Adam Ries
Encyclopedia
Adam Ries was a German
mathematician
. He is also known by the name Adam Riese.
The location of his birth, Staffelstein, can be determined with certainty, since he gives information about himself in the preface to his book, "Coß". His father was the owner of the mill there, Contz Ries, and his mother, Eva Kittler, was his father's second wife.
The first decades after Ries' birth are not documented, so it is not known which schools he attended. There is also no information about the studies of the later mathematician in the matriculation registers of the universities which existed at that time.
The first time at all that Adam Ries was mentioned in a document was on April 22, 1517, when he appeared before the Council of Staffelstein because of a dispute over an inheritance. Already in 1509, he stayed with his younger brother, Conrad, in Zwickau
, who attended the Latin school there. In 1518, Ries went to Erfurt
, where he led a mathematics school, and he wrote two of his mathematics books and had them published there.
In 1522 or 1523, he moved to the still new mining city of Annaberg
, where he spent the rest of his life. There he ended work on the manuscript of his algebra textbook, "Coß", in 1524, although the book was not published until 1992 by B.G. Teubner. During this time, Ries
got acquainted with Anna Leuber, the daughter of the Freiberg
master fitter, Andreas Leuber. The wedding of the couple was mentioned in the register of the St. Annen Church in Annaberg in 1525. In the same year, he took the oath of citizenship, purchased a house in Johannisgasse in Annaberg and thus settled down. He first earned his living as a Rezessschreiber (a person who checked the calculations of the mines), and later as a Gegenschreiber (a bookkeeper of the mines) and Zehntner (regional financial administrator). In 1539, he bought "Riesenburg", a minor fortification outside of the city, whose buildings still bear his name today. After his last work appeared in print in 1550, Ries died on March 30, 1559. Because of scanty information, it is not known where he is buried, whether in Annaberg, the Riesenburg or elsewhere.
Ries and his wife had at least eight children. Three of the five sons, Adam, Abraham, and Jacob, were all active as mathematicians in Annaberg at times. While Abraham and Jacob died in their home town in 1604, Adam is supposed to have settled in the Harz mountains. The fourth son, Isaac, moved to Leipzig
, where he was active as a Visierer (a master of weights and measures). Paul, the fifth son, was a landowner and judge in Wiesa. The three daughters, Eva, Anna and Sybilla, all married in Annaberg.
Adam Ries' descendants are a subject of constant, detailed genealogical research. Great numbers of his descendants still live in the upper Erzgebirge today. The Adam-Ries-Bund (Adam Ries Association, see external links) has taken on the task of researching all of the descendants of Adam Ries and has more than 20,000 direct descendants in its continually updated data bank until now.
It is worth noting that Adam Ries did not write his works in Latin, as was usual at that time, but in German. Through that, he reached a larger readership and was also able, like Martin Luther
, to contribute to a unification of the German language.
Adam Ries is generally considered to be the "father of modern calculating" and he decisively contributed to the recognition that Roman numerals are unwieldy in practice and to their replacement by the considerably more structured Arabic numerals to a large extent.
Since the spelling of names was not as fixed at that time as it is today, the spellings "Ris, "Rise", "Ryse" and even "Reyeß" are also sometimes found.
On the occasion of the 400th birthday of Adam Ries, the Annaberg Historical Society decided in 1891 to put up a monument to the mathematician. The sculpture by the Dresden sculptor, Henze, was not dedicated until November 5, 1893 because of financial difficulties. In 1943, the bronze bust was melted to make armaments and it was replaced ten years later by a sandstone copy. At the end of the 1970s, this was completely removed from the city because of fears that its condition would continue to deteriorate due to the material. In 1991, a new sandstone bust was exhibited in its current position. After severe damage by vandalism in 1992, it was once again reconstructed through the initiative of the Adam Ries Association, and it was once again placed before the church on the 100th anniversary of the first dedication.
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....
mathematician
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
. He is also known by the name Adam Riese.
Life
Almost nothing is known about Ries' childhood, youth and education. It is not even possible to determine the year of his birth with certainty. The caption on the only known contemporary portrait of the mathematician reads: ANNO 1550 ADAM RIES SEINS ALTERS IM LVIII. Therefore he was in his 58th year of age at the time of the picture, which was made in 1550. From this it can be concluded that he was born in 1492, although if he did not turn 58 till the end of 1550, he could also have been born in 1493.The location of his birth, Staffelstein, can be determined with certainty, since he gives information about himself in the preface to his book, "Coß". His father was the owner of the mill there, Contz Ries, and his mother, Eva Kittler, was his father's second wife.
The first decades after Ries' birth are not documented, so it is not known which schools he attended. There is also no information about the studies of the later mathematician in the matriculation registers of the universities which existed at that time.
The first time at all that Adam Ries was mentioned in a document was on April 22, 1517, when he appeared before the Council of Staffelstein because of a dispute over an inheritance. Already in 1509, he stayed with his younger brother, Conrad, in Zwickau
Zwickau
Zwickau in Germany, former seat of the government of the south-western region of the Free State of Saxony, belongs to an industrial and economical core region. Nowadays it is the capital city of the district of Zwickau...
, who attended the Latin school there. In 1518, Ries went to Erfurt
Erfurt
Erfurt is the capital city of Thuringia and the main city nearest to the geographical centre of Germany, located 100 km SW of Leipzig, 150 km N of Nuremberg and 180 km SE of Hannover. Erfurt Airport can be reached by plane via Munich. It lies in the southern part of the Thuringian...
, where he led a mathematics school, and he wrote two of his mathematics books and had them published there.
In 1522 or 1523, he moved to the still new mining city of Annaberg
Annaberg
Annaberg is a former district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was bounded by the Czech Republic and the districts of Aue-Schwarzenberg, Stollberg and Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis. Its national colors are pink, green, and blue.- History :In the Middle Ages the Ore Mountains were virtually...
, where he spent the rest of his life. There he ended work on the manuscript of his algebra textbook, "Coß", in 1524, although the book was not published until 1992 by B.G. Teubner. During this time, Ries
got acquainted with Anna Leuber, the daughter of the Freiberg
Freiberg, Saxony
Freiberg is a city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, administrative center of the Mittelsachsen district.-History:The city was founded in 1186, and has been a center of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries...
master fitter, Andreas Leuber. The wedding of the couple was mentioned in the register of the St. Annen Church in Annaberg in 1525. In the same year, he took the oath of citizenship, purchased a house in Johannisgasse in Annaberg and thus settled down. He first earned his living as a Rezessschreiber (a person who checked the calculations of the mines), and later as a Gegenschreiber (a bookkeeper of the mines) and Zehntner (regional financial administrator). In 1539, he bought "Riesenburg", a minor fortification outside of the city, whose buildings still bear his name today. After his last work appeared in print in 1550, Ries died on March 30, 1559. Because of scanty information, it is not known where he is buried, whether in Annaberg, the Riesenburg or elsewhere.
Family
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
, where he was active as a Visierer (a master of weights and measures). Paul, the fifth son, was a landowner and judge in Wiesa. The three daughters, Eva, Anna and Sybilla, all married in Annaberg.
Adam Ries' descendants are a subject of constant, detailed genealogical research. Great numbers of his descendants still live in the upper Erzgebirge today. The Adam-Ries-Bund (Adam Ries Association, see external links) has taken on the task of researching all of the descendants of Adam Ries and has more than 20,000 direct descendants in its continually updated data bank until now.
Works
- Rechnung auff der linihen (1518): In it, Ries describes calculating on the lines of a calculating board, a kind of abacusAbacusThe abacus, also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes. Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of...
. According to the foreword, the second edition was expressly intended for children.
- Rechenung auff der linihen und federn... (1522): Besides calculating on the calculating board, he describes numerical calculations with Indian/Arabic digits. The intended readers were the apprentices of businessmen and craftsmen. Until now, it has been published 114 times.
- Coß (manuscript 1524, printed in 1992): The algebra textbook is named after the common name for the unknown variable in the German Middle Ages, and it establishes the connection between medieval and modern algebra.
- Ein Gerechent Büchlein/ auff den Schöffel/ Eimer/ vnd Pfundtgewicht... (manuscript 1533, printed in 1536): A book with tables for calculating everyday prices; a kind of guide which, according to Ries' foreword, helps "that the poor common man not be cheated when buying bread." Also known by the name of "Annaberger Brotordnung."
- Rechenung nach der lenge/ auff den Linihen vnd Feder. (1550): Often cited under the shortened title, "Practica". The book also shows a portrait of the author for the first time, which is the only contemporary picture of Ries at all, and also gives an indication of the year of his birth.
It is worth noting that Adam Ries did not write his works in Latin, as was usual at that time, but in German. Through that, he reached a larger readership and was also able, like Martin Luther
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a German priest, professor of theology and iconic figure of the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517...
, to contribute to a unification of the German language.
Adam Ries is generally considered to be the "father of modern calculating" and he decisively contributed to the recognition that Roman numerals are unwieldy in practice and to their replacement by the considerably more structured Arabic numerals to a large extent.
Name
In today's usage, both variants of his name, "Ries" and "Riese" can be found. The latter is a grammatical relic from the time of the mathematician, where the names of people were also declined (the -e ending indicates the dative case), so the name "Ries" had the ending "-e" added when used in the German expression "nach Adam Riese", which is still used today. This expression means "according to Adam Ries" and it is used when speaking about simple arithmetic, e.g. zwei und zwei macht, nach Adam Riese, vier (two plus two is, according to Adam Ries, four). The "-e" added to his name is commonly not recognized as a declension ending today, however.Since the spelling of names was not as fixed at that time as it is today, the spellings "Ris, "Rise", "Ryse" and even "Reyeß" are also sometimes found.
Annaberg
- 1893: Bust by Robert Henze
On the occasion of the 400th birthday of Adam Ries, the Annaberg Historical Society decided in 1891 to put up a monument to the mathematician. The sculpture by the Dresden sculptor, Henze, was not dedicated until November 5, 1893 because of financial difficulties. In 1943, the bronze bust was melted to make armaments and it was replaced ten years later by a sandstone copy. At the end of the 1970s, this was completely removed from the city because of fears that its condition would continue to deteriorate due to the material. In 1991, a new sandstone bust was exhibited in its current position. After severe damage by vandalism in 1992, it was once again reconstructed through the initiative of the Adam Ries Association, and it was once again placed before the church on the 100th anniversary of the first dedication.
Staffelstein
- 1874: Plaque at the City Hall
- 1959: Sandstone relief by Karl Potzler at the City Hall
- 1980: Bronze relief by Hubert Weber at the savings bank branch on Bamberger Straße
- 1990: Bronze relief by Huber Weber in front of the savings bank branch on Bahnhofstraße
- 1992: Bronze plaque at the entrance to the Raiffeisenbank, the presumed location of the house where Adam Ries was born
Erfurt
- 1992: Three-part ensemble, with bronze bust, text plaque and calculating table set into the surface of the road on Michaelisstraße 48
Postage Stamps
- The German Post Office issued two postage stampPostage stampA postage stamp is a small piece of paper that is purchased and displayed on an item of mail as evidence of payment of postage. Typically, stamps are made from special paper, with a national designation and denomination on the face, and a gum adhesive on the reverse side...
s in honor of Adam Ries in 1959 and 1992 (Michel catalogMichel catalogThe Michel catalog is the largest and best-known stamp catalog in the German-speaking world. First published in 1910, it has become an important reference work for philately, with information not available in the English-language Scott catalog.The catalog started out as a price list for the dealer...
no. 308 and 1612).