Adaptive behavior refers to a person's social responsibility and independent performance of daily activities. The term is used in numerous arenas (education, behavior analysis, developmental psychology, child psychology, evolutionary psychology, etc.). In the field of education, and applied behavior analysis, adaptive behaviors is a term that denotes a broad collection of skills (talking, self-help, using money, cooking, reading, etc.) that must be learned during the course of development in order to access new opportunities (joining a band) and new settings (a neighborhood restaurant). However, what is adaptive in one setting, may be a dead end in another setting. The US Department of Education allocated billions of dollars ($12.3 billion in 2008) for Special Education programs with a special focus on improving educational and early intervention outcomes for children with disabilities. So, adaptive behaviors or what we teach is a fundamental issue in education and in government budgets.

Definition

Adaptive behaviors are the content of any educational program. The outcome of learning a new behavior or skills is deemed adaptive if it (1) feats the needs of the community of stakeholders (parents, teachers, peers, and later employers) and (2) feats the needs of the learner, now and in the future. In 2001, the United States National Research Council

United States National Research Council

The National Research Council of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names.The National Academies include:* National Academy of Sciences...

 published a comprehensive review of effective interventions for children and adults diagnosed with autism

Autism

Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. These signs all begin before a child is three years old. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their...

. NRC makes the case that interventions based on applied behavior analysis

Applied Behavior Analysis

Applied behavior analysis is a science that involves using modern behavioral learning theory to modify behaviors. Behavior analysts reject the use of hypothetical constructs and focus on the observable relationship of behavior to the environment...

 are well-established in many areas of adaptive functions.

Adaptive behavior refers to a person's social responsibility and independent performance of daily activities. If the daily activities for a person involve going to school, then school skills or academic skills are considered to be adaptive behaviors for that setting. However, if the post-academic transition to job sites is not prepared carefully, most of the skills deemed adaptive in the school setting could be non-adaptive in job settings. The issue of identification and selection of adaptive skills is especially critical in the care of children and adolescents with special needs. For this population, an Individualized Education Program

Individualized Education Program

In the United States an Individualized Education Program, commonly referred to as an IEP, is mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act...

 establishes a list of goals that, if well-drafted, should only include adaptive behaviors that are useful on the day they are taught as well as in the future.

Advanced definition: concept

Adaptive behaviors:

• the natural occasion for the response
• the independent performance of the daily activity
• and the natural consequences for the response
• within the context of the home/host culture

Adaptive skills encompass a range of daily situations and they usually start with a task analysis

Task analysis

Task analysis is the analysis of how a task is accomplished, including a detailed description of both manual and mental activities, task and element durations, task frequency, task allocation, task complexity, environmental conditions, necessary clothing and equipment, and any other unique factors...

. The task analysis will reveal all the steps necessary to perform the task in the natural environment. The use of behavior analytic procedures has been documented, with children, adolescents and adults, under the guidance of behavior analysts and supervised behavioral technicians. The list of applications has a broad scope and it is in continuous expansion as more research is carried out in applied behavior analysis (see Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis was established in 1968 as a peer-reviewed, psychology journal, that publishes research about applications of the experimental analysis of behavior to problems of social importance....

, The Analysis of Verbal Behavior

The Analysis of Verbal Behavior

The Analysis of Verbal Behavior is a scientific journal that was established in 1982 as a peer-reviewed psychology journal. It publishes research in conceptual and empirical analysis of verbal behavior and problems of social importance.-History:...

).

Importance and relevance

Every human being must learn a set of skills that is beneficial for the environments and communities they live in. Adaptive skills are stepping stones toward accessing and benefiting from local or remote communities. This means that, in urban environments, to go to the movies, a child will have to learn to navigate through the town or take the bus, read the movie schedule, and pay for the movie. Adaptive skills allow for safer exploration because they provide the learner with an increased awareness of his/her surroundings and of changes in context, that require new adaptive responses to meet the demands and dangers of that new context. Adaptive skills may generate more opportunities to engage in meaningful social interactions and acceptance. Adaptive skills are socially acceptable and desirable at any age and regardless of gender (with the exception of gender specific biological differences such as menstrual care skills, etc.)

Some domains of application of behavior analytic interventions

• Community access skills

1. Bus riding (Neef et al. 1978)
2. Independent walking (Gruber et al. 1979)
3. Coin summation (Lowe and Cuvo, 1976; Miller et al. 1977)
4. Ordering food in a restaurant (Haring 1987)
5. Vending machine use (Sprague and Horner, 1984)
6. Eating in public places (van den Pol at al. 1981)
7. Pedestrian safety (Page et al. 1976)

• Peer access and retention

1. Clothing selection skills (Nutter and Reid, 1978)
2. Appropriate mealtime behaviors (McGrath et al. 2004; O'Brien et al. 1972; Wilson et al. 1984)
3. Toy play skills (Haring 1985) and playful activities (Lifter et al., 1993)
4. Oral hygiene and teeth brushing (Singh et al., 1982; Horner & Keilitz, 1975)
5. Soccer play (Luyben et al. 1986)

Adaptive behaviors are considered to change due to the persons culture and surroundings. Professors have to delve into the students technical and comprehension skills to measure how adaptive their behavior is.(4)

• Barriers to access to peers and communities

1. Diurnal bruxism
   Bruxism
   Bruxism is characterized by the grinding of the teeth and typically includes the clenching of the jaw. It is an oral parafunctional activity that occurs in most humans at some time in their lives. In most people, bruxism is mild enough not to be a health problem...
   
    (Blount et al. 1982)
2. Controlling rumination
   Rumination
   The term rumination , meaning "to chew the cud," is used in several contexts:-Digestive rumination:* In animals, rumination is a part of normal digestion, in which the animal brings up swallowed food , chews it, and swallows it...
   
   and vomiting (Kholenberg, 1970; Rast et al. 1981)
3. Pica (Mace and Knight, 1986)