Academic rank
Encyclopedia
This list of academic ranks identifies the hierarchical ranking structure found amongst scholars in academia
, whether tenured or non-tenured. The lists below refer specifically to college
s and universities
throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning
may follow a similar schema.
Honorary degree, the professor has the same duties and rights as a Profesor Titular. (The first rank with which a professor can be the head of a teaching team, a "cátedra").
Professors holding these positions usually teach upper classes, graduate classes, or do not teach (working as researchers or research advisors).
The Consejo Superior designates several Secretarios to assist the Rector, and chooses one of its members to be the Vicerrector (the deputy to the Rector).
Each faculty, school or college is headed by a Decano, designated by the Consejo Directivo or Consejo Académico, composed also by professors, graduates and undergraduate students. It also picks several Secretarios to assist the Dean on the daily business and the Vicedecano (deputy to the Dean).
Departments are chaired by a Director, which is assisted by Secretarios and a Director Adjunto (deputy to the Director). They have a Junta Departamental, the collegiate body which assists the director, but does not govern by itself.
Research Only Positions
Please note that the Australian public services or government organisations also employ a large number of academics or researchers. Different organisations have their own established title systems (e.g., principal scientist, senior officer etc.). However, it is the level rather than the title determines the equivalent academic rank. With CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific & Industry Research Organisation) and most state governments,
The Western Australian state government introduced a specified calling system in 2008. Within this system,
and the French Community
, as education is a community matter in Belgium.
In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)
More information: (In portuguese)
Traditionally, Assistant Professor is the entry-level rank for non-tenure
d members of faculty.
Titles for non-faculty teaching and research personnel:
adopt a four-level academic rank system, i.e. professor
, associate professor, lecturer
, and teaching assistant
. The American title of assistant professor does not exist. Most PhD graduates will be appointed at the lecturer
level initially and receive the qualification to be promoted to associate professorship after two years of teaching. However, people holding a doctorate from Western universities and with some working experience overseas will normally be appointed at a higher level, in exceptional cases at the full professor level directly.
Principal faculty ranks in the mainland of PR China are:
Academic trainee ranks in the mainland of PR China are:
Academic title awards for certain purposes:
Academic positions:
The Professeur certifié is recruited through the CAPES and teatch in secondary education.
The Professeur agrégé is recruited through the Agrégation
and teach in secondary education.
A Professeur agrégé can also teach in écoles normales supérieures as AGPR (for agrégé préparateur).
Temporary teaching position usually hold by practitioners in their filed. These individuals may hold a Ph.D., though not always.
In the US system it is roughly equivalent to the rank of Adjunct Professor or Instructor.
Doctorant contractuel is PhD candidate who have obtained a 3-years non renewable research grant (called contrat doctoral).
They are excepted to work on a Ph.D. thesis and to participate in research activities.
ATERs are last year Ph.D. candidate or have just completed a Ph.D. It's a one-year contract renewable once.
ATER is a teaching and research position.
Permanent position equivalent to the rank of Assistant Professor (or Associate Professor, assuming experience and publications) in North America, and Senior Lecturer in the United Kingdom. (Note that the permanent position is not the same as tenure, strictly speaking, but is instead due to the status of civil servant in public universities.)
Grandes Écoles
) (W1, equivalent to assistant professor in U.S. system) (W1, only in Baden-Württemberg
))))
(Priv.-Doz. or PD) is used to denote those who have obtained a habilitation
, but who have not formally been appointed as Professor. The latter abbreviation of Privatdozent must not be confused with the Ph.D.
.
The title Außerplanmäßiger Professor (apl. Prof.) can be conferred, in some German States, to a Privatdozent, who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as Professor.
The prefix of Professor is only assumed by Professors and Professors Emeriti, not by Associate, or Assistant Professors.
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.
followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably The University of Hong Kong
is in the process of transition. Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.
Level 1: Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer):
Level 2: Lektor (Lecturer):
Level 3: Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer)
Level 4: Guru Besar (Professor)
Fakultas-Fakultas (University Schools)
degree can be:
Non-faculty and temporary:
Notice that as of January 2011, some changes have been introduced in the above system.
and are likely to be non-tenure (most kōshi in the national university system are, however, tenured).
Fellow, and Assistant,
There are various fellowship and assistantship. These positions are similar to those in the American system. Some of them require (Japanese Doctorate) or a doctorate.
degree can be:
is very similar to that of the U.S. One notable difference is that Full-Time Instructor is the first tenure-track rank in some universities.
Tenure track positions:
Other positions:
there are four levels of faculty rank, namely
At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels
is automatically part of the Academia
Academic positions (in descending hierarchy)
(Royal Professor, usually retired professors, title bestowed by King) (usually retired professors)
Administrative (in descending hierarchy)
Academic positions (in ascending hierarchy)
The last classification in only given to those academics that have a prominent career and has at least 25 years of service
Faculty Positions
Administrative position
Only full professors (including extraordinary professors) are allowed to carry the abbreviation 'prof.'. Although unlikely, it is possible for someone to become Rector Magnificus or Dean without being a full professor. In such cases, usually an honorary 'prof.'-title is granted for the duration of the office, however without the prerogatives usually attached to a full professorship.
Professorial ranks:
Postdoctoral ranks:
Postgraduate ranks:
and also for a special purpose:
[NOTE: Please be careful, because "profesor" in Poland is a "scientific title" (degree like PhD) as well as the academic post, so there are a lot of troubles with the translation.]
Both Professor Associado and Professor Auxiliar may have Habilitation
, while that extra degree is mandatory to all applicants to the rank of Professor Catedrático. This is an additional degree to which one can apply to usually years after the PhD
(similar to the French Agrégation)
. Agregação is a two days exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors where the Professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision.
The 3 ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors, according to the rank, coming from out of the university.
Portuguese universities still have some few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks have been extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.
and also for a special purpose:
On a par with Rector, some universities has President Position, but it’s usually honored position.
Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty.
Academic positions:
In Afrikaans
-speaking universities the terms Rector
and Vice-Rector are common, whereas English-speaking universities tend to favour the terms Principal and Vice-Principal
. The use of Deputy Vice-Chancellor seems to be phasing out Pro-Vice-Chancellor
.
Administrative ranks/Rector/Dean of the faculty/Head of department
Note: The title of "Oberassistent" is comparable to the German "Akademischer Rat" (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademischer_Rat for a German language article on the topic), a postdoctoral position that today has mostly been replaced by the position of "Juniorprofessor" (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniorprofessur for a German language article on the topic). It is typically non-tenured and does not imply faculty rank (i.e., one would not participate in faculty meetings of professors).
There are also Clinical Professor, Adjunct Professor and Adjunct Lecturer positions.
, Wales
and Northern Ireland
and one for Scotland
.
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
, whether tenured or non-tenured. The lists below refer specifically to college
College
A college is an educational institution or a constituent part of an educational institution. Usage varies in English-speaking nations...
s and universities
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
throughout the world, although other institutions of higher learning
Higher education
Higher, post-secondary, tertiary, or third level education refers to the stage of learning that occurs at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology...
may follow a similar schema.
Academic ranks
Professors are usually categorized as "ordinario" or "concursado" (tenured, elected by an independent committee composed of colleagues from other universities), "interino" (non-tenure, but stable position, the professor is proposed by the director of the corresponding department -sometimes after different selection processes- and accepted by the Consejo Directivo of the corresponding school), or "suplente" (substite, hired through the same process as interinos). In most cases, classes are taught by a professioral team (a "cátedra"), formed by one or two professors and auxiliars, which generally also functions as a research team. Regardless of the rank, professors in public universities (and in many private ones) must perform research. This ranking system is the one used at the Universidad de Buenos Aires (the largest Argentine university) and by most of the public universities, but not all of them; being autonomous, they can choose their own scale. Private universities have their own rank in each case, sometimes based on the public university system, although as a general rule they have less ranks or hold a higher ranking as the starting point for a teaching career (devoting auxiliar ranks to undergraduates).Honorary degree, the professor has the same duties and rights as a Profesor Titular. (The first rank with which a professor can be the head of a teaching team, a "cátedra").
Other professorships
a retired tenured faculty member who demonstrated excellency in both teaching and researching also a retired faculty member who provides assistance in specific knowledge areas an honorary mostly ceremonial positionProfessors holding these positions usually teach upper classes, graduate classes, or do not teach (working as researchers or research advisors).
Teaching auxiliaries or assistants
(In many universities, holding a doctorate is now a non-formal requirement for this post.) or (for undergraduate students)Administrative ranks
Rector and a Consejo Superior, are sometimes elected by the Asamblea Universitaria, composed of professors, graduates (includes alumni, teaching auxiliaries and all other academic or research staff who do not qualify to vote as professors or undergraduate students) and undergraduate students elected by direct secret and compulsory vote. In other cases, the Consejo Superior is elected directly by this three-state system. In many universities, non-academic staff also has representatives, either with or without vote.The Consejo Superior designates several Secretarios to assist the Rector, and chooses one of its members to be the Vicerrector (the deputy to the Rector).
Each faculty, school or college is headed by a Decano, designated by the Consejo Directivo or Consejo Académico, composed also by professors, graduates and undergraduate students. It also picks several Secretarios to assist the Dean on the daily business and the Vicedecano (deputy to the Dean).
Departments are chaired by a Director, which is assisted by Secretarios and a Director Adjunto (deputy to the Director). They have a Junta Departamental, the collegiate body which assists the director, but does not govern by itself.
Academic ranks
Teaching and Research Positions- Professor - Level E appointments, equivalent to Chair Professor in most Asian countries and Professor in the North American and British universities.
- Associate Professor and/or Reader - Level D appointments, equivalent to Professor in most Asian countries and Associate Professor or Professor in North American universities. Equivalent to Reader in Britain. The Reader designation in Australia is only given to those demonstrating excellence in research.
- Senior Lecturer - Level C appointments, equivalent to Associate Professor or advanced Assistant Professor in North American universities.
- Lecturer - Level B appointments, equivalent to Assistant Professor in North American universities (Most universities now require applicants for Lecturer positions to hold a PhD degree).
- Associate or Assistant Lecturer, Senior Tutor, Tutor, Research Officer - Level A appointments.
Research Only Positions
- Professor - Senior Principal Research Fellow (Level E)
- Associate Professor - Principal Research Fellow (Level D)
- Senior Research Fellow (Level C)
- Research Fellow (Level B)
- Post-Doctoral Research Fellow (Level A)
Please note that the Australian public services or government organisations also employ a large number of academics or researchers. Different organisations have their own established title systems (e.g., principal scientist, senior officer etc.). However, it is the level rather than the title determines the equivalent academic rank. With CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific & Industry Research Organisation) and most state governments,
- Level 4, equivalent to Postdoctoral Fellow or Associate Lecturer;
- Level 5, equivalent to Lecturer or Research Scientist;
- Level 6, equivalent to Senior Lecturer or Senior Scientist;
- Level 7, equivalent to Associate Professor;
- Level 8, equivalent to Professor;
- Level 9, Chief.
The Western Australian state government introduced a specified calling system in 2008. Within this system,
- SC-Level 1, equivalent to Postdoctoral Fellow or Associate Lecturer;
- SC-Level 2, equivalent to Lecturer or Research Scientist;
- SC-Level 3, equivalent to Senior Lecturer or Senior Scientist;
- SC-Level 4, equivalent to Associate Professor;
- SC-Level 5, equivalent to Professor;
- SC-Level 6, Chief.
Administrative ranks
- Visitor (titular)
- Chancellor (titular)
- Deputy Chancellor / Pro-Chancellor (titular)
- Vice-Chancellor
- Provost
- Deputy Vice-Chancellor
- Pro-Vice-Chancellor (could be the faculty dean)
- Registrar (there is not necessarily such a position)
- Faculty Dean (Normally Professor)
- Faculty Deputy Dean; Associate Dean (Normally Professor, Associate Professor or Reader)
- Head of School and Head of Department(Normally Professor, Associate Professor, or Reader)
- Program Director (Normally Senior Lecturer or above)
- Course Coordinator (Lecturer and Above)
Belgium
The ranks may differ between the Flemish CommunityFlemish Community
The term Flemish Community has two distinct, though related, meanings:...
and the French Community
French Community of Belgium
The French Community of Belgium is one of the three official communities in Belgium along with the Flemish Community and the German speaking Community. Although its name could suggest that it is a community of French citizens in Belgium, it is not...
, as education is a community matter in Belgium.
Academic ranks (Flemish community)
- (Full Professor)(Professor Ordinarius)
- (Full Professor)(Professor Extraordinarius)
- (Professor)
- (Senior Lecturer)
- (Lecturer)
- (postdoc research assistant)
- (research assistant)
Administrative ranks (Flemish community)
- Rector
- Vice-Rector
- Decaan (dean, i.e. head of a faculty)
Academic ranks (French community)
- (Full Professor)
- (Full Professor)
- (Professor)
- (Associate Professor, tenured)
- (Assistant Professor, tenure-track)
- (Visiting Assistant Professor, non-tenured)
- (Associate Professor, tenured)
Scientific ranks (French community)
- (Research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
- (Senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
- (Senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
- (Senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
- (Senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
- (Senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
- (Researcher, typically post.doc., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
- (Research assistant)
Administrative ranks (French-speaking community)
- Recteur (President of University)
- Vice-Recteur
- 'Doyen (Dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
- 'Président d'institut (Director of research institute, elected)
- 'Vice-Doyen (Vice-Dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
- 'Président de département (Department head, elected)
Brazil
At the State Universities the academic rank system is:- Professor Titular (MS-6): equivalent to a "full professor" in the US
- Professor Associado (MS-5): must hold a Livre Docente title (equivalent to a German HabilitationHabilitationHabilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
) - Professor Doutor (MS-3): must hold a doctoratePHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
; equivalent to an "assistant professor" in the US - Professor Assistente (MS-2): must hold a master's or equivalent degree
- Auxiliar de Ensino (MS-1): only a bachelor's degree is required
In the Federal Universities the academic ranks receive other names:(In portuguese)
- Professor Titular
- Professor Associado, levels A, B and C (or I, II, III)
- Professor Adjunto, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
- Professor Assistente, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
- Professor Auxiliar, levels A, B, C and D (or I, II, III, IV)
More information: (In portuguese)
Academic ranks
The Ranking System at the Sofia University- Assistant – Асистент
- Senior Assistant – Старши Асистент
- Chief Assistant – Главен Асистент
- Docent – Доцент – Associate Professor
- Professor – Професор – Full Professor
Administrative ranks
- General Assembly
- Academic Council
- Council of the Rectors
- Rector
- Vice-Rectors
- Assistant Rector
- Secretary General
- Council of the Deans
- Control Council
- Academic ?Ombudsman?
Academic ranks
Titles for regular faculty (and faculty with special or temporary appointments):- Distinguished Professor or University Professor (Distinguished Professor Emeritus, University Professor Emeritus)
- Professor or Full Professor (Research Professor, Visiting Professor, Adjunct Professor, Professor Emeritus)
- Associate Professor (Research Associate Professor, Visiting Associate Professor, Adjunct Associate Professor)
- Assistant Professor (Research Assistant Professor, Adjunct Assistant Professor)
- Lecturer or Instructor (Sessional Lecturer or Sessional Instructor)
Traditionally, Assistant Professor is the entry-level rank for non-tenure
Tenure
Tenure commonly refers to life tenure in a job and specifically to a senior academic's contractual right not to have his or her position terminated without just cause.-19th century:...
d members of faculty.
Titles for non-faculty teaching and research personnel:
- Senior Fellow, Senior Research FellowResearch fellowThe title of research fellow is used to denote a research position at a university or similar institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator...
or Senior Scientist - Fellow, Research Fellow or Scientist
- Research supervisorResearch supervisorA research supervisor is responsible for the general oversight of an academic research project.Research Associates liaise with their research supervisor on a regular basis to advise him or her on the research status and receive any guidelines.Research supervisor for post-doctoral research usually...
or Principal Investigator - Research AssociateResearch associateThe title of research associate is used to denote an academic research position at a university or similar institution. A research associate usually conducts research under the supervision of a principal investigator. In contrast to a research assistant or research officer, a research associate...
or Postdoctoral Associate - Research Assistant or Teaching AssistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
Administrative ranks
- DeanDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
(often also Full Professors) - Associate Dean (often also Full Professors)
- Directors of Administrative Departments
- Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
- Chairs of Academic Departments (usually Full Professors)
- Graduate Coordinators
- Undergraduate Coordinators
China, People's Republic of
Most universities in the People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
adopt a four-level academic rank system, i.e. professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
, associate professor, lecturer
Lecturer
Lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
, and teaching assistant
Teaching assistant
A teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
. The American title of assistant professor does not exist. Most PhD graduates will be appointed at the lecturer
Lecturer
Lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
level initially and receive the qualification to be promoted to associate professorship after two years of teaching. However, people holding a doctorate from Western universities and with some working experience overseas will normally be appointed at a higher level, in exceptional cases at the full professor level directly.
Academic ranks
- Principal Professor (in Chinese: 首席教授, on exists in some Chinese universities)
- Emeritus Professor (in Chinese: 退休教授)
Principal faculty ranks in the mainland of PR China are:
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
(in Chinese: 教授) - Associate Professor (in Chinese: 副教授)
- LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
(in Chinese: 讲师) - Teaching AssistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
(in Chinese:助教 )
Academic trainee ranks in the mainland of PR China are:
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow (in Chinese: 博士后研究员) and Research FellowResearch fellowThe title of research fellow is used to denote a research position at a university or similar institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator...
/ResearcherResearcherA researcher is somebody who performs research, the search for knowledge or in general any systematic investigation to establish facts. Researchers can work in academic, industrial, government, or private institutions.-Examples of research institutions:...
(in Chinese: 研究员) - Research AssistantResearch assistantA research assistant is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university or a research institute, for the purpose of assisting in academic research...
(in Chinese: 研究助理) and Teaching AssistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
(in Chinese: 教学助理/助教) - Postgraduate (in Chinese: 研究生)
- Undergraduate (in Chinese: 本科生)
Academic title awards for certain purposes:
- Honorary Professor (in Chinese: 名誉教授, usually for people with great academic or social contribution)
- Guest Professor (in Chinese: 客座教授, usually for famous scholars of other schools)
- Distinguished Professor (in Chinese: 特聘教授, usually for people with great achievement in certain field)
Administrative ranks
- PresidentPresidentA president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
(in Chinese: 校長) - Vice-President (in Chinese: 副校長)
- Registrar (in Chinese: 教務長) and Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委書記)
- DeanDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
(in Chinese: 院長) - Deputy Dean or Associate Dean (in Chinese: 副院長) of schools and faculties
- Associate Secretary of the party committee (in Chinese: 黨委副書記)
- Director (in Chinese: 所長/主任) of academic centre and Director (in Chinese: 系主任) of academic departments
Academic ranks
- Redoviti profesor equivalent to Full Professor (prof.dr.sc. Name Surname)
- Izvanredni profesor equivalent to Associate Professor (prof.dr.sc. Name Surname)
- Docent equivalent to Assistant Professor (doc.dr.sc. Name Surname)
- Viši asistent equivalent to Senior Assistant
- Asistent equivalent to Assistant
Administrative ranks
- Rektor equivalent to Rector, Head of University (in USA equivalent to President of University)
- Prorektor equivalent to Prorector, assistant to Head of University (in USA equivalent to Vice-President of University)
- Dekan equivalent to Dean, Head of Faculty or School in University
- Prodekan equivalent to Vice-Dean, assistant to Dean
- Pročelnik odsjeka equivalent to Head of Department
- Predstojnik zavoda equivalent to Head of Department
- Predstojnik katedre equivalent to Head of Chair
Academic ranks
- Chair Professor
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
- Associate Professor
- Assistant Professor
- LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- Research assistantResearch assistantA research assistant is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university or a research institute, for the purpose of assisting in academic research...
and teaching assistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
(or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)
Czech Republic and Slovakia
Administrative
- Rektor (Rector), head of the University
- Prorektor (Vice-Rector), typically 3 to 5 people are vice-rectors; the position is usually further specified by indicating domain a vice-rector is responsible for (e. g. research, communication, study-related issues)
- Kvestor (Registrar, Bursar), a "manager" of the University
- Děkan (Slovak: Dekan, English: Dean), head of a faculty
- Proděkan (Slovak: Prodekan, English: Vice-Dean)
- Ředitel (Slovak: Riaditeľ, English: Director), head of a sub-unit at a faculty (e.g. institute, research center)
- Vedoucí katedry (Slovak: Vedúci katedry, English: Departmental Chair), sometimes at the same level as director
Academic
- Profesor (Professor), both degree and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of řízení o udělení profesury (process of awarding a professorship). One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
- Docent (Associate Professor), both degree and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain amount of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitace (a process concluded by a defense of a reviewed research manuscript and a public lecture).
- Odborný asistent (lecturer / researcher), this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. is required.
- Asistent (assistant lecturer), at least Master degree is required.
Denmark
Administrative positions:- Rektor (Rector)
- Dekan (Dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
- Institutleder (Department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)
Academic positions:
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
- Lektor (Associate professor), time traditionally divided as 50-40-10 between teaching, research, and administration
- Adjunkt (Assistant Professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as lektor, although sometimes a little more time for research
- Post-doc, generally a research position, but with the possibility of teaching
- Ekstern Lektor Part time teaching at university. Does not normally require a research degree (PhD or equivalent)
Egypt
- MOA'ED (معيد), or Teaching Assistant.
- MODARESS MOSAED (مدرس مساعد), Senior Teaching Assistant (with Master’s degree)
- MODARESS (مدرس), equivalent to Assistant Professor in American Universities (with PhD)
- OSTATH(the "TH" pronounced like in the word "THE") MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد), equivalent to Associate Professor.
- OSTATH (أستاذ) (the "TH" pronounced like in the word "THE"), equivalent to Professor (usually after minimum of five years serving as OSTATH MOSAED)
Finland
There are a specific number of posts, which can be applied to when they are vacated or established. A Professor, for example, is a leader of a laboratory or a group. One of the idiosyncracies of the Finnish system is the absence of assistant and associate professors, as well as the limited number of full professorships.- Kansleri Chancellor (only in the Universities of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiThe University of Helsinki is a university located in Helsinki, Finland since 1829, but was founded in the city of Turku in 1640 as The Royal Academy of Turku, at that time part of the Swedish Empire. It is the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available...
, TampereUniversity of TampereThe University of Tampere is a university in Tampere, Finland. It has 15,400 degree students and 2,100 employees. It was originally founded in 1925 in Helsinki as a Civic College , and from 1930 onwards it was known as a School of Social Sciences...
, TurkuUniversity of TurkuThe University of Turku , located in Turku in southwestern Finland, is the second largest university in the country as measured by student enrollment, after University of Helsinki. It was established in 1920 and also has faculties at Rauma, Pori and Salo...
and in Åbo Akademi). - Rehtori (Rector)
- Vararehtori (Vice Rector)
- Dekaani (Dean)
- Osastonjohtaja (Head of Department)
- Professori (Professor).
- Dosentti (Adjunct Professor), is not necessarily permanently associated with the university but holds the right to teach and supervise Ph.D. students, and has academic merits significantly exceeding a Ph.D. degree similarly to German PrivatdozentPrivatdozentPrivatdozent or Private lecturer is a title conferred in some European university systems, especially in German-speaking countries, for someone who pursues an academic career and holds all formal qualifications to become a tenured university professor...
and Swedish docentDocentDocent is a title at some European universities to denote a specific academic appointment within a set structure of academic ranks below professor . Docent is also used at some universities generically for a person who has the right to teach...
. - Lehtori or yliopistonlehtori (Lecturer), teaching-oriented faculty position usually requiring a PhD.
- Yliassistentti (Senior Assistant, Assistant Professor), post-doc or senior Ph. D student position), laboratorioinsinööri (Laboratory Engineer) a formally administrative position, the holders of which often conduct research and teach, however.
- Yliopisto-opettaja (University Teacher), a junior teaching-oriented faculty position.
- Assistantti (Assistant) and tutkija (Research Associate, Research Scientist) are Ph.D. student positions
- Tutkimusapulainen (Research Assistant) is an undergrad or Master's student position
- Ylioppilas (Student)
France
UniversityUniversity
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
- PRCE is a Professeur certifié teaching in university
The Professeur certifié is recruited through the CAPES and teatch in secondary education.
- PRAG is Professeur agrégé teaching in university. PRAGs are responsible for a greater number of teaching hours than Maîtres de Conférences and full Professors. It can be a permanent position in the university.
The Professeur agrégé is recruited through the Agrégation
Agrégation
In France, the agrégation is a civil service competitive examination for some positions in the public education system. The laureates are known as agrégés...
and teach in secondary education.
A Professeur agrégé can also teach in écoles normales supérieures as AGPR (for agrégé préparateur).
- chargé d'enseignement
Temporary teaching position usually hold by practitioners in their filed. These individuals may hold a Ph.D., though not always.
In the US system it is roughly equivalent to the rank of Adjunct Professor or Instructor.
- Doctorant contractuel
Doctorant contractuel is PhD candidate who have obtained a 3-years non renewable research grant (called contrat doctoral).
They are excepted to work on a Ph.D. thesis and to participate in research activities.
- ATER for Attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche.
ATERs are last year Ph.D. candidate or have just completed a Ph.D. It's a one-year contract renewable once.
ATER is a teaching and research position.
- Maître de Conférences (with or without an habilitation to direct doctoral theses, known as HDR).
Permanent position equivalent to the rank of Assistant Professor (or Associate Professor, assuming experience and publications) in North America, and Senior Lecturer in the United Kingdom. (Note that the permanent position is not the same as tenure, strictly speaking, but is instead due to the status of civil servant in public universities.)
- Professeur des Universités (Full Professor). Permanent position in the university with a "habilitation" (HDR) to direct doctoral theses.
Grandes Écoles
- vacataire or chargés d'enseignements (i.e. Instructor)
- professeur affilié (i.e. Adjunct professor)
- professeur assistant (i.e. Assistant professor)
- professeur associé (i.e. Associate professor)
- professeur (i.e. Full professor)
Appointment grades
(W3, equivalent to full professor in U.S. system) (W2, equivalent to associate professor in U.S. system) (W2, only in Baden-WürttembergBaden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine, and is the third largest in both area and population of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of and 10.7 million inhabitants...
) (W1, equivalent to assistant professor in U.S. system) (W1, only in Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states of Germany. Baden-Württemberg is in the southwestern part of the country to the east of the Upper Rhine, and is the third largest in both area and population of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of and 10.7 million inhabitants...
))))
Non-appointment grades
The title PrivatdozentPrivatdozent
Privatdozent or Private lecturer is a title conferred in some European university systems, especially in German-speaking countries, for someone who pursues an academic career and holds all formal qualifications to become a tenured university professor...
(Priv.-Doz. or PD) is used to denote those who have obtained a habilitation
Habilitation
Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
, but who have not formally been appointed as Professor. The latter abbreviation of Privatdozent must not be confused with the Ph.D.
Ph.D.
A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
.
The title Außerplanmäßiger Professor (apl. Prof.) can be conferred, in some German States, to a Privatdozent, who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as Professor.
Administrative ranks
- Rektor, Präsident - Rector or President, highest representative of the University or Polytechnic, elected
- Prorektor, Vizepräsident, Prorector or Vice President, elected
- Kanzler - Chancellor, administrative head, often a permanent job
- Dekan - Dean, elected
- Institutsdirektor - Head of department, elected
Academic ranks
- Professor Emeritus
- Professor
- Associate Professor
- Assistant Professor
- Lecturer
- Adjunct Lecturer or Adjunct Assistant Professor (a temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one semester, usually holder of a Ph.D. as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980. Adjunct Lecturers are sometimes called simply as "407", after the number of the Decree)
- Teaching Assistant (This rank was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain Teaching Assistants until retirement.)
The prefix of Professor is only assumed by Professors and Professors Emeriti, not by Associate, or Assistant Professors.
Administrative ranks
- Rector
- Vice-Rector
- Secretary General
- Dean
- Deputy Dean
- Chairman of the Department
- Deputy Chairman of the Department
- Director of the Section
The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.
Academic ranks
In the past, Hong KongHong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor, associate professor, and assistant professor). Institutions established in the 1980s and 1990s almost entirely follows the North American system, while older ones, notably The University of Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong is the oldest tertiary institution in Hong Kong. Its motto is "Sapientia et Virtus" in Latin, meaning "wisdom and virtue", and "" in Chinese...
is in the process of transition. Depending on institutions, the title of "Professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.
- Chair Professor
- Emeritus Professor
- Honorary Professor
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
- Associate Professor
- Assistant Professor
- LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- Research Assistant Professor
- Post-doctoral Fellow
- Adjunct (Associate/Assistant) Professor
- Professional Consultant or Teaching Consultant/Fellow
- Research assistantResearch assistantA research assistant is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university or a research institute, for the purpose of assisting in academic research...
and teaching assistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
(or tutor, instructor, demonstrator) - Postgraduate or graduate
- Undergraduate
Administrative ranks
- ChancellorChancellor (education)A chancellor or vice-chancellor is the chief executive of a university. Other titles are sometimes used, such as president or rector....
(titular, normally the Chief ExecutiveChief Executive of Hong KongThe Chief Executive of Hong Kong is the President of the Executive Council of Hong Kong and head of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The position was created to replace the Governor of Hong Kong, who was the head of the Hong Kong government during British rule...
(formerly the GovernorGovernor of Hong KongThe Governor of Hong Kong was the head of the government of Hong Kong during British rule from 1843 to 1997. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions...
) of Hong Kong) or PresidentPresidentA president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University - Pro-Chancellor (titular, only for the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology is a public university located in Hong Kong. Established in 1991 under Hong Kong Law Chapter 1141 , it is one of the nine universities in Hong Kong.Professor Tony F. Chan is the president of HKUST...
) - Vice-Chancellor or President (or Vice President PrincipalPresidentA president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...
in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University): being the chief executive of the institutution - Deputy Vice-ChancellorPro-Vice-ChancellorIn a university, an assistant to a vice-chancellor is called a pro-vice-chancellor . These are sometimes teaching academics who take on additional responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities are in charge of Administration, Research and Development, Academic and Education affairs...
(as the first among Pro-Vice-Chancellors in the University of Hong Kong) - Pro-Vice-ChancellorPro-Vice-ChancellorIn a university, an assistant to a vice-chancellor is called a pro-vice-chancellor . These are sometimes teaching academics who take on additional responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities are in charge of Administration, Research and Development, Academic and Education affairs...
s or Vice-Presidents or Deputy Presidents - Associate Pro-Vice-ChancellorsPro-Vice-ChancellorIn a university, an assistant to a vice-chancellor is called a pro-vice-chancellor . These are sometimes teaching academics who take on additional responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities are in charge of Administration, Research and Development, Academic and Education affairs...
(as in the Chinese University of Hong KongChinese University of Hong KongThe Chinese University of Hong Kong is a research-led university in Hong Kong.CUHK is the only tertiary education institution in Hong Kong with Nobel Prize winners on its faculty, including Chen Ning Yang, James Mirrlees, Robert Alexander Mundell and Charles K. Kao...
) or Associate Vice-President (as in the Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong Baptist University is a publicly-funded tertiary institution with a Christian education heritage. It is the sole surviving institution of 13 major Christian universities that once operated on the Chinese mainland,...
, the Lingnan UniversityLingnan University (Hong Kong)The Lingnan University is a public liberal arts university in Hong Kong. It was granted full university status on 30 July 1999.The Lingnan University administration believes that it provides students with a quality education distinguished by the best liberal arts tradition from both East and West...
, the Hong Kong Shue Yan University, and the Hong Kong Institute of EducationHong Kong Institute of EducationThe Hong Kong Institute of Education is one of eight subsidised tertiary institutes under the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong. It is the only one dedicated to teacher education....
) - RegistrarRegistrar (academic)In education outside the United Kingdom, a registrar or registrary is an official in an academic institution who handles student records. Typically, a registrar processes registration requests, schedules classes and maintains class lists, enforces the rules for entering or leaving classes, and...
- ProvostProvost (education)A provost is the senior academic administrator at many institutions of higher education in the United States, Canada and Australia, the equivalent of a pro-vice-chancellor at some institutions in the United Kingdom and Ireland....
(for some universities) - DeansDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
of Faculties / Schools - Heads (or Directors) of Departments / Schools
At universities ("egyetem")
- Professzor emeritus (emeritus professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc. = Doctor of Science, a National Academy awarded title)
- Egyetemi tanár (university professor, always with a special habilitation, and usually with a DSc.);
- Egyetemi docens (reader (UK)/associate professor (US)/professor, always with Ph.D.)
- Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US)/associate professor, always with Ph.D. since 2005 or with rank of mestertanár = "master lecturer")
- Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/ instructor (US), generally without PhD.)
At college level ('főiskola')
- Főiskolai tanár (college professor, always with a Ph.D., and usually with a special habilitation)
- Főiskolai docens (college reader (UK)/ college associate professor (US), usually with Ph.D.)
- Adjunktus (senior lecturer (UK)/assistant professor(US), sometimes without a Ph.D.)
- Tanársegéd (graduate teaching assistant (UK)/instructor (US), generally without Ph.D.).
At universities/institutes
- Kutatóprofesszor (honored professor with special habilitation, and usually with /minimally correspondent/ membership of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)
- Tudományos tanácsadó (research professor with special habilitation, usually with D.Sc.)
- Tudományos főmunkatárs (honored senior research fellow with Ph.D.)
- Tudományos munkatárs (associate research fellow with Ph.D.)
- Tudományos segédmunkatárs (funded research assistant usually without Ph.D.)
Administrative ranks
- Rektor (Rektor - at least with a "docens" rank, usually an "egyetemi tanár" with D.Sc.)
- Rektorhelyettes (Vice-Rektor)
- Főigazgató (Deputy Principal)
- Dékán (Dean of Faculty)
- Dékánhelyettes (Vice-Dean)
- Gazdasági főigazgató
- Tanszékvezető (Head of Department)
Academic ranks
There are 9 ranks, in total, which can be categorized to 4 main levels.- Level 1: Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer)
- Level 2: Lektor (Lecturer)
- Level 3: Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer)
- Level 4: Guru Besar (Professor)
Level 1: Asisten Ahli (Associate Lecturer):
- Asisten Ahli - Rate 100
- Asisten Ahli - Rate 150
Level 2: Lektor (Lecturer):
- Lektor - Rate 200
- Lektor - Rate 300
Level 3: Lektor Kepala (Senior Lecturer)
- Lektor Kepala - Rate 400
- Lektor Kepala - Rate 550
- Lektor Kepala - Rate 700
Level 4: Guru Besar (Professor)
- Guru Besar Madya (Associate Professor) - Rate 850
- Guru Besar (Professor) - Rate 1050
Administrative ranks
Universitas (University)- Rektor (Rector)
- Wakil Rektor (Vice Rector)
Fakultas-Fakultas (University Schools)
- Dekan (Dean)
- Wakil Dekan (Vice Dean)
- Kepala Program Studi (Head of Programme)
Academic ranks
- Ostád Momtáz (Distinguished Professor)
- Ostád (Professor)
- Dánešyár (Associate Professor)
- Ostádyár (Assistant Professor)
- Morabbi (Lecturer)
Iraq
Holders of Master and PH.D.Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
degree can be:
- Professor
- Assistant Professor
- Lecturer
- Assistant Lecturer
Israel
Tenured and tenure-track positions in Israeli universities (all require PhD or equivalent degree):- Professor Emeritus/Emerita (Full Professor who has retired)
- Full Professor [Hebrew: "Professor Min HaMinyan"]
- Associate Professor [Hebrew: "Professor Khaver"]
- Senior Lecturer (Tenured position) [Hebrew: "Martze Bakhir"]
- Lecturer [Hebrew: "Martze"]
Academic ranks
Faculty (all these positions are tenured or tenure-track):- Professore Emerito (Full Professor after retirement age whose high importance in academic field has been credited by the Faculty Council: it is just a honorific title, although, in some cases, a Professore Emerito is allowed to keep his/her office)
- Professore Ordinario, but more precisely: Professore di I fascia (Full Professor; tenured position)
- Professore Straordinario (a professor taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Full Professor)
- Professore Associato, but more precisely: Professore di II fascia (Associate Professor; tenured position)
- Professore Associato non confermato: Professore di II fascia taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Professore Associato
- Ricercatore confermato (Assistant Professor or Researcher; tenured position)
- Ricercatore non confermato (Assistant Professor or Researcher with no tenure; a researcher taking his/her three years of testing before being confirmed as Researcher)
- Assistente (The former entry level of permanent positions before Ricercatore replaced it in the early 1980s. No positions of Assistente were created since then, but some personnel kept the title, though most of them became Ricercatore confermato)
Non-faculty and temporary:
- Professore a contratto (Professor with a temporary appointment for a given course or lecture series)
- Professore incaricato (The former name, before 1980, for Professore a contratto)
- Assegnista di Ricerca (Research fellow with a temporary position, usually holding a Ph.D. title)
- Dottorando di Ricerca (Ph.D. student)
Notice that as of January 2011, some changes have been introduced in the above system.
Administrative ranks
- Rettore (Rector)
- Prorettore (Vice-Rector)
- Preside (Dean of Faculty)
- Presidente di Consiglio di Corso di Laurea (Head of a Bachelor/Msc curriculum on a given topic)
- Direttore di Dipartimento (Head of Department)
Japan
Tenured or non-tenured faculty ranks are mainly as follows:- Professor emeritus,
- Professor,
- Associate Professor, (previously)
- Assistant Professor/(Full-time)Lecturer,
- Assistant Professor/Research Associate,
and are likely to be non-tenure (most kōshi in the national university system are, however, tenured).
Fellow, and Assistant,
There are various fellowship and assistantship. These positions are similar to those in the American system. Some of them require (Japanese Doctorate) or a doctorate.
Jordan
Holders of Master and PH.D.Doctor of Philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
degree can be:
- Professor
- Assistant Professor
- Lecturer
- Assistant Lecturer
Korea
The academic rank system in South KoreaSouth Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
is very similar to that of the U.S. One notable difference is that Full-Time Instructor is the first tenure-track rank in some universities.
Tenure track positions:
- (Full) Professor (정교수/교수)
- Associate Professor (부교수)
- Assistant Professor (조교수)
- Full-Time Instructor (전임 강사) : In some universities, this rank is missed and full-time academic career begins with the Assistant Professor rank.
Other positions:
- Part-Time Instructor (시간 강사)
- Research Professor (연구 교수)
- Clinical Professor (임상 교수)
- Adjunct Professor (겸임 교수)
- Visiting Professor (객원 교수/초빙 교수)
- Chaired Professor (석좌 교수)
- Emeritus Professor (명예 교수)
Macau SAR
At the University of MacauUniversity of Macau
The University of Macau, ;, established in 1981, was the first and currently the largest university in Macau, a former Portuguese colony. It was formerly known as University of East Asia , and was renamed the University of Macau in 1991. The university offers about 100 Doctoral, Master's and...
there are four levels of faculty rank, namely
- professorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
, - associate professor,
- assistant professor (with PhD)
- lecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
(without PhD)
At the Macau Polytechnic Institute there are three levels
- professor (professor coordenador)
- associate professor (professor adjuncto)
- lecturer (assistente)
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
After get accepted into the university, the new studentStudent
A student is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. In some nations, the English term is reserved for those who attend university, while a schoolchild under the age of eighteen is called a pupil in English...
is automatically part of the Academia
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
- Brutcosh, Бруцош-(First Year Student)
- Student, Студент-(Regular Student)
- Apsolvent, Апсолвент-(Final Year Student)
- Alumnus, Алумнус-(Graduate)
- Demonstrator, Демонстратор-(Graduate employ in University)
- Young Assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
- Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
- Docent, Доцент-(Ph.D.)
- Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(Associate Professor)
- Professor, Професор-(Full Time Professor)
- Professor Emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-(Retired Proffesor)
- Academic, Академик-(Academician)
Malaysia
Staff ranking in Malaysian public universities are based on the British system as a legacy of the British colonising the country. There are only slight variations among the universities but the general ranking is as followsAcademic positions (in descending hierarchy)
(Royal Professor, usually retired professors, title bestowed by King) (usually retired professors)
- Senior Professor (a newly introduced rank mainly to denote salary and hierarchical difference)
- Professor
- Profesor Madya (Associate Professor)
- Senior Lecturer
- Lecturer/Tutor/Assistant Lecturer
- Instructor (with pre-degree qualifications)
Administrative (in descending hierarchy)
- Chancellor (Federal/State Ruler)
- Pro Chancellor (non-executive)
- Vice Chancellor
- Deputy Vice Chancellor
- Assistants Vice Chancellor
- Deans of Faculties
- Head of Programme
Mexico
The model for the classification of academic positions is the National Autonomous University of MexicoNational Autonomous University of Mexico
The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México is a university in Mexico. UNAM was founded on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra as a liberal alternative to the Roman Catholic-sponsored Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) (National Autonomous...
Academic positions (in ascending hierarchy)
- Assistant Professor
- Subject Professor
- Full Time Professor
- Research Professor
- Professor Emeritus
The last classification in only given to those academics that have a prominent career and has at least 25 years of service
Netherlands
The Dutch system is comparable to the U.S. system, although Ph.D candidates are usually employed by the university. However, some call for a general introduction of Ph.D student tracks, where students are given a scholarship instead of being paid wages.Faculty Positions
- (a distinguished full professor)
- (a senior full professor, leading a large department or university institute)
- (a junior full professor, leading a research group)
- (an associate professor)
- (an assistant Professor)
- (a senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)
- (a junior researcher; Ph.D candidate employed by the university)
- (Lecturer, teaching staff usually not holding a Ph.D)
- (Research or Teaching Assistant, (under)graduate student employed by university for research or teaching activities)
Administrative position
- (Head of research and education of a university)
- (dean; head of research and education of a faculty/school)
Only full professors (including extraordinary professors) are allowed to carry the abbreviation 'prof.'. Although unlikely, it is possible for someone to become Rector Magnificus or Dean without being a full professor. In such cases, usually an honorary 'prof.'-title is granted for the duration of the office, however without the prerogatives usually attached to a full professorship.
Norway
Elected faculty positions:- (Rector; one per university; usually assisted by and sometimes )
- or dekanus (males)/dekana (females) (Dean; one per faculty), sometimes assisted by a )
Professorial ranks:
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
(full professor) - Professor emeritus/emerita (retired professor; unofficial title conferred to all former full professors, regardless of how they are currently employed)
- (Part-time professor; professors II are often full professors in another institution than the one in which they are professor II, or employed in other positions, for instance as a consultantConsultant (medicine)In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, and parts of the Commonwealth, consultant is the title of a senior doctor who has completed all of his or her specialist training and been placed on the specialist register in their chosen specialty...
at a university hospital)
Postdoctoral ranks:
- (Reader; abolished at universities in 1985 (when all docents became full professors), today mostly used in professional colleges)
- (associate professor)
- (senior lecturer)
- (senior research fellow; postdoctoral fellow)
Postgraduate ranks:
- (assistant professor; rarely used in universities, somewhat more common in professional colleges)
- (university lecturer; lecturers in professional colleges are called )
- (research fellow)
- (research assistant; usually a graduate student)
Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)
- (pl ) - research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master degree)
- (pl ) - assistant professor (hold PhD)
- (pl ) - senior lecturer (holds PhD or post-doc degree), (a new position since 2007, optional and only in some universities, does not involve any research duties and is meant mainly for teaching)
- (pl ) - associate professor (hold post-doc degree, according to German nomenclature sometimes called "professor extraordinarius"
- (pl ) - full professor, sometimes called "professor ordinarius"
and also for a special purpose:
- (pl )- visiting professor
- (pl )- professor emeritus
[NOTE: Please be careful, because "profesor" in Poland is a "scientific title" (degree like PhD) as well as the academic post, so there are a lot of troubles with the translation.]
Teaching staff: (lower rank)
- (pl ) - instructor (sport)
- (pl ) - instructor, foreign language teacher
- (pl ) - lecturer
- (pl ) - senior lecturer
Elected or nominated posts
Elected faculty positions:- Rector - the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
- Dean ; the principal head of the Faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
- Head - the head of the Institute/Department/Chair (one per organizational unit)
Academic ranks
- Professor Catedrático, equivalent to Full Professor
- Professor Associado, equivalent to Associate Professor
- Professor Auxiliar, equivalent to Assistant Professor
Both Professor Associado and Professor Auxiliar may have Habilitation
Habilitation
Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
, while that extra degree is mandatory to all applicants to the rank of Professor Catedrático. This is an additional degree to which one can apply to usually years after the PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
(similar to the French Agrégation)
Agrégation
In France, the agrégation is a civil service competitive examination for some positions in the public education system. The laureates are known as agrégés...
. Agregação is a two days exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors where the Professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision.
The 3 ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors, according to the rank, coming from out of the university.
Portuguese universities still have some few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks have been extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.
- Assistente, equivalent to Assistant Lecturer (without a PhDDoctor of PhilosophyDoctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
), normally someone who is simultaneously doing a PhD and holding a master's degreeMaster's degreeA master's is an academic degree granted to individuals who have undergone study demonstrating a mastery or high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice...
. Only teaches practical (or lab) classes. - Assistante Estagiário, equivalent to a junior teaching assistant. It used to be the start of the teaching career until 2009 and already extremely rare to find since the Bologna agreement. They are typically graduate studentss and only teach practical (lab) classes.
Administrative ranks
- Rector (""; one per university; usually assisted by a "")
- Dean (""; one per faculty; assisted by a "")
- Head of Department (""; one per Department)
Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)
- professor ("")
- associate professor ("")
- assistant professor ("" or "")
and also for a special purpose:
- visiting professor ("")
- professor emeritus ("" or "")
Teaching staff (lower rank)
- teaching assistant or assistant lecturer ("")
- junior teaching assistant ("")
Russia
Administrative positions:- RectorRectorThe word rector has a number of different meanings; it is widely used to refer to an academic, religious or political administrator...
- ProvostProvost (education)A provost is the senior academic administrator at many institutions of higher education in the United States, Canada and Australia, the equivalent of a pro-vice-chancellor at some institutions in the United Kingdom and Ireland....
- Vice-rectors (Academic, Research, Financial, Foreign Activity)
- DeanDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
- Associate Deans (Academic, Research)
- ChairChairA chair is a stable, raised surface used to sit on, commonly for use by one person. Chairs are most often supported by four legs and have a back; however, a chair can have three legs or could have a different shape depending on the criteria of the chair specifications. A chair without a back or...
(headHeadIn anatomy, the head of an animal is the rostral part that usually comprises the brain, eyes, ears, nose and mouth . Some very simple animals may not have a head, but many bilaterally symmetric forms do....
) of a department - Head of Administrative Departments
On a par with Rector, some universities has President Position, but it’s usually honored position.
Academic department heads and chairs serve the same function, and there may also be associate and assistant department heads or chairs (though this is unusual). The term "Department Head" usually indicates the administrator is elected to the post by the faculty of the department, while the term "Department Chair" usually means the person is appointed by the dean without election by the faculty.
Academic positions:
- Dean
- Chair (head) of a department
- Professor (Full Professor), usually Doctor of Sc.
- Associate Professor (dozent, доцент), usually Cand. of Sc.
- Lecturer - time divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both Professor or Dozent)
- Senior instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
- Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
- Assistant Professor (usually first academic level after Cand. of Sc. dissertation defence)
- Research Assistant (research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally regarded as administrative staff rather than faculty).
Academic ranks
- Chancellor (honorific)
- Vice Chancellor
- Dean
- Extraordinary Professor
- Senior Professor (Must hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
, except in Accounting) - ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
(Must hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
, except in Accounting, although sometimes appointed with still studying the PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
) - Senior LecturerSenior lecturerSenior lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a faculty position at a university or similar institution. Especially in research-intensive universities, lecturers lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
(Must hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
, except in Accounting, although sometimes appointed with still studying the PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
) - LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
(Must hold a Masters degree, except in Accounting) - Junior Lecturer (Must hold a HonoursBachelor's degreeA bachelor's degree is usually an academic degree awarded for an undergraduate course or major that generally lasts for three or four years, but can range anywhere from two to six years depending on the region of the world...
degree, except in Accounting) - Research AssistantResearch assistantA research assistant is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university or a research institute, for the purpose of assisting in academic research...
- TutorTutorA tutor is a person employed in the education of others, either individually or in groups. To tutor is to perform the functions of a tutor.-Teaching assistance:...
, Student-Assistant, Demonstrator - Administrative AssistantAdministrative AssistantAdministrative Assistant is a broad job category that designates an individual who provides various kinds of administrative support to people and groups in business enterprises.-Kinds of Administrative Assistants:...
- Senior Secretary
Administrative ranks
- ChancellorChancellorChancellor is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the...
(titular), (honorificHonorificAn honorific is a word or expression with connotations conveying esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term is used not quite correctly to refer to an honorary title...
) - RectorRectorThe word rector has a number of different meanings; it is widely used to refer to an academic, religious or political administrator...
/Principal & Vice-Chancellor (dual title) - Vice-Rector/Vice-PrincipalVice-principalIn larger school systems, a principal is often assisted by someone known as a vice-principal or assistant principal. Unlike the principal, the vice-principal does not have quite the decision-making authority that the principal carries...
& Deputy Vice-Chancellor/Pro-Vice-ChancellorPro-Vice-ChancellorIn a university, an assistant to a vice-chancellor is called a pro-vice-chancellor . These are sometimes teaching academics who take on additional responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities are in charge of Administration, Research and Development, Academic and Education affairs... - DeanDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
- Vice-Dean/Deputy Dean
- Programme Directors/Programme Convenor
- Departmental Chairperson or Head of Department
In Afrikaans
Afrikaans
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken natively in South Africa and Namibia. It is a daughter language of Dutch, originating in its 17th century dialects, collectively referred to as Cape Dutch .Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see , , , , , .Afrikaans was historically called Cape...
-speaking universities the terms Rector
Rector
The word rector has a number of different meanings; it is widely used to refer to an academic, religious or political administrator...
and Vice-Rector are common, whereas English-speaking universities tend to favour the terms Principal and Vice-Principal
Vice-principal
In larger school systems, a principal is often assisted by someone known as a vice-principal or assistant principal. Unlike the principal, the vice-principal does not have quite the decision-making authority that the principal carries...
. The use of Deputy Vice-Chancellor seems to be phasing out Pro-Vice-Chancellor
Pro-Vice-Chancellor
In a university, an assistant to a vice-chancellor is called a pro-vice-chancellor . These are sometimes teaching academics who take on additional responsibilities. Some of these responsibilities are in charge of Administration, Research and Development, Academic and Education affairs...
.
Academic ranks
- Tenured:
-
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
(Catedrático de Universidad) (Tenured, full/part time, civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required) - Full Professor (Profesor Pleno/Catedràtic Contractat) (Tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required. Permanent position equivalent to Catedrático de Universidad in Basque Country and Catalonia).
- Professor
-
-
-
- Associate Professor (Profesor Titular de Universidad) (Tenured, full/part time, civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required)
- Tenured Full-time Lecturer (Profesor Contratado Doctor) (Tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required. Permanent position equivalent to Profesor Titular de Universidad)
- Aggregate Professor (Profesor Agregado) (Tenured, full time, not a civil servant, Ph. D required, "acreditación" required. Permanent position equivalent to Profesor Titular de Universidad in Basque Country and Catalonia)
-
- Non-tenured:
-
- Private University Lecturer Profesor de Universidad Privada (must hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
) - Profesor Colaborador (does not have to hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
) (LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
, to be phased out) - LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
(Profesor Ayudante Doctor) (must hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
) (Profesor Adjunto in Basque Country, Professor Lector in Catalonia) - Teaching AssistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
(Profesor Ayudante) (can not hold a PhDPHDPHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
)
- Private University Lecturer Profesor de Universidad Privada (must hold a PhD
-
- Other positions:
- Teaching positions
-
- Profesor Asociado (a part-time instructor who keeps a parallel job)
- Visiting Professor (Profesor Visitante)
- Professor Emeritus (Profesor Emérito)
-
- Teaching positions
-
- Research-only positions
-
- Senior Technical Officer (Técnico Superior de Investigación)
- Techincal Officer (Técnico Medio de Investigación)
-
- Research-only positions
Administrative ranks
- (UniversityUniversityA university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
)-
- RectorRectorThe word rector has a number of different meanings; it is widely used to refer to an academic, religious or political administrator...
(necessarily a Chair Professor) - Vicerectors
- General Secretary
- Manager,
- Rector
-
- Faculties, University Schools and Technical Schools
-
- Dean (Faculty) or Head (University or Technical School)
- Vicedeans or Deputy Heads
- Secretary
-
- Research InstitutesResearch instituteA research institute is an establishment endowed for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research...
-
- Head of Research Institute
- Deputy Head of Research Institute
- Secretary of Research Institute
-
- DepartamentsAcademic departmentAn academic department is a division of a university or school faculty devoted to a particular academic discipline. This article covers United States usage at the university level....
-
- Head of Department
- Deputy Head of Department
- Secretary of department
-
- Honorary Positions (Only in Catholic Universities)
-
- Grand Chancellor
- Vicechancellor
-
Academic ranks
- Professor Emeritus (on retirement)
- Senior ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
- Associate Professor (rare)
- Senior LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- Assistant LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- Instructor/ Demonstrator
- Student Instructor (undergrad)
Administrative ranks
- ChancellorChancellor (education)A chancellor or vice-chancellor is the chief executive of a university. Other titles are sometimes used, such as president or rector....
(titular) - Vice-Chancellor/President
- RegistrarRegistrar (academic)In education outside the United Kingdom, a registrar or registrary is an official in an academic institution who handles student records. Typically, a registrar processes registration requests, schedules classes and maintains class lists, enforces the rules for entering or leaving classes, and...
- Deans of FacultiesDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
- Heads of DepartmentsAcademic departmentAn academic department is a division of a university or school faculty devoted to a particular academic discipline. This article covers United States usage at the university level....
/SchoolSchoolA school is an institution designed for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools...
s
Academic ranks
- Professor (full professor)
- Biträdande professor ("reader")
- Tillförordnad professor / Adjungerad professor / Gästprofessor (Acting professor, adjoint professor, visiting professor, non-tenured ranks)
- Docent ("associate professor", "reader", "senior lecturer", "first lecturer", normally appointed after reaching scientific production corresponding to the requirements of a Ph.D.)
- Lektor (lecturer, "assisting professor", with Ph.D. Usually tenured (Sw. "tillsvidareanställning"))
- Adjunkt (instructor, without Ph.D. Usually tenured (Sw. "tillsvidareanställning")
- Forskningsingenjör / PostDoc / Forskare / Forskarassistent (scientific staff ranks)
- Doktorand (Ph.D. student with a grant, 4 years full time employment)
- Forskarstuderande (Employed adjunkt studying towards Ph.D.)
- Amanuens / Lektionsassistent (teaching assistant)
Administrative ranks
- Rektor (President of University)
- Prorektor
- Vicerektor (assists the rektor within a particular area of responsibility, e.g. PhD training, teaching excellence, innovation, equal opportunity etc.)
- Dekan, Dekanus (Dean, head of faculty, e.g. humanities, medicine etc.)
- Prodekan, Prodekanus (Vice-Dean)
- Prefekt (head of department, e.g. computer science, mathematics etc.)
- Proprefekt (Deputy department head)
Serbia
Academic ranks (grade VII/1 or VII/2, BSc/MSc) (grade VIII,PhD-Reader) (Associate Professor) (Full professor)Administrative ranks/Rector/Dean of the faculty/Head of department
German-language universities of Switzerland
- Hilfassistent/innen: Undergraduate Research Assistant / Undergraduate Teaching Assistant
- Assistent/innen: Research Assistant (typically a PhD student)
- Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter/innen: Scientific Staff (Note: typically synonymous with "Assistent/innen")
- Postdoc: Postdoc (i.e., after PhD)
- Oberassistent/innen: Senior Researcher/Lecturer (typically after 1-2 years as a Postdoc)
- Lehrbeauftragte: LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
- Gastdozent/innen: Visiting Lecturer
- Assistent professor: Assistant Professor (requires PhD)
- Privatdozent/innen: Senior Lecturer (has the HabilitationHabilitationHabilitation is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis based on independent...
but not professorship) - Professor: Full Professor (ordinary and extraordinary)
Note: The title of "Oberassistent" is comparable to the German "Akademischer Rat" (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademischer_Rat for a German language article on the topic), a postdoctoral position that today has mostly been replaced by the position of "Juniorprofessor" (see http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniorprofessur for a German language article on the topic). It is typically non-tenured and does not imply faculty rank (i.e., one would not participate in faculty meetings of professors).
French-language universities of Switzerland
- Professeur ordinaire (full professor)
- Professeur extraordinaire
- Professeur invité
- Professeur associé (associate professor)
- Professeur assistant (assistant professor)
- Maître-Assistant (Assistant professor or Senior lecturer)
- Assistant (Lecturer, usually a graduate student)
- Moniteur (Undergraduate student)
Academic ranks
- Professor Emeritus
- Professor
- Associate Professor
- Assistant Professor (Assistant Professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
- Lecturer
Academic ranks
- Professor Emeritus
- Professor ("Named Chair")
- Professor ("Full Professor")
- Associate Professor
- Assistant Professor
- Lecturer
There are also Clinical Professor, Adjunct Professor and Adjunct Lecturer positions.
Administrative ranks
- President or Rector
- Dean or Director
- Department Head
Academic ranks
- Ordinaryüs Profesör
- Profesör
- Doçent, equivalent to Associate Professor
- Yardımcı Doçent, equivalent to Assistant Professor
- Öğretim Görevlisi, equivalent to Lecturer
- Okutman, equivalent to Instructor
- Araştırma Görevlisi, equivalent to Research Assistant
Administrative ranks
- Rektör, Rector or President (Professors)
- Rektör Yardımcısı, Vice-Rector or Vice-President (Professors)
- Fakülte Dekanı, Dean of the Faculty (Professors)
- Dekan Yardımcısı, Vice-Dean or Associate Dean (often also Professors)
- Bölüm Başkanı, Head of Department (often also Professors)
- Ana Bilim Dalı Başkanı, Chair of Academic Programs (often also Professors)
Teaching, research, and scholarship career pathway
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
- ReaderReader (academic rank)The title of Reader in the United Kingdom and some universities in the Commonwealth nations like Australia and New Zealand denotes an appointment for a senior academic with a distinguished international reputation in research or scholarship...
- Senior LecturerSenior lecturerSenior lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a faculty position at a university or similar institution. Especially in research-intensive universities, lecturers lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
or Senior Teaching Fellow (or Principal Lecturer in post-1992 institutionsNew UniversitiesThe term new universities has been used informally to refer to several different waves of new universities created or renamed as such in the United Kingdom. As early as 1928, the term was used to describe the then-new civic universities, such as Bristol University and the other "red brick...
) - LecturerLecturerLecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, lecturer is a position at a university or similar institution, often held by academics in their early career stages, who lead research groups and supervise research students, as well as teach...
, or Clinical Lecturer, or Teaching Fellow (or Senior Lecturer in post-1992 institutionsNew UniversitiesThe term new universities has been used informally to refer to several different waves of new universities created or renamed as such in the United Kingdom. As early as 1928, the term was used to describe the then-new civic universities, such as Bristol University and the other "red brick...
)
Pre-/non-career grade
- Assistant Lecturer, Demonstrator, Seminar Leader, Associate Lecturer, Graduate Teaching AssistantTeaching assistantA teaching assistant is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants , who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants , who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school...
,
- Visiting Professor Usually unpaid; distinguished individual with formal input into education and/or research, allowed to use the title 'Visiting Professor' (and in some universities 'Professor' as a prenominal, although the title of the post itself remains 'Visiting Professor' ) for the duration of formal arrangement.
Research career pathway
- ProfessorProfessorA professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
or Professorial FellowResearch fellowThe title of research fellow is used to denote a research position at a university or similar institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator... - Senior Research FellowResearch fellowThe title of research fellow is used to denote a research position at a university or similar institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator...
- Research fellowResearch fellowThe title of research fellow is used to denote a research position at a university or similar institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator...
Pre-/non-career grade
- Research AssociateResearch associateThe title of research associate is used to denote an academic research position at a university or similar institution. A research associate usually conducts research under the supervision of a principal investigator. In contrast to a research assistant or research officer, a research associate...
- Research Officer
- Research AssistantResearch assistantA research assistant is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university or a research institute, for the purpose of assisting in academic research...
Emeritus ranks
- Professor : Emeritus Professor
- Reader : Emeritus Reader
- Senior Lecturer : Senior Fellow
- Lecturer : Fellow
Administrative ranks
There are two systems of administrative ranks - one for EnglandEngland
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, Wales
Wales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
and Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west...
and one for Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
.
England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
- ChancellorChancellor (education)A chancellor or vice-chancellor is the chief executive of a university. Other titles are sometimes used, such as president or rector....
(titular) - Pro-Chancellor (titular)
- Vice-Chancellor (also known as Rector or Provost at some universities, and President at Manchester)
- Deputy Vice-Chancellor
- Pro-Vice-Chancellor
- Deans of FacultiesDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
- Heads of Departments/Schools
- Department/School Directors of Studies
Scotland
- ChancellorChancellor (education)A chancellor or vice-chancellor is the chief executive of a university. Other titles are sometimes used, such as president or rector....
(titular) - RectorRectorThe word rector has a number of different meanings; it is widely used to refer to an academic, religious or political administrator...
(Ancient Universities only) - Principal (who is also Vice-Chancellor)
- Deputy Principal
- Vice-Principals
- Deans of FacultiesDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
- Heads of Departments/Schools
- Department/School Directors of Studies
Academic ranks
Tenure-track and tenured faculty typically pursue both teaching as well as research. The balance between the two depends on the primary focus of the institution. The following ranks are found at American colleges and universities:- Professor Emeritus (male) or Professor Emerita (female) (a title conferred at retirement upon professors who have made significant contributions to their field and/or institution)
- University Professor or Institute Professor or Regents Professor (a special title not used by all universities)
- Distinguished Professor (usually a "Named Chair"; not used by all universities)
- Professor ("Named Chair"; that is, the title 'Professor' is preceded by the name of a person who has endowed a chair, such as "Sterling Professor of Playwriting"; not used by all universities; may be a tenured or visiting professorial rank)
- Professor ("Full Professor", a tenured rank; this title is used by all institutions)
- Associate Professor (generally a tenured rank; some institutions award tenure only to Full Professors.)
- Assistant Professor (usually tenure-track; always the lowest rank of tenure-track faculty)
- Assistant Researcher or Assistant Research Professor (usually non tenure-track; funded by research grants)
- Assistant Professor in Residence or Faculty in Residence (non tenure-track; teaching-track faculty, considered a permanent position in an institution, and most likely has potential for promotion, to Associate or Professor in Residence. These individuals hold a PhD or terminal degree)
- Adjunct Professor (an individual hired by an institution, on a temporary or limited-term basis, in order to teach a specific class or subject, for a specific term. These individuals may hold a Ph.D., though not always, and are typically current practitioners in their field. A second form of adjunct professorship is one in which the individual may be employed in another department or institution and given the title as a form of courtesy or prestige appointment, generally with no obligations or pay, but possibly some benefits, such as access to departmental or university resources...this usage is also called "courtesy" or "affiliate" or "dry" appointment.)
- Visiting Professor (as the name suggests, a professor visiting from another institution to teach for a limited term.)
- Professor of Practice (also Associate Professor of Practice, and Assistant Professor of Practice; non-tenure positions for professionals without traditional academic credentials and/or career paths, but instead recruited for their practical experience and expertise)
- Lecturer (Generally have a doctoral (or a terminal master's) degree; non-tenured, focused solely on teaching and sometimes administration, but generally not research. Some institutions may use "Lecturer" and "Instructor" interchangeably.)
- Instructor (These individuals are on a non-tenured track, may not possess a Ph.D., and are generally not assigned any research. Their primary function is to teach, whether part or full-time. Generally, they are limited to teaching undergraduate students. Sometimes, this rank is used as a place-holder for a "pre" tenure-track person who has not yet completed a doctorate but is slated to become an Assistant Professor upon doing so.)
- Postdoctoral Fellow
- Postdoctoral Associate
- Fellow, Scholar, Teaching Fellow, or Visiting Fellow (Generally function as an instructor while working toward a Ph.D., or as postdoctoral research experience; usually funded by an endowment or scholarship.)
- Research Associate (Graduate students who are sponsored by a professor or institution and tasked with conducting specific research for said professor or institution.)
- Research Assistant (Usually are undergraduate students doing an internship, or graduate students working under an assistantship at an institution.)
- Teaching Assistant (This rank usually describes students who are assisting educators with administrative tasks. More commonly, this rank is given to graduate students who are teaching a course on a professor's behalf, or providing supplemental instruction/tutoring for a specific class. This rank is sometimes used interchangeably with "Teaching Fellow", and some universities distinguish Teaching Assistants from Teaching Fellows, with the latter being a higher rank.)
Officers of the corporation
- President or ChancellorChancellor (education)A chancellor or vice-chancellor is the chief executive of a university. Other titles are sometimes used, such as president or rector....
- ProvostProvost (education)A provost is the senior academic administrator at many institutions of higher education in the United States, Canada and Australia, the equivalent of a pro-vice-chancellor at some institutions in the United Kingdom and Ireland....
(sometimes called 'Chancellor', or 'President', or 'Warden', or 'Executive Vice Chancellor') - Associate Provost (rare)
- Assistant Provost (assists the Provost, as do any associates; not superior to vice presidents)
- Vice-Chancellors or Vice Presidents (of Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Finance, etc.)
- Associate Vice-Chancellor or Associate Vice President
- Assistant Vice-Chancellor or Assistant Vice President
Academic administrators
- DeansDean (education)In academic administration, a dean is a person with significant authority over a specific academic unit, or over a specific area of concern, or both...
(often also Full Professors) - Associate Deans (often also Full Professors)
- Assistant Deans
- Directors of Administrative Departments
- Associate/Assistant Directors of Administrative Departments
- Chairs or Heads of Academic Departments
Academic Ranks
- Titular Professor (Profesor Titular)
- Associated Professor (Profesor Asociado)
- Aggregate Professor (Profesor Agregado)
- Assistant Professor (Profesor Asistente)
- Instructor (Instructor)
Dedication Rank
- Exclusive Dedication Professor (Profesor a Dedicación Exclusiva)
- Full Time Professor (Profesor a Tiempo Completo)
- Contracted Professor (Porfesor a Tiempo Convencional - Academic Rank is usually optional)
Administrative Ranks (Public National)
- University Council (Concejo Universitario - Órgano Colegiado)
- Rector or Chairman (Rector)
- University Secretary or Registar (Secretario)
- Academic Vicerector (Vicerrector Académico)
- Administrative Vicerector (Vicerrector Administrativo)
- Faculty Council (Concejo de Facultad - Órgano Colegiado)
- Dean (Decano - One per Faculty)
- Vice-Dean (vicedecano - One per Faculty - It's optional)
- Academic Council (Concejo Académico - Órgano Colegiado)
- Dean's Council (Concejo Decanal - Órgano Colegiado)
- School Council (Concejo de Escuela - Órgano Colegiado)
- Principal (Director - One per School)
- Vice-principal (Subdirector - One per School - It's optional)
- Chief of Departament (Jefe de Departamento)
- Chief of Chair (Jefe de Cátedra)
- Chief of Departament (Jefe de Departamento)
Other Professors
- Professor-Researcher (Profesor Investigador)
- Researcher (Investigador)
- Retired Professor (Profesor Retirado)
- Ad Honorem Professor (Profesor Ad Honorem)
- Consultant Professor (Profesor Consultante)
- Visiting Professor (Profesor Visitante)
- Emergency Teacher (Emergancia Docente)
Auxiliary and Lab Assistants
- Auxiliary Teacher I (Auxiliar Docente I)
- Auxiliary Teacher II (Auxiliar Docente II)
- Auxiliary Teacher III (Auxiliar Docente III)
- Auxiliary Teacher IV (Auxiliar Docente IV)
- Auxiliary Teacher V (Auxiliar Docente V)