Actinomyces naeslundii
Encyclopedia
Actinomyces naeslundii are Gram positive rod shaped bacteria that occupy the oral cavity. They have been implicated in periodontal disease
and root caries. These bacteria are also associated with good oral health. These bacteria are some of the first to occupy the oral cavity and colonize the tooth
's surface.
Infections of the oral and cervicofacial regions are the most commonly recognized infections; however, the thoracic region, abdominopelvic region, and the CNS also frequently can be involved. Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces meyeri most frequently cause human actinomycosis. Actinomyces gerencseriae also may cause disease in humans. Three former Centers for Disease Control and Prevention coryneform bacteria now have been added to the Actinomyces group and are thought to be potential causes for disease, Actinomyces neuii, Actinomyces radingae, and Actinomyces turicensis. Actinomyces radicidentis, a recently described species, has been isolated with polymerase chain reaction from patients with endodontic infections. Actinomyces grow well in enriched media with brain-heart infusion and may be aided in growth by an atmosphere of 6-10% ambient carbon dioxide. They growbest at 37°C. Colonies can appear at 3-7 days, but, to ensure that no growth is missed, observe cultures for 21 days.
Propionibacterium propionicus, and related species of bacteria, also can cause actinomycosislike disease. Other bacteria that frequently are isolated from clinical specimens concomitantly with Actinomyces in human infection include Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
, Eikenella corrodens, and species of Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus.
In general, Actinomyces species, being members of the normal flora, are agents of low pathogenicity and require disruption of the mucosal barrier to cause disease. Oral and cervicofacial diseases commonly are associated with dental procedures, trauma, oral surgery, or dental sepsis. Pulmonary infections usually arise after aspiration of oropharyngeal or GI secretions. GI infection frequently follows loss of mucosal integrity, such as with surgery, appendicitis, diverticulitis, trauma, or foreign bodies. Numerous reports have linked the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices to the development of actinomycosis of the female genital tract. The presence of a foreign body in this setting appears to trigger infection.
Other bacterial species that often are copathogens to Actinomyces species may aid spread of infection by inhibiting host defenses and reducing local oxygen tension. Once the organism is established locally, it spreads to surrounding tissues in a progressive manner, leading to a chronic, indurated, suppurative infection often with draining sinuses and fibrosis. In tissues, Actinomyces grow in microscopic or macroscopic clusters of tangled filaments surrounded by neutrophils. When visible, these clusters are pale yellow and exude through sinus tracts; they are called sulfur granules. This is not an exclusive finding of actinomycosis, and its absence does not rule out the diagnosis. Other conditions, such as eumycetoma and nocardiosis, have been linked to the production of sulfur granules.
Periodontal disease
Periodontitis is a set of inflammatory diseases affecting the periodontium, i.e., the tissues that surround and support the teeth. Periodontitis involves progressive loss of the alveolar bone around the teeth, and if left untreated, can lead to the loosening and subsequent loss of teeth...
and root caries. These bacteria are also associated with good oral health. These bacteria are some of the first to occupy the oral cavity and colonize the tooth
Tooth
Teeth are small, calcified, whitish structures found in the jaws of many vertebrates that are used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or for defensive purposes. The roots of teeth are embedded in the Mandible bone or the Maxillary bone and are...
's surface.
Background
- Actinomycosis is a chronic bacterial disease. Localized swelling with suppuration, abscess formation, tissue fibrosis, and draining sinuses characterize this disease. Gram-positive, pleomorphic non–spore-forming, non–acid-fast anaerobic or microaerophilic bacilli of the genus Actinomyces and the order Actinomycetales cause actinomycosis. Actinomyces are very closely related to Nocardia species, and, at one point in time, both were considered to be fungal organisms.
Infections of the oral and cervicofacial regions are the most commonly recognized infections; however, the thoracic region, abdominopelvic region, and the CNS also frequently can be involved. Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces meyeri most frequently cause human actinomycosis. Actinomyces gerencseriae also may cause disease in humans. Three former Centers for Disease Control and Prevention coryneform bacteria now have been added to the Actinomyces group and are thought to be potential causes for disease, Actinomyces neuii, Actinomyces radingae, and Actinomyces turicensis. Actinomyces radicidentis, a recently described species, has been isolated with polymerase chain reaction from patients with endodontic infections. Actinomyces grow well in enriched media with brain-heart infusion and may be aided in growth by an atmosphere of 6-10% ambient carbon dioxide. They growbest at 37°C. Colonies can appear at 3-7 days, but, to ensure that no growth is missed, observe cultures for 21 days.
Propionibacterium propionicus, and related species of bacteria, also can cause actinomycosislike disease. Other bacteria that frequently are isolated from clinical specimens concomitantly with Actinomyces in human infection include Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral commensal found also in severe infections in the oral cavity, mainly the periodontium. A. actinomycetemcomitans, previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, is a gram negative facultative non-motile rod. It is also associated with non-oral...
, Eikenella corrodens, and species of Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus.
Pathophysiology
Actinomyces species that cause human disease do not exist freely in nature but are normal flora of the oropharynx, GI tract, and female genital tract. This is not an exogenous infection; therefore, no person-to-person spread of the pathogen occurs.In general, Actinomyces species, being members of the normal flora, are agents of low pathogenicity and require disruption of the mucosal barrier to cause disease. Oral and cervicofacial diseases commonly are associated with dental procedures, trauma, oral surgery, or dental sepsis. Pulmonary infections usually arise after aspiration of oropharyngeal or GI secretions. GI infection frequently follows loss of mucosal integrity, such as with surgery, appendicitis, diverticulitis, trauma, or foreign bodies. Numerous reports have linked the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices to the development of actinomycosis of the female genital tract. The presence of a foreign body in this setting appears to trigger infection.
Other bacterial species that often are copathogens to Actinomyces species may aid spread of infection by inhibiting host defenses and reducing local oxygen tension. Once the organism is established locally, it spreads to surrounding tissues in a progressive manner, leading to a chronic, indurated, suppurative infection often with draining sinuses and fibrosis. In tissues, Actinomyces grow in microscopic or macroscopic clusters of tangled filaments surrounded by neutrophils. When visible, these clusters are pale yellow and exude through sinus tracts; they are called sulfur granules. This is not an exclusive finding of actinomycosis, and its absence does not rule out the diagnosis. Other conditions, such as eumycetoma and nocardiosis, have been linked to the production of sulfur granules.