federal subjects of modern Russia ....
and borders with Boguchansky District
Boguchansky District
Boguchansky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the northeast portion of the krai and borders with Evenkiysky District in the north, Kezhemsky District in the east, Irkutsk Oblast in the southeast, Abansky...
in the north, Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia , located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of Angara River, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. Population: -History:...
in the east, Nizhneingashsky District
Nizhneingashsky District
Nizhneingashsky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai and borders with Abansky District in the north, Irkutsk Oblast in the east and southeast, and Ilansky District in the south...
in the southeast, Ilansky District
Ilansky District
Ilansky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai and borders with Abansky District in the north, Nizhneingashsky District in the east, Irbeysky District in the south, Irkutsk Oblast...
in the south, Kansky District
Kansky District
Kansky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai and borders with Dzerzhinsky District in the north, Abansky District in the northeast, Ilansky District in the east, Irbeysky District...
in the southwest, Dzerzhinsky District
Dzerzhinsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Dzerzhinsky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai and borders with Taseyevsky District in the north, Abansky District in the east, Kansky District in the south, and Sukhobuzimsky...
in the west, and Taseyevsky District
Taseyevsky District
Taseyevsky District is an administrative and municipal district , one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the eastern portion of the krai and borders with Motyginsky and Boguchansky Districts in the north, Abansky District in the east, Dzerzhinsky District in the...
in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 9511.1 square kilometres (3,672.3 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Aban. Population: 26,783 (2002 Census
Russian Census (2002)
Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation carried out on October 9 through October 16, 2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics .-Resident population:...
);
Geography
The district lies between the forest steppeForest steppe
A forest steppe is a temperate-climate ecotone and habitat type composed of grassland interspersed with areas of woodland or forest.-Locations:...
and taiga
Taiga
Taiga , also known as the boreal forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests.Taiga is the world's largest terrestrial biome. In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States and is known as the Northwoods...
zones. It stretches for 124 kilometres (77.1 mi) from west to east and for 120 kilometres (74.6 mi) from north to south.
History
The district was founded on April 4, 1924.Abansky District is characterized by a diversity of its population. Many people voluntarily migrated to this area, but some were exiled here as well. During the 18th–19th centuries, the area was a common destination for exiled insurgents and revolutionaries, including Poles
Poles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
and the Decembrists
Decembrist revolt
The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising took place in Imperial Russia on 14 December , 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession...
. Most, however, migrated here voluntarily in the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolutionary events of 1905 and as a result of the agrarian reforms
Stolypin reform
The Stolypin agrarian reforms were a series of changes to Imperial Russia's agricultural sector instituted during the tenure of Pyotr Stolypin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers...
by Pyotr Stolypin
Pyotr Stolypin
Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin served as the leader of the 3rd DUMA—from 1906 to 1911. His tenure was marked by efforts to repress revolutionary groups, as well as for the institution of noteworthy agrarian reforms. Stolypin hoped, through his reforms, to stem peasant unrest by creating a class of...
.
Migrants typically traveled by rail and arrived in big groups to Kansk
Kansk
Kansk is a town on the left bank of the Kan River in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. Population: It is home to the Kansk air base and is crossed by the Trans-Siberian railroad....
. From there, they transported by horses to Aban. The majority of the farms and villages in the area appeared in the first two or three decades of the 20th century.
Various ethnic groups tended to stick together for the reasons of common language, traditions, customs, and religious beliefs. This led to the establishment of villages populated mostly by the members of a single ethnic group; for example, Sterlitamak was predominantly Tatar
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
, Vostok was a village of the Chuvash people
Chuvash people
The Chuvash people are a Turkic ethnic group, native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia. Most of them live in Republic of Chuvashia and surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout all Russia.- Etymology :...
, while Dolzhenko and Vorobyovka were populated by the Mordvins.
The second wave of migrants rushed in in the late 1920s, as the area was subject to collectivization
Collective farming
Collective farming and communal farming are types of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise...
on a lesser scale than other regions of the country. New migrants usually moved with their fellow countrymen who had already been well-settled in the area and were able to provide the newcomers with support and assistance. The aspiration to "stick together" further strengthened and unified already tight ethnic communities. Even after settling in, people continued to speak their native language and maintained their customs and traditions, passing them on to the new generations. However, they also had to master Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
, as it was the language of communication between various ethnic groups and the language of the government.
Various ethnic communities lived in peace and friendship, respecting each other's customs and sharing the best practices and experiences. Eventually, over time, the cultures blended together, creating a group which is now described by the term "Siberians".
After World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, many people exiled here started families; many remained to live and work in the district.
In the 1960s, Aban became a destination for people exiled from the big cities under the "Decree of 1961"—people were sent here for their religious beliefs, for drunkenness, and for parasitism. As a result, the social composition of the population changed significantly. While the 1930s–1940s saw an influx of educated people and intellectuals sent here for political reasons, a significant portion of the exiles of the 1960s consisted of the people genuinely unwilling to work and "re-educated" by means of forcing them to work on forest plots. Five commandants were assigned to Abansky District to oversee the forced labor.
The villages of Machino, Tagashi, Noshino, and Beryozovka housed Germans
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
who were deported here after the end of World War II. The deported Germans were required to register with the local commandant twice a month and were prohibited from leaving their assigned residences. Many Germans were separated from their families, and only in the 1980s they were allowed to leave.
Economy
AgricultureAgriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
and forestry
Forestry
Forestry is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands...
, at 55.6%, comprise the largest share of the district's economy, followed by the wholesale and retail trade and auto maintenance (18%).
Abansky District is one of the top agricultural districts in the krai in terms of production volume. The district specializes in grain crops and their processing. Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.- History :Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years, since the first domestication of animals....
specializes in pig
Pig
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig, its ancestor the wild boar, and several other wild relatives...
- and cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
-breeding.
The district is rich in timber and coal reserves.
Education
Fifty-seven educational facilities are located in the district:- 11 pre-school facilities;
- 43 secondary schoolSecondary schoolSecondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place...
s; - 1 inter-school educational-industrial complex;
- 2 continuous education establishments for children.
Thirty-four per cent of children between ages one and eleven are covered by the pre-school educational system.
Public health services
There are three hospitals with the total of 211 beds in the district, in addition to four clinics. There are on average 14.3 doctors per 10,000 people and 7.7 medical workers per 1,000 people.Medicinal lake Plakhino (Borovoye) is located in the district.