Aeolic Greek is a linguistic

Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context....

 term used to describe a set of dialect

Dialect

The term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors,...

s of Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...

 spoken mainly in Boeotia

Boeotia

Boeotia, also spelled Beotia and Bœotia , is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. It was also a region of ancient Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, the second largest city being Thebes.-Geography:...

 (a region in Central Greece

Central Greece

Continental Greece or Central Greece , colloquially known as Roúmeli , is a geographical region of Greece. Its territory is divided into the administrative regions of Central Greece, Attica, and part of West Greece...

), Thessaly

Thessaly

Thessaly is a traditional geographical region and an administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia, and appears thus in Homer's Odyssey....

, and in the Aegean island of Lesbos and the Greek colonies of Asia Minor

Asia Minor

Asia Minor is a geographical location at the westernmost protrusion of Asia, also called Anatolia, and corresponds to the western two thirds of the Asian part of Turkey...

 (Aeolis

Aeolis

Aeolis or Aeolia was an area that comprised the west and northwestern region of Asia Minor, mostly along the coast, and also several offshore islands , where the Aeolian Greek city-states were located...

).

The Aeolic dialect shows many archaism

Archaism

In language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current. This can either be done deliberately or as part of a specific jargon or formula...

s in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (Attic

Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...

-Ionic

Ionic Greek

Ionic Greek was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic dialect group of Ancient Greek .-History:Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C.By the end of the Greek Dark Ages in the 5th Century...

, Doric

Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian was a dialect of ancient Greek. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon. Together with Northwest Greek, it forms the...

, Northwestern and Arcadocypriot), as well as many innovations.

Aeolic Greek is most widely known for being the language of the writings of Sappho

Sappho

Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...

 and Alcaeus of Mytilene. Aeolic poetry, the most famous example of which being the works of Sappho

Sappho

Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...

, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics

Aeolic verse

Aeolic verse is a classification of Ancient Greek lyric poetry referring to the distinct verse forms characteristic of the two great poets of Archaic Lesbos, Sappho and Alcaeus, who composed in their native Aeolic dialect...

, which are: Glyconic

Glyconic

Glyconic, , describes a form of meter in classical Greek and Latin poetry. The glyconic line is the most basic form of Aeolic verse, and it is often combined with others....

 (the most basic form of Aeolic line), hendecasyllabic

Hendecasyllable

The hendecasyllable is a line of eleven syllables, used in Ancient Greek and Latin quantitative verse as well as in medieval and modern European poetry.-In quantitative verse:...

 verse, Sapphic stanza

Sapphic stanza

The Sapphic stanza, named after Sappho, is an Aeolic verse form spanning four lines ....

 and Alcaic stanza (the latter two so named after Sappho

Sappho

Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...

 and Alcaeus respectively).

In Plato

Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the...

's Protagoras (dialogue)

Protagoras (dialogue)

Protagoras is a dialogue of Plato. The traditional subtitle is "or the Sophists, probative". The main argument is between the elderly Protagoras, a celebrated sophist, and Socrates...

, Prodicus

Prodicus

Prodicus of Ceos was a Greek philosopher, and part of the first generation of Sophists. He came to Athens as ambassador from Ceos, and became known as a speaker and a teacher. Plato treats him with greater respect than the other sophists, and in several of the Platonic dialogues Socrates appears...

 labelled the Aeolic dialect of Pittacus of Mytilene

Pittacus of Mytilene

Pittacus was the son of Hyrradius and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He was a native of Mytilene and the Mytilenaean general who, with his army, was victorious in the battle against the Athenians and their commander Phrynon. In consequence of this victory the Mytilenaeans held Pittacus in the...

 as barbarian

Barbarian

Barbarian and savage are terms used to refer to a person who is perceived to be uncivilized. The word is often used either in a general reference to a member of a nation or ethnos, typically a tribal society as seen by an urban civilization either viewed as inferior, or admired as a noble savage...

 (barbaros), because of its difference from the Attic literary style:

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...

 and Proto-Greek

Proto-Greek language

The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean, the classical Greek dialects , and ultimately Koine, Byzantine and modern Greek...

 }

Labialisation

Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are called rounded.The most common...

 changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE } changed to Attic

Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...

-Ionic

Ionic Greek

Ionic Greek was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic dialect group of Ancient Greek .-History:Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C.By the end of the Greek Dark Ages in the 5th Century...

, Arcadocypriot, and Doric

Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian was a dialect of ancient Greek. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon. Together with Northwest Greek, it forms the...

 t before e and i.

• PIE } → Lesbian písures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four

Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic

Proto-Celtic language

The Proto-Celtic language, also called Common Celtic, is the reconstructed ancestor language of all the known Celtic languages. Its lexis can be confidently reconstructed on the basis of the comparative method of historical linguistics...

 languages and the Sabellic languages

Osco-Umbrian languages

The Osco-Umbrian languages or Sabellic languages are a group of languages that belong to the Italic language family of the Indo-European languages. They were spoken in central and southern Italy before Latin replaced them as the power of the Romans expanded...

.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek consonant cluster

Consonant cluster

In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word splits....

 with h (from Indo-European ) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to a double sonorant in Aeolic (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) by assimilation

Assimilation (linguistics)

Assimilation is a common phonological process by which the sound of the ending of one word blends into the sound of the beginning of the following word. This occurs when the parts of the mouth and vocal cords start to form the beginning sounds of the next word before the last sound has been...

. In Attic-Ionic and Doric, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda...

.

PIE

Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...

 VsR or VRs → Attic-Ionic-Doric VVR.

VsR or VRs → Aeolic VRR.

• PIE } → Proto-Greek *ehmi → Aeolic emmi ~ Attic-Ionic ēmi (= )

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost in initial h- (psilosis

Psilosis

Psilosis is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek psílōsis and is related to the name of the smooth breathing , the sign for the absence of initial in a word...

"stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.

• PIE } → Proto-Greek *hāwelios → Lesbian āélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hēlios "sun"

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric

Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian was a dialect of ancient Greek. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon. Together with Northwest Greek, it forms the...

, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma

Digamma

Digamma is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet which originally stood for the sound /w/ and later remained in use only as a numeral symbol for the number "6"...

) was retained at the beginning of a word.

• PIE → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic
  Epic poetry
  An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Oral poetry may qualify as an epic, and Albert Lord and Milman Parry have argued that classical epics were fundamentally an oral poetic form...
  
  " (compare Latin vōx "voice")

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.

• PIE → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic-Ionic mētēr "mother"

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.

• Attic-Ionic /ai/ ~ Boeotian /eː/ ~ Modern Greek /e/
• Attic-Ionic /eː/ ~ Boeotian /iː/ ~ Modern Greek /i/
• Attic-Ionic /oi/ ~ Boeotian /yː/ ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean /yː/ ~ Modern Greek /i/

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent

Pitch accent

Pitch accent is a linguistic term of convenience for a variety of restricted tone systems that use variations in pitch to give prominence to a syllable or mora within a word. The placement of this tone or the way it is realized can give different meanings to otherwise similar words...

 of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.

• Attic-Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic-Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic.

• Ionic philéō, Attic philô ~ Aeolic phílēmi "I love"

The same is also found in Irish

Irish language

Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...

, where this selection has been generalized, i.e. -im.

---

Aeolic athematic infinitive

Infinitive

In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...

 active

Voice (grammar)

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments . When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice...

 ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic-Ionic has -enai.

• Lesbian émmen, émmenai; Thessalian, Boeotian eîmen ~ Attic-Ionic eînai (spurious diphthong
  Spurious diphthong
  A spurious diphthong is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel, but is written and pronounced exactly like a true diphthong ει, ου .-Origin:...
  
  )

In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic-Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.

• Homeric
  Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in...
  
   agémen

---

Proto-Greek -ans and -ons → -ais and -ois (first-

First declension

The first declension is a category of mostly feminine nouns in Latin and Ancient Greek with the defining feature of a long ā...

 and second declension

Second declension

The second declension is a category of nouns in Latin and Greek with similar case formation. In particular, these nouns are thematic, with an original o in most of their forms. In Classical Latin the short o of the nominative and accusative singular became u.Both Latin and Greek have two basic...

 accusative plural). ~ Attic-Ionic -ās and -ōs (= -ους

Spurious diphthong

A spurious diphthong is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel, but is written and pronounced exactly like a true diphthong ει, ου .-Origin:...

).

Dative plural -aisi and -oisi. ~ Attic-Ionic -ais and -ois.

The participle has ois and ais for Attic ōs (= ους

Spurious diphthong

A spurious diphthong is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel, but is written and pronounced exactly like a true diphthong ει, ου .-Origin:...

), ās.

Aeolian

• "sun" Doric also (Attic hēlios
  Helios
  Helios was the personification of the Sun in Greek mythology. Homer often calls him simply Titan or Hyperion, while Hesiod and the Homeric Hymn separate him as a son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia or Euryphaessa and brother of the goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn...
  
  ; Cretan abelios; Laconian bela; Pamphylian
  Pamphylian Greek
  Pamphylian is a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Its origins and relation to other Greek dialects are uncertain. A number of scholars have distinguished in Pamphylian dialect important isoglosses with...
  
   babelios) ( PIE
  Pie
  A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients....
  
   *sawel- )
• ágōnos "struggle" (Attic agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi)
• gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho
  Sappho
  Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...
  
   fr.) (compare Homeric
  Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in...
  
   hedna, eedna)
• Aiolíōnes "Aeolians
  Aeolians
  The Aeolians were one of the four major ancient Greek tribes comprising Ancient Greeks. Their name derives from Aeolus, the mythical ancestor of the Aeolic branch and son of Hellen, the mythical patriarch of the Greek nation...
  
  " (Attic Aioleîs)( "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode
  Aeolian mode
  The Aeolian mode is a musical mode or, in modern usage, a diatonic scale called the natural minor scale.The word "Aeolian" in the music theory of ancient Greece was an alternative name for what Aristoxenus called the Low Lydian tonos , nine semitones...
  
   , trick out with false words" Sophocles
  Sophocles
  Sophocles is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides...
  
   Fr.912 ) (aioleō vary,adorn,diversify (aiolos quick-moving,glittering,shifty)
• aklades (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi)
• akontion (part of troops) (Attic spear) (Macedonian
  Macedonian language
  Macedonian is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by approximately 2–3 million people principally in the region of Macedonia but also in the Macedonian diaspora...
  
   rhachis,spine or backbone,anything ridged like the backbone)
• -τος amenēs -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane.
• amōnes (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
   ἀνεμώνες anemones
• aoros (Attic ἄϋπνος ahypnos ,without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι
  Mithymna
  Mithymna is a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. The second most important town of the island, it is located NE of Eressos, N of Plomari and NW of...
  
  
• arpys (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
   ἔρως Eros,Love) attested in Crinagoras
  Crinagoras of Mytilene
  Crinagoras of Mytilene, also known as Crinogoras, sometimes spelt as Krinagorasis or Krinagoras was a Greek Epigrammatist and ambassador, who lived in Rome as a court poet.-Early life:...
  
  , ἁρπάζειν harpazein to snatch. Homeric harpaleos attractive,devouring
• asphe to them (Attic sphe, sphi)
• bakchoa (Attic βόθρος bothros sacred dungeon, pit)
• balla threshold ( Attic bēlos ) ( Doric balos )
• belphin dolphin
  Dolphin
  Dolphins are marine mammals that are closely related to whales and porpoises. There are almost forty species of dolphin in 17 genera. They vary in size from and , up to and . They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves, and are carnivores, mostly eating...
  
   ( Attic delphis ) and Belphoi Delphi
  Delphi
  Delphi is both an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis.In Greek mythology, Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, and a major site for the worship of the god...
  
  
• bama Doric also (Attic βῆμα bema
  Bema
  The Bema means a raised platform...
  
   walking,step)
• blēr incitement (Attic delear)
• bradanizō brandish,shake off. ( Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane )
• bradinos slender,soft (Attic rhadinos) Sapph.90,104.
• braidion (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
   ῥάιδιον rhaidion easy)
• brakein to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible)
• brakos long robe, Sapph.70 Homeric ῥάκος ϝράκος rhakos wrakos
• briza root (Attic rhiza)
• brodon (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
   ῥόδον rhodon ,rose) and vagina
  Vagina
  The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...
  
   metaphorically in Erotic Glossary.
• brodopachus with pink,rosy forearms (Attic rhodopuches) ( brodopachun Sappho) and brododaktulos with rosy fingers
• brocheos or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7)
• drasein (Attic θύειν to sacrifice)
• dnophos darkness Ionic also (Attic zophos) (akin to knephas)
• eide (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
    ὕλη ,forest) (εἴδη Ionian
  Ionic Greek
  Ionic Greek was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic dialect group of Ancient Greek .-History:Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C.By the end of the Greek Dark Ages in the 5th Century...
  
   also)
• Ennesiades Lesbian Nymphs
• epialtēs and epialēs nightmare (Attic ephialtēs) (wiki Ephialtes
  Ephialtes
  Ephialtes of Trachis was the son of Eurydemus of Malis. He betrayed his homeland by showing the Persian forces a path around the allied Greek position at the pass of Thermopylae, which helped them win the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC.-Trail:The allied Greek land forces, which Herodotus states...
  
  )
• zadelon with holes in it,open (Attic diadelon obvious) (Alcaeus 30 D 148P)
• imbēris eel (Attic enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι
  Mithymna
  Mithymna is a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. The second most important town of the island, it is located NE of Eressos, N of Plomari and NW of...
  
  
• iron holy (Attic hierón ) (Doric hiarón) (Ionic hirón)
• Issa old name of Lesbos Island
  Lesbos Island
  Lesbos is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with 320 kilometres of coastline, making it the third largest Greek island. It is separated from Turkey by the narrow Mytilini Strait....
  
   Cf. Antissa
  Antissa
  Antissa was a city of the island Lesbos , near to Cape Sigrium, the western point of Lesbos. The place had a harbour. The ruins found by Richard Pococke at Calas Limneonas, a little NE. of cape Sigri, may be those of Antissa. This place was the birth-place of Terpander, who is said to be the...
  
  
• issasthai (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
    klerousthai to take sth by lot)
• kankulē (Attic kēkis wet,vapour, mordant
  Mordant
  A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics or tissue sections by forming a coordination complex with the dye which then attaches to the fabric or tissue. It may be used for dyeing fabrics, or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. The term mordant comes from the Latin...
  
   dyeing)
• kammarpsis dry Measure (Attic hemimedimnon half of Medimnos)
• karabides (Attic graes ) Μηθυμναῖοι
  Mithymna
  Mithymna is a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. The second most important town of the island, it is located NE of Eressos, N of Plomari and NW of...
  
  
• kaualeon Hsch (Attic aithos fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn)
• klaides Doric also (Attic kleides bars, bolts, keys)
• Mesostrophonia Lesbian festival
• messui (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
   ἐν μέσῳ in the middle)
• molsos (Attic ,fat)
• xennos foreigner,guest-friend,strange (Attic xenos) (Ionic xeinos)
• ximba (Attic
  Attic Greek
  Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek". It is sometimes included in Ionic.- Origin and range...
  
   ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotian sida)
• othmata (Attic ommata eyes)
• ón óna (Attic aná) upon,through,again (Arcadocypriot
  Arcadocypriot
  Arcadocypriot or southern Achaean was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known from the Linear B corpus, suggests that Arcadocypriot is its descendant...
  
   also)
• passyrion (Attic passydia totally,all together,with the whole army)
• pedameivō (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikos
  Metic
  In ancient Greece, the term metic referred to a resident alien, one who did not have citizen rights in his or her Greek city-state of residence....
  
   peda for meta
  Meta
  Meta- , is a prefix used in English to indicate a concept which is an abstraction from another concept, used to complete or add to the latter....
  
  
• pempe five (Attic pente, Pamphylian
  Pamphylian Greek
  Pamphylian is a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Its origins and relation to other Greek dialects are uncertain. A number of scholars have distinguished in Pamphylian dialect important isoglosses with...
  
    pede ) ( pempassein to count per five) (Attic pempe imp. of pempō send)
• Perrhamos Priamus (Alcaeus
  Alcaeus
  Alcaeus may refer to:*Alcaeus , a writer of ten plays of the Old Comedy.*Alcaeus , one of several figures of this name in Greek mythology*12607 Alcaeus - a main belt asteroid...
  
   74D,111P (it means also king)
• pésdos pedestrian,infantry) (Attic pezós)
• pesson plain (Attic pedion)
• pessyres four (Lesbian pisyres) (Boeotian pettares) (Attic tessares) (Doric tetores)
• saōmi save (Attic sōizō ) (Homeric saoō)
• siglai ear-rings (Attic enōtia , Laconian exōbadia)
• skiphos Attic xiphos sword (skiptō , given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks,pierces)
• spóla(Attic stolē) equipment,garment (spaleis ,the sent one, for staleis)
• strótos (Attic stratós) army
• syrx (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin)
• tenekounti (Attic enoikounti dative singular of enoikōn inhabiting)
• tragais you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat
• tude tudai and tuide here) (Ionic tēde)
• usdos (Attic ozos twig
  Twig
  A twig is a small thin terminal branch of a woody plant. Twigs are critically important in identification of trees, shrubs and vines, especially in wintertime. The buds on the twig are an important diagnostic characteristic, as are the abscission scars where the leaves have fallen away...
  
  ,branch)
• phauophoros priestess (Attic hiereia) (light-keeper) (Aeolic phauō for Homeric phaō shine) (Homeric phaos light , Attic phōs and phōtophoros)
• phēria (Attic thēria beasts)
• Psapphō, (Attic Sapphō
  Sappho
  Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...
  
  )

Boeotian

• aas aestēton tomorrow (Attic aurion) (Cf.Attic ēōs
  Eos
  In Greek mythology, Eos is the Titan goddess of the dawn, who rose from her home at the edge of Oceanus, the ocean that surrounds the world, to herald her brother Helios, the Sun.- Greek literature :...
  
   dawn)
• amillakas wine Theban
  Theban
  Theban can refer to:* A thing or person of or from the city of Thebes, Greece.* A thing or person of or from the city of Thebes, Egypt.* The occult Theban alphabet...
  
   (Attic oinos)
• anōdorkas a fish
• baidumēn (Attic arotrian to plough)
• bana ( balara) woman ( Attic gunē ) ( ,banēkes battikes women ( Attic gunaikes )
• bastrax or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl.bastraches
• bleerei (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei
• gadou ( wadou) (Attic hēdú) (Corinna
  Corinna
  Corinna or Korinna was an Ancient Greek poet, traditionally attributed to the 6th century BC. According to ancient sources such as Plutarch and Pausanias, she came from Tanagra in Boeotia, where she was a teacher and rival to the better-known Theban poet Pindar...
  
  .17)
• Deus instead of Zeus
  Zeus
  In the ancient Greek religion, Zeus was the "Father of Gods and men" who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family. He was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. His Roman counterpart is Jupiter and his Etruscan counterpart is Tinia.Zeus was the child of Cronus...
  
  . Attested also in Laconian and Rhodian.
• empyria divination
  Divination
  Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic standardized process or ritual...
  
   (Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath , Koine ordeal by fire)
• zekeltides gourds  Amerias
  Amerias
  Amerias was an ancient Macedonian lexicographer, known for his compilation of a glossary titled Glossai...
  
   zakeltides (Phrygian
  Phrygian language
  The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Asia Minor during Classical Antiquity .Phrygian is considered to have been closely related to Greek....
  
   zelkia vegetables)
• idephin sweet-voiced Hsch. (Attic hēduphōnon) ( Aeolic wad- , ad- )
• istake scythe (Attic drepanon)
• iugodromein (Attic , ekboēthein , and boēdromein ,run to help) (Iungios Thessalian month)
• iō and hiōn (Attic egō , I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge)
• Karaios Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall,head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas
• karoux (Attic kēryx herald)
• kriddemen (Attic gelan to laugh) (Strattis
  Strattis
  Strattis was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy. According to the Suda, he flourished later than Callias Schoenion. He must have begun to exhibit in the 92nd Olympiad, that is, 412 BC. He was contemporary with Sannyrion and Philyllius, both of whom are attacked in the extant fragments of his...
  
   fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Attic krizō creak,screech)
• korilla little girl (Koine korasion from Attic korasis girl) (Aetolian korudion)
• mēlatas (Attic poimen shepherd) (homeric
  Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in...
  
    mēlon sheep) (Attic mēlon apple , Aeolic-Doric malon)
• mnarion (Attic kallyntron broom, brush)
• opisthotila (Attic sēpia cuttlefish
  Cuttlefish
  Cuttlefish are marine animals of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda . Despite their name, cuttlefish are not fish but molluscs....
  
  ) (Strattis
  Strattis
  Strattis was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy. According to the Suda, he flourished later than Callias Schoenion. He must have begun to exhibit in the 92nd Olympiad, that is, 412 BC. He was contemporary with Sannyrion and Philyllius, both of whom are attacked in the extant fragments of his...
  
  . fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind)
• opittomai (homeric
  Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in...
  
   opizomai I care,respect) (Laconian opiddomai)
• ophrygnai (Attic ophryazei he winks raising the eyebrow,to be haughty)
• seia I persecuted (Attic edioxa) (Cf.Homeric seuō move quickly,chase)
• syoboiōtoi Hog
  Domestic pig
  The domestic pig is a domesticated animal that traces its ancestry to the wild boar, and is considered a subspecies of the wild boar or a distinct species in its own right. It is likely the wild boar was domesticated as early as 13,000 BC in the Tigris River basin...
  
  -Boeotian
  Boeotian
  Boeotian may refer to:* The people from Boeotia, a region of central ancient Greece* One of several sub-dialects of the Aeolic Greek dialect of the Greek language, spoken by the Boeotians....
  
  s (Cratinus
  Cratinus
  Cratinus , Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy.-Life:Cratinus was victorious six times at the City Dionysia, first probably in the mid- to late 450s BCE , and three times at the Lenaia, first probably in the early 430s...
  
  .310)
• tripeza (Attic trapeza,table)(from tetrapeza four-footed) (tripeza three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be tripesda)
• psōsmata Boeotian word acc. Aristonymus
  Aristonymus
  Aristonymus of Athens was sent by Plato to reform the constitution of the Arcadians. Aristonymus was the father of Clitophon.-Sources :*Plato, Republic, 328b*Plutarch, Reply to Colotes, 1126c...
  
  

Thessalian

• abremēs (Attic ablepēs unworthy seeing, despicable (Cypriotic also) (Hes.text
• agora (Attic limen port,harbour) (Hes.text
• alphinia white poplar
  White Poplar
  Populus alba, commonly called abele, silver poplar, silverleaf poplar, or white poplar, is a species of poplar, most closely related to the aspens . It is native from Spain and Morocco through central Europe to central Asia...
  
   (PIE
  Pie
  A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients....
  
   *albho- 'white') (Attic leukē , PIE *leuk- 'bright,light') (Macedonian
  Ancient Macedonian language
  Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedon during the 1st millennium BCE and it belongs to the Indo-European group of languages...
  
   aliza)
• Aploun Apollo
  Apollo
  Apollo is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in Greek and Roman mythology...
  
   (Attic Apollōn) (Doric,Pamphylian Apelon)
• aspaleia safeness (Attic asphaleia)
• astralos (Attic ψάρ -ος psar Starling
  Starling
  Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae. The name "Sturnidae" comes from the Latin word for starling, sturnus. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called mynas, and many African species are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent...
  
  )
• bebukousthai to be swollen (Homeric buktaon blowing)
• bousia (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip
  Turnip
  The turnip or white turnip is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, bulbous taproot. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as feed for livestock...
  
  )
• dámossos public (Attic dēmósios) opp. iddioûstikos privative (Attic idiōtikós)
• daratos Thessalian bread (Macedonian
  Ancient Macedonian language
  Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedon during the 1st millennium BCE and it belongs to the Indo-European group of languages...
  
   dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE *der- cut,split)
• despoina woman (Attic gunē , Doric guna) (fem. of despotes
  Despotes
  Despot , was a senior Byzantine court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initially denoted the heir-apparent...
  
  )
• enormos (agora
  Agora
  The Agora was an open "place of assembly" in ancient Greek city-states. Early in Greek history , free-born male land-owners who were citizens would gather in the Agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council. Later, the Agora also served as a marketplace where...
  
  ,assembly,market and chōra
  Chora
  Chora can mean one of several things:Localities* Chora District in the Uruzgan province of Afghanistan* Chora , a district in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia* The Chora Church, a Byzantine church in Istanbul...
  
  ) (Attic enormeō get in a harbour, hormos bay,anchorage
• ereas children (Hsch.Attic tekna) (Homeric ernos young sprout,scion) (Neo-Phrygian
  Phrygian language
  The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, spoken in Asia Minor during Classical Antiquity .Phrygian is considered to have been closely related to Greek....
  
   eiroi children)
• theanoustai (Attic xysters)
• itheiē (Attic hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric Ψ 580) (Attic ithys,eytheia straight line)
• impsas past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together)(Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Poseidon
  Poseidon
  Poseidon was the god of the sea, and, as "Earth-Shaker," of the earthquakes in Greek mythology. The name of the sea-god Nethuns in Etruscan was adopted in Latin for Neptune in Roman mythology: both were sea gods analogous to Poseidon...
  
   Zygius on horses)
• kalaphos (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus
  Ascalaphus
  In Greek mythology, two people share the name Ascalaphus/Askalaphos .#Son of Acheron and Orphne. Askalaphos was the orchardist of Hades. He told the other gods that Persephone had eaten a pomegranate in Hades. He was punished by being changed into an owl...
  
   a bird (Magnesian
  Magnetes
  The Magnetes were an ancient Greek tribe living in Thessalian Magnesia who took part in the Trojan War. They later also contributed to the Greek colonisation by founding two prosperous cities in Western Anatolia, Magnesia on the Maeander and Magnesia ad Sipylum.According to Hesiod's "Eoiae" or...
  
  )
• kapanē chariot (Attic apēnē) also, a helmet(kapanikos plenteous
• kis who , anyone (Attic tis) (Laconian tir) (Arcadocypriot sis)
• karpaia Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea
  Carpaea
  Carpaea among the Aenianians, Magnesians, and Macedonians was a kind of mimic military dance, performed by two persons; the one acting as a laborer, the other as a robber...
  
  ) Homeric
  Homeric Greek
  Homeric Greek is the form of the Greek language that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek. It later served as the basis of Epic Greek, the language of epic poetry, typically in...
  
   karpalimos swift (for foot) eager,ravenous.
• kyrrhos or kyrros sir,master (Attic kyrios)
• Maketoun 'Macedonian man' (Attic Makedōn) (Thessalian -oun suffix for Attic ōn in both nominative and genitive of participles,pronouns and nouns.
• mattuē a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (Athenaeus)(Macedonian
  Ancient Macedonian language
  Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedon during the 1st millennium BCE and it belongs to the Indo-European group of languages...
  
   mattuēs a kind of bird)
• naeleis new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf.nealeis,neēludes)
• nebeuō pray (Macedonian
  Ancient Macedonian language
  Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedon during the 1st millennium BCE and it belongs to the Indo-European group of languages...
  
   neuō) (Attic euchomai , neuō wink)
• onala , onalouma (Attic analōma expense cost) ( on- in the place of Attic prefix ana- , ongrapsantas SEG 27:202
• Pétthalos and (Boeotian Phéttalos) (Attic Thettalós) (Ionic
  Ionic Greek
  Ionic Greek was a subdialect of the Attic–Ionic dialect group of Ancient Greek .-History:Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C.By the end of the Greek Dark Ages in the 5th Century...
  
  , Koine  Thessalós) 'Thesalian man' ( Petthalia Thessalia) (Petthaloi Thessalians) (Koine thessalisti the thessalian way) ( Attic entethettalizomai become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak ( Thettalika ptera feathers' ), Eupolis
  Eupolis
  Eupolis was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War.-Biography:Nothing whatsoever is known of his personal history. There are few sources on when he first appeared on the stage...
  
  .201. )
• tageuō to be tagos archon
  Archon
  Archon is a Greek word that means "ruler" or "lord", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem ἀρχ-, meaning "to rule", derived from the same root as monarch, hierarchy, and anarchy.- Ancient Greece :In ancient Greece the...
  
   in Thessaly

See also

• Aeolian (disambiguation)
• Sappho
  Sappho
  Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life...
  
  
• Alcaeus
  Alcaeus
  Alcaeus may refer to:*Alcaeus , a writer of ten plays of the Old Comedy.*Alcaeus , one of several figures of this name in Greek mythology*12607 Alcaeus - a main belt asteroid...
  
  
• Ancient Macedonian language
  Ancient Macedonian language
  Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians. It was spoken in the kingdom of Macedon during the 1st millennium BCE and it belongs to the Indo-European group of languages...