Academic integrity
Encyclopedia
Academic integrity is the moral code or ethical policy
of academia
. This includes values such as avoidance of cheating
or plagiarism
; maintenance of academic standards
; honesty and rigour in research and academic publishing.
During the late 18th century, academic integrity tightly correlated to the southern honor code
. This was monitored mainly by the students and surrounding culture of the time. The southern honor code focused on duty, pride, power, and self-esteem. Any act promoting the up rising or building of any of these within an individual was the goal. Thus, academic integrity was tied solely to the status and appearance of up standing character of the individual. Any acts of academic dishonesty
performed to maintain their good name was seen as a necessary means to an end.
It wasn’t until the end of the 19th century when the goals of the university changed that the concept of academic integrity changed. Professors of this era were required to teach and produce original research. The pressure to acquire tenure and publish added extra stress to their jobs. Though acts of academic dishonesty were viewed as acts of follies. Still, the southern honor code concept of academic integrity was evolving into a more contemporary concept. Academic integrity was now beginning to replace honor of the individual honor to the university as an institution. Such an evolution was important to promote unity throughout the academic institution and encourage students to hold each other accountable for dishonest acts. It also allowed the students to feel empowered through the self-monitoring of each other.
As the importance of original research grew among faculty members the questioning of research integrity grew as well. With so much pressure linked to their professional status professor were under intense scrutiny by the surround society. This inevitably led to the separating academic integrity ideals for student and faculty. Because of each groups different goal orientations it no longer made sense to hold them to the same standards. By 1970 most school established honor codes for their student body and faculty members.
In today’s contemporary world there are several factors that reshape the notion of academic integrity. Technology
is the most predominant factor. Its influence on the educational system is twofold. It has greatly expanded the traditional views of teaching and learning while challenging them. Technology’s largest contribution to society has been its ability to make large amounts of information available to millions of people simultaneously. Students growing up during and after this phenomenon then have a skewed perception of what ownership of information may entail. Previous generations were forced to seek out direct sources of material in order to obtain that material. Today however, a student can type in any keyword into an online search engine and pull up hundreds of sources with different degrees of relativity and possibly no stated authorship.
Thus, technology has changed the way information is viewed from an entity created by a single individual to more of a communal property. This in turn places pressures on the academic institution to acknowledge this “collective intelligence” and reassess how it is used in contemporary education. Therefore, academic integrity is now less an individual character assessment and more of a social phenomenon.
classes and being noted in syllabuses. Many universities have sections on their websites devoted to academic integrity which define what the term means to their specific institution.
Universities have moved toward an inclusive approach to inspiring academic integrity, by creating Student Honor Councils as well as taking a more active role in making students aware of the consequences for academic dishonesty
.
“Promoting student moral development requires affirming shared values. More colleges are starting to focus on one value that goes to the heart of the academic enterprise: a commitment to honesty in the pursuit of truth.” Gary Pavela Director of Judicial Programs and Student Ethical Development, University of Maryland.
To help with understanding of a university’s level of academic integrity, Clemson University’s Center for Academic Integrity at Rutland Institute for Ethics has developed a Campus Assessment Guide which includes information for universities to survey their own current academic integrity.
Apart from the Assessment Guide, the Computer Science and Engineering Department of The Chinese University of Hong Kong has invented a plagiarism detection software system named as VeriGuide. This system aims at upholding the academic honesty levels of various academic institutions (such as: universities, community colleges). Through its website, the system provides a platform for students and educators to manage and submit academic works (i.e. student assignments). The system also provides as a function of analyzing the readability of academic works and serve as an assignment collection system and database.
Despite these advances, academic dishonesty still plagues the university and in the 1990s the academic dishonesty rates were as bad, and in some cases worse, than they were in the 1960s. The acknowledgement of this ethics crisis is inspiring many universities to focus more on promoting common values of academic integrity.
has become blurred. Students have become less likely to cite their sources simply because of the sheer variety of sources that they may use. Prior to the internet, books and magazines were the primary sources. But now, information is being gathered at alarming rates from the web and is going un-cited because of an increasing ignorance of what needs to be cited. For example, because the information is found on the internet, a student may assume because it is “free” and “unpublished” that it need not be cited.
Further, instead of just instructional articles on the web telling one how to cheat, instructional videos are available on websites such as YouTube. These videos give the student comprehensive guides and a variety of options on how to cheat. Because of these videos and the availability of them, a less serious attitude has been adopted by students with regards to cheating.
With the ever increasing ways in which one can cheat, it is difficult for the academic institutions to keep up. This results in instances where rules and guidelines have not caught up to current problems.
Another interesting problem with academic integrity relates to grade inflation
. This is an instance in which it is the faculty and administration of an institution that must adhere to academic integrity guides as opposed to the students. It is interesting to note then, that academic integrity must be a dual effort among the students and faculty if it is to be exhibited properly.
Ethics
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.Major branches of ethics include:...
of academia
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
. This includes values such as avoidance of cheating
Cheating
Cheating refers to the breaking of rules to gain advantage in a competitive situation. The rules infringed may be explicit, or they may be from an unwritten code of conduct based on morality, ethics or custom, making the identification of cheating a subjective process. Cheating can refer...
or plagiarism
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work, but the notion remains problematic with nebulous...
; maintenance of academic standards
Academic standards
Academic standards are the benchmarks of quality and excellence in education such as the rigour of curricula and the difficulty of examinations...
; honesty and rigour in research and academic publishing.
During the late 18th century, academic integrity tightly correlated to the southern honor code
Honor code
An honour code or honour system is a set of rules or principles governing a community based on a set of rules or ideals that define what constitutes honorable behavior within that community. The use of an honor code depends on the idea that people can be trusted to act honorably...
. This was monitored mainly by the students and surrounding culture of the time. The southern honor code focused on duty, pride, power, and self-esteem. Any act promoting the up rising or building of any of these within an individual was the goal. Thus, academic integrity was tied solely to the status and appearance of up standing character of the individual. Any acts of academic dishonesty
Academic dishonesty
Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise. It can include* Plagiarism: The adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author without due acknowledgment.* Fabrication: The...
performed to maintain their good name was seen as a necessary means to an end.
It wasn’t until the end of the 19th century when the goals of the university changed that the concept of academic integrity changed. Professors of this era were required to teach and produce original research. The pressure to acquire tenure and publish added extra stress to their jobs. Though acts of academic dishonesty were viewed as acts of follies. Still, the southern honor code concept of academic integrity was evolving into a more contemporary concept. Academic integrity was now beginning to replace honor of the individual honor to the university as an institution. Such an evolution was important to promote unity throughout the academic institution and encourage students to hold each other accountable for dishonest acts. It also allowed the students to feel empowered through the self-monitoring of each other.
As the importance of original research grew among faculty members the questioning of research integrity grew as well. With so much pressure linked to their professional status professor were under intense scrutiny by the surround society. This inevitably led to the separating academic integrity ideals for student and faculty. Because of each groups different goal orientations it no longer made sense to hold them to the same standards. By 1970 most school established honor codes for their student body and faculty members.
In today’s contemporary world there are several factors that reshape the notion of academic integrity. Technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...
is the most predominant factor. Its influence on the educational system is twofold. It has greatly expanded the traditional views of teaching and learning while challenging them. Technology’s largest contribution to society has been its ability to make large amounts of information available to millions of people simultaneously. Students growing up during and after this phenomenon then have a skewed perception of what ownership of information may entail. Previous generations were forced to seek out direct sources of material in order to obtain that material. Today however, a student can type in any keyword into an online search engine and pull up hundreds of sources with different degrees of relativity and possibly no stated authorship.
Thus, technology has changed the way information is viewed from an entity created by a single individual to more of a communal property. This in turn places pressures on the academic institution to acknowledge this “collective intelligence” and reassess how it is used in contemporary education. Therefore, academic integrity is now less an individual character assessment and more of a social phenomenon.
Academic Integrity’s Impact: the University
Academic integrity is practiced in the majority of educational institutions, it is noted in mission statements and represented in honor codes, but it is also being taught in ethicsEthics
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.Major branches of ethics include:...
classes and being noted in syllabuses. Many universities have sections on their websites devoted to academic integrity which define what the term means to their specific institution.
Universities have moved toward an inclusive approach to inspiring academic integrity, by creating Student Honor Councils as well as taking a more active role in making students aware of the consequences for academic dishonesty
Academic dishonesty
Academic dishonesty or academic misconduct is any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise. It can include* Plagiarism: The adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author without due acknowledgment.* Fabrication: The...
.
“Promoting student moral development requires affirming shared values. More colleges are starting to focus on one value that goes to the heart of the academic enterprise: a commitment to honesty in the pursuit of truth.” Gary Pavela Director of Judicial Programs and Student Ethical Development, University of Maryland.
To help with understanding of a university’s level of academic integrity, Clemson University’s Center for Academic Integrity at Rutland Institute for Ethics has developed a Campus Assessment Guide which includes information for universities to survey their own current academic integrity.
Apart from the Assessment Guide, the Computer Science and Engineering Department of The Chinese University of Hong Kong has invented a plagiarism detection software system named as VeriGuide. This system aims at upholding the academic honesty levels of various academic institutions (such as: universities, community colleges). Through its website, the system provides a platform for students and educators to manage and submit academic works (i.e. student assignments). The system also provides as a function of analyzing the readability of academic works and serve as an assignment collection system and database.
Despite these advances, academic dishonesty still plagues the university and in the 1990s the academic dishonesty rates were as bad, and in some cases worse, than they were in the 1960s. The acknowledgement of this ethics crisis is inspiring many universities to focus more on promoting common values of academic integrity.
Academic Integrity Issues
There are quite a few problems surrounding academic integrity with regards to the modern world. The internet has provided a quick, relatively easy way to cheat—a temptation that did not exist until quite recently. And, the definition of what constitutes cheating or plagiarismPlagiarism
Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful appropriation," "close imitation," or "purloining and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions," and the representation of them as one's own original work, but the notion remains problematic with nebulous...
has become blurred. Students have become less likely to cite their sources simply because of the sheer variety of sources that they may use. Prior to the internet, books and magazines were the primary sources. But now, information is being gathered at alarming rates from the web and is going un-cited because of an increasing ignorance of what needs to be cited. For example, because the information is found on the internet, a student may assume because it is “free” and “unpublished” that it need not be cited.
Further, instead of just instructional articles on the web telling one how to cheat, instructional videos are available on websites such as YouTube. These videos give the student comprehensive guides and a variety of options on how to cheat. Because of these videos and the availability of them, a less serious attitude has been adopted by students with regards to cheating.
With the ever increasing ways in which one can cheat, it is difficult for the academic institutions to keep up. This results in instances where rules and guidelines have not caught up to current problems.
Another interesting problem with academic integrity relates to grade inflation
Grade inflation
Grade inflation is the tendency of academic grades for work of comparable quality to increase over time.It is frequently discussed in relation to U.S. education, and to GCSEs and A levels in England and Wales...
. This is an instance in which it is the faculty and administration of an institution that must adhere to academic integrity guides as opposed to the students. It is interesting to note then, that academic integrity must be a dual effort among the students and faculty if it is to be exhibited properly.